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Colonialism Context ThegeneralintroductionaboutcolonialismThecolonialpolicyofdifferentcountriesThetriangulartradeImpacts Theearlierperiod SpainandPortugal Thelatterperiod BritishandFrance Definition Colonialismistheestablishment maintenance acquisitionandexpansionofcoloniesinoneterritorybypeoplefromanotherterritory Itisaprocesswhereaforeignstateclaimssovereigntyoverthecolonyandthesocialstructure government andeconomicsofthecolonyarechangedbycolonizers Colonialismisasetofunequalrelationshipsbetweenthemetropole hubstate andthecolonyandbetweenthecolonistsandtheindigenouspopulation Typesofcolonialism SettlercolonialismExploitationcolonialismPlantationcolonialismSurrogatecolonialismInternalcolonialism AgeofDiscovery ModerncolonialismstartedwiththeAgeofDiscovery PortugalandSpaindiscoverednewlandsacrosstheoceansandbuilttradingposts Forsomepeople itisthisbuildingofcoloniesacrossoceansthatdifferentiatescolonialismfromothertypesofexpansionism ThisperiodisalsoassociatedwiththeCommercialRevolution ThelateMiddleAgessawreformsinaccountancyandbankinginItalyandtheeasternMediterranean TheseideaswereadoptedandadaptedinwesternEuropetothehighrisksandrewardsassociatedwithcolonialventures Europeanexpansion Motivatedby NeedtosettleexcesspopulationSearchforwealth trade mineralsources ThedescriptionabouttheoutsideworldinliteraryworksIntellectualcuriosity thespiritofadventureStrugglefordominanceoftheseaReligiousreasons ReligiousFreedom AfterthefalloftheRomanEmpire manypartsofEuropebegantobecomelesscivilizedagain especiallyinthenorth TheChurchretainedmuchcontrolthroughreligion andchurcheswereoftenstrongholdsagainstmarauders 抢劫者 AftertheseparationoftheChurchintoRomanCatholicismandProtestant manybloodywarsandpersecutionhappenedwithincountries SpanishInquisition Europeanexpansion Premises Monarchycentralized moneysupport Thedevelopmentoftechnologyandscience shipping Theappearanceof ptolemymap 15thEurope 8thArab Moreresources alargerpopulationandstrategiclocationsincreasedpotentialmilitaryandpoliticalstrength SpanishEmpire BycolonizingtheAmericas Spainbecameoneoftherichestandmostpowerfulcountriesofthe16thcentury Attheheightofitspowerin1588 theSpanishEmpireincludedtheWestIndies Cuba Florida Mexico CentralAmerica muchofSouthAmerica andthePhilippines Sim nBol var Sim nBol varhelpedwinindependencefromSpainforBolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru andVenezuela ReveredthroughoutSouthAmerica Bol varearnedthenameTheLiberator Jos deSanMart n ArgentinegeneralJos deSanMart nhelpedleadSouthAmericatofreedomfromSpanishrule SanMart nisregardedasoneofArgentina sforemostheroes DeclarationofPeruvianIndependence ArgentinesoldierJos deSanMart ntookchargeofPeru sstruggleforindependencein1820 ThefollowingyearheoccupiedLimaandonJuly28 1821 heproclaimedPeru sindependencefromabalconyinthecenterofLima ThePhilippines Inthemid 16thcentury SpaniardssettledsomeofthemanyislandsinthePhilippines whichwerenamedinhonorofSpanishKingPhilipII ThisphotoshowsavillageonnorthernLuzon thelargestislandandthesecondsettledbySpain Manila Philippines ManilaisthecapitalandlargestcityofthePhilippines ThePasigRiverdividesManilabetweentheoriginalcity onitssouthernbank andthemoremodernsection onitsnorthernbank Spanishcolonistsfoundedthecityin1571 andSpanishinfluenceisapparentintheolddistrict sarchitecture PortugueseEmpire ItsbiggestcolonywasBrazilBrazilhadperfectspoilforagriculture hadwood brazilwood sugar andgold PortuguesebroughtAfricanslavesandusednativesaslaborJustifiedconquestofBrazilwithChristianizationofthepeople Jesuits SpainandPortugalareveryCatholicTheyusedtheirJesuitprieststoconvertthenativesTheirchurcheswerecalledmissionsTheyalsoservedasmini hospitals PortugueseEmpire PortugalwasalwaysthesmallerbrothertoSpainVerywealthythroughtradeItwastoosmalltodefendsuchabigempire AfricanandSouthAmerica England Holland FranceeasilycapturedmanyPortugueseterritories RiseoftheBritishEmpire Late16th early17thCenturies Englanddominated17th 18thCenturies DefeatedFranceandHollandinaseriesofwarstobecomethemaincolonizer BritishColonialism AmericaAfricaAustraliaCanadaIndia PakistanMalaysiaHongKongGibraltar BritishEmpire Early20thCentury TheBritishEmpire establishedoverthecourseofthreecenturies beganinthelate16thcenturywithcharteredcommercialventuresinsugarandtobaccoplantations slavetrading andmissionaryactivitiesinNorthAmericaandtheCaribbeanIslands Duringthelate19thandearly20thcenturies theBritishEmpirereachedtheheightofitspower rulingoverlargepartsofAfrica Asia andNorthAmerica BritishIndia 1858 India sboundariesweregraduallyexpandedaftertheBritishgovernmenttookovertheadministrationofIndiafromtheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyin1858 BritishIndiaeventuallycametoincludewhatarenowtheindependentcountriesofPakistan Bangladesh Myanmar formerlyknownasBurma andSriLanka Ceylon BritishFamilyinIndia TheBritishpresenceinIndiabeganwiththeEnglishEastIndiaCompany sfoundingofatradingpostatSuratin1612 Bytheearly1800s mostofIndiawasunderthecontroloftheEastIndiaCompany andin1858theBritishCrowntookoveradministrationofIndia Here membersofaBritishfamilyinIndiaposewiththeirservants WesternPowersinAsia Early1900s Initially WesternpowerscametoAsiatotrade ButtheysoondemandedconcessionsfromAsiangovernments suchaslandformilitarybases toprotectthattrade AlthoughtheWesternersbuiltrailroads canals roads andschools theprofitsfromtradewenttotheWest MapofallFrenchpossessionsandcolonies Frenchcolony Duringthe19thand20thcenturies theFrenchcolonialempirewasoneofthelargestintheworld behindtheBritishEmpire theRussianEmpireandtheSpanishEmpire itextendedover12 898 000kmatitsheightinthe1920sand1930s TheFrenchcolonialempirewasthelargestempirein17thcenturyandtheSecondEmpirein1929 Frenchcolony FrancebegantoestablishcoloniesinNorthAmerica theCaribbeanandIndia followingSpanishandPortuguesesuccessesduringtheAgeofDiscovery Inthe19thcentury FranceestablishedanewempireinAfricaandSouthEastAsia MapofFrenchcoloniesInAfrica FrenchNorthAfrica FrenchMorocco 1912 1956 protectorate 89 ofthecurrentterritory nowMorocco FrenchAlgeria 1830 1962 NowAlgeria Egypt ownership 1798 1801 FrenchTunisia 1881 1956 protectorate NowTunisia Libya FrenchMorocco FranceshowedastronginterestinMoroccoasearlyas1830 In1904FranceandSpaincarvedoutzonesofinfluenceinMorocco The1912TreatyofFezmadeMoroccoaprotectorateofFrance InMarch1956theFrenchprotectoratewasendedandMoroccoregaineditsindependencefromFranceandSpainasthe KingdomofMorocco SlaveTrade TradebetweenEuropeandAfricasoonbecamefocusedonslavetrade AfricanswantedEuropeangoodsandalltheEuropeanswantedwereslaves Mostslaveswerecapturedin