名词性从句(修改版).doc

高中英语语法之名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连词：that（无任何词意）whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, whichever,whomever连接副词：when, where, how, why,how many,how much,how often不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在下列情况下，只可用whether：1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有or not Whether he will come is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match.主语从句(作句子主语的从句叫主语从句)1、 主语从句的引导词：通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1） It + be + 名词 + that从句 （2）It + be + 形容词 + that从（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4）It + 不及物动词 +that从句（1）It is certain that he will win the match.（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that.（5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident. （9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) （10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.（12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)（13）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there) 小结:（1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句.（2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done)例句4,5,6,11.注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that2、主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to was lost is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.小结:（1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等（2)连词位于句首不能省略（3)主语从句大多数情况下视为三单,但也有例外,如例93、主语从句的用法主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 2.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 3. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如： What you said yesterday is right. 宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1.关联词：引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。宾语从句的连接词从属连词： that, if, whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句, 由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试？ Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？He told me that he would go to the college the next year他告诉我他明年上大学.I dont know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.连接代词who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏？The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你决定好是买 诺基亚 还是 摩托罗拉的电话了吗?连接副词： when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever ,howeverwhen, where, why, how, whenever, wherever ,however引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。 He didnt tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.Could you please tell me how you use the new panel?你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。2.时态与语序：注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。1.主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。I know (that) he will study english next year. （从句用一般将来时）2.主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in.我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读.从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.3.主句用过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手. he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）3.不同的宾语从句动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?动词短语也可以带宾语从句常见的这些词有:make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯.We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替 We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.介词的宾语从句用wh-类的介词宾语从句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的.用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if 少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 在不定式前只能用whether.（如：I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。） 避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.4.其他哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that1 that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;2.当宾语从句较长时;3.当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;4.当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;5.当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;6.当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;7.当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;8.当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;9.当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;10.在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.宾语从句的否定转移think, believe, imagine, suppose consider, espect, fancy, guess等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party.我认为他不会来我的舞会.I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?表语从句 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。简介：定义：表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语来说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句，The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪.He has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名教师。 He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。She has remained there for an hour. 她曾在那里停留了一个小时。 She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。The question is confusing. 这个问题令人困惑.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。 who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.谁与我明天将前往北京。 why he cried yesterday. 昨天他为什么哭。 how I can persuade her to join us in the party. 我怎么能说服她加入我们的派对。 whether the enemy is marching towards us. 是否敌人正向我们行进.关联词：引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样。that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.If和whether不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether 位于介词后要用whether 位于句首时要用whether 引导表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句时要用whetherFalse: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.as if表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。That1.其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。2. that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分， 不能省略What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语)3.当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morningwhat, who, when, where, which, how.Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语)That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)Why“That is why.”是常用句型，意为“这就是的原因/因此”， 其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异， 说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”和 “That is because.”区别(1)“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义， “That is why.”是名词性从句作表语从句，意为“这就是的原因/因此” “That is the reason why.”是why引导的是个定语从句，That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。 (2) “That is why.”与“That is because.”均为名词性从句作表语， “That is because.”指原因或理由，意为“这就是为什么/因为”。“That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果。意为“这就是的原因/因此”He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因)He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果)时态与语序：时态：不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.D that在表语从句中不可以省掉。语序：表语从句一定要用陈述语序。False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.同位语从句简介同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句,这种用法比较固定,把关键的几个词背下来.引导词That同位语从句通常由that引导，The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。whether，连接副词 how,when,where（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）某些名词在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。如： l have no idea when he will be back我不知道他什么时候回来。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 I had no idea that you were here我不知道你在这里。【注意】有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them 几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）关于名词从句名词性that-从句1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：主语：That she is still alive is her luck.他还活着全靠运气。宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句It is necessary that有必要 It is important that重要的是It is obvious that很明显b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句It is believed that人们相信 It is known to all that众所周知It has been decided that已决定c. It + be +名词+ that-从句It is common knowledge that是常识 It is a surprise that令人惊奇的是It is a fact that事实是d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句It appears that似乎 It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that我突然想起名词性wh-从句1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位语：I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。 if, whether引导的名词从句1）yes-no型疑问从句从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如