Abstract英语稿大纲.doc

AbstractsThe abstract section of the thesis should provide a complete outline of the thesis. It functions to tell the reader:? WHAT the research is about.? WHAT question the research is answering or what gap in previous research the present research fills.? WHY the research was done, i.e. the purpose or aims of the research? HOW the research was done, i.e. the methodology that was used.? WHAT the research found, i.e. the results? SO WHAT, tells why the results are significant and what the implications are/may be.How to Prepare the Abstracta mini-version of the papera brief summary of Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion.not exceed 250 words define clearly what is dealt with in the paperbe typed as a single paragraph.Should:(1) state the principal objectives and scope of the investigation,(2) describe the methods employed, (3) summarize the results, (4) state the principal conclusions.be written in the past tensenever give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. References to the literature must not be cited in the AbstractTypes of Abstracts(1) informative abstractdesigned to condense the paper.state the problem, the method used to study the problem, and the principal data and conclusions.(used as a heading in most journals today. )Sample:To determine the effects on the structure formation of comminuted meat emulations and meat products, emulsions made from pork and ham fat were produced incorporating common additives at standard levels: muscle protein (MP); MP + sodium caseinate; and MP + blood plasma protein(BPP) - all 3 variants with and without 3% added salt. The control contained MP but no added salt. The emulations were then canned, pasteurized, and refrigerated fro 24th. Analysis of the effects of the treatments on stability, structural and rheological properties, and texture of the emulsions and end products showed that addition of sodium caseinate and BPP caused a deterioration in textural and structural properties of the MP, leading to products with a liquidy, elastic structure and a watery, spongy and loose texture.(2) Descriptive abstract (Indicative abstract). designed to indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper. descriptive rather than substantive Sample: A total of 124 batches of fresh Autrian lamb was analyzed for shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC). None of the batches yielded STEC 0157, but 21 samples harbored none-0157 STEC strains. The predominant serotype was 0146 (4 isolates of 0146; HNT and 3 of 0146: H21). All isolates contained the enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) hly gene and all but one (STEC 015 H-) the enterohaemolysin positive phenotype; only one isolate (STEC 0146: HNT) contained the eae virulence factor. The health risk from this meat could be regarded as low due to the lack of classical human pathogenic EHEC.分析：To determine the effects 研究目的 陈述研究的宗旨、说明要研究和解决的问题on the structure formation of comminuted meat emulations and meat products, emulsions made from pork and ham fat were produced incorporating common additives at standard levels: 研究方法 介绍研究的途径，采用的材料、模型、实验范围及手段 muscle protein (MP); MP + sodium caseinate; and MP + blood plasma protein(BPP) - all 3 variants with and without 3% added salt. The control contained MP but no added salt. The emulations were then canned, pasteurized, and refrigerated fro 24th. Analysis of the effects of the treatments on stability, structural and rheological properties, and texture of the emulsions and end products showed that addition of sodium caseinate and BPP caused a deterioration in textural and structural peoperties of the MP, leading to products with a liquidy, elastic structure and a watery, spongy and loose texture. 研究结果或结论,以及意义 实事求是地报道经过试验和研究所获得的新资料、新数据、新理论、新结果。How to Write an AbstractAbstracts are more important than ever. We have an ever-increasing need for quick access to information. Think of those search engine results that you find on Internet sites. If the first few lines were an abstract, youd know whether you should go and read it. Instead, you often have to wade through link after link until you find what you were after.So how do you write an abstract?Once youve finished writing, stop and think about the document. What is the main subject? What is the main conclusion? What is its primary purpose? What would you expect the reader to do with this document? Collect this together and write a sentence - this is your topic sentence.You need to write one topic sentence that covers the entire document, regardless of whether the document is a one-page letter or a thousand-page manual.Getting Ideas Look at the recommendations, conclusions, summaries, and results in the completed document. When abstracting a manual, look at the tutorial. These sections cover the essence of the document. Avoid the document title This can be misleading. It may not help you write the topic sentence. Chances are the title will be too vague. Parts of the title might serve as modifiers in your topic sentence, but youll probably need to go beyond the title.Be specific Make the topic sentence be specific. Avoid writing This report describes document title. Instead, write something like The results of this subject study show that result.Use supporting sentences to fill in detailsAfter you identify your topic sentence, write supporting sentences. Make each of these supply specific details about the ideas in the topic sentence. Think of what supports the topic sentence. Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? and How much? Give statistics, results, conclusions, or recommendations that back up the topic sentence.Only use two or three major supporting ideas. Include the less important evidence as subordinate clauses and modifiers.Transitions holds it togetherArrange the supporting sentences in a logical sequence after the topic sentence. Add whatever transition is needed to connect the supporting sentences to the topic sentence and to connect ideas within the sentences to each other. Rewrite the sentences to improve the connections.The Tricksn Write the abstract only when the document is finished. Abstracts written before then are just previews. n If you are forced to write an abstract before the document is completed, think about its purpose and write a topic sentence. Keep in mind that youll need to rewrite the abstract when the document is finished because it will no longer accurately reflect the contents of the document. n Before starting the abstract, list your thoughts on the document. Group related items together. Prioritize the list and put the most important group first. The first few groups form the core of the topic sentence. The rest lead to supporting sentences. n If you cant create a topic sentence, write the supporting sentences first. The topic sentence may then become obvious. n Write for an audience not necessarily up to speed in your subject area. This is important because you never kno