句子写作中常出现的问题.doc

中国学生在写英语句子时最容易出现的失误有这样几种：破碎句（sentence fragments）、粘连句(run-on sentence)、错误的平行结构(faulty parallelism)、垂悬修饰语(dangling modifiers)、修饰语错置(misplaced modifiers) 和逗号误用(comma splices)等。总的来说，这些错误主要是受汉语表达习惯的影响。1、 破碎句(Sentence Fragments) 破碎句一般有两种情况：一种是形式上完整（开头大写，句尾有句号、问号或感叹号）而实际上缺少主语或谓语动词，另一种情形是只有从属词语引导的从句。通常可以采取下列几种不同的方法把破碎句变成完整句：1 把从句与主语结合起来或把从句变成句子。例如： The decision seems fair. Because it considers all parties. The decision seems fair because it considers all parties. （主从结合） The decision seems fair. It considers all parties.（从句变成句子） To earn some pocket money, you only need an odd job. While to accomplish something remarkable, you must speend lot of time and energy. To earn some pocket money, you only need an odd job. But to accomplish something remarkable, you must speend lot of time and energy.2 把破碎短语与句结合起来或把短语变成句子。例如： More than anything else, I wanted to get away from the heat. To somewhere cooler. More than anything else, I wanted to get away from the heat to somewhere cooler. More than anything else, I wanted to get away from the heat. I longed for somewhere cooler.6 其他类型的破碎成分，如复合谓语的一部分、同位语、列举、由such as, for example等引导的例子等合并进邻近的句子或变成独立的句子。例如： Pat worked all day. And danced all night. Pat worked all day danced all night. When I was a child, my favorite adult was an old uncle. A retired sea captain who always told me long stories of wild adventures in faraway places. When I was a child, my favorite adult was an old uncle, a retired sea captain who always told me long stories of wild adventures in faraway places. He likes all kinds of fruit. Apples, grapes, pears, peaches, oranges, watermelons, and so on. He likes all kinds of fruit: apples, grapes, pears, peaches, oranges, watermelons, and so on.The South has produced some of our greatest twentieth century writers. Such as Flanney OConner, William Faulkner, Alice Walker, Tennessee Williams, and Thomas Wolfe. The South has produced some of our greatest twentieth century writers, such as Flanney OConner, William Faulkner, Alice Walker, Tennessee Williams, and Thomas Wolfe.2、粘连句 (Run-on Sentences )粘连句是指将两个独立的句子串在一起当成一个句子，中间没有任何连接词或标点符号（有时候仅用逗号隔开）。改正的方法有：（1）把其中一个句子变成从句；（2）在两个句子之间插入一个并列连词；（3）用分号分隔开；（4）两个句子变成两个独立分句。例如： Our foreign policy is not well defined it confuses many countries. Our foreign policy is not well defined. It confuses many countries. （变成独立分句） Our foreign policy is not well defined, and it confuses many countries. （加入并列连词） Our foreign policy is not well defined; it confuses many countries.（用分号隔开） Because our foreign policy is not well defined it confuses many countries.（把一个改为从句）3错误的平行结构 (Faulty Parallelism)平行结构是指把两个或两个以上意义相关、具有相同语法功能的句子成分用同等的语法形式表现出来，平行结构可以是单词、词组、从句，也可以是句子，使用平行结构能使句子表达显得整齐，流畅，也富有节奏感和感染力。如果意思上并列的成分用不同的语法形式表达，就会破坏内在平衡。平行结构可以在任何句子单位中实现，获得句子平行的方法有：（1）将相似或相反的意义用相似的语法形式表现出来；（2）将平行的成分按照重要性顺序排列起来；（3）在使用并列连词连接词、连结句时，务必要使用平行结构；（4）在使用成对的关联词连接词、连接句时，也必须使用平行结构；（5）重复某些平行结构中的第一个词，可以使意义更加醒目，表达更加有力；（6）在列举和提纲时，各条目要使用平行结构。例如： Tom Clark, who is wise and intelligent, and who is our union representative, has been promoted to foreman. Tom Clark, who is wise and intelligent and who is our union representative, has been promoted to foreman. James Joyces Ulysses, a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has been banned by the school board. James Joyces Ulysses, a long and complicated novel, and which is on our reading list, has been banned by the school board. He wants either to study English Literature or study World History. He wants to study either English Literature or World History. When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, and then we went to sleep after eating our lunch. When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, ate our lunch, and went to sleep. You should strive to cooperate with your colleagues to bring about change for improving communication and professional development. You should strive to cooperate with your colleagues to bring about change, to improve communication and to further professional development. I always have and always shall practice diligently. I have always practiced diligently and always shall. The students attending our school are more intelligent than your school. The students attending our school are more intelligent than the students attending your school.4、垂悬修饰语 (Dangling Modifiers)垂悬修饰语即修饰语在句中找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象，常见的有以下几种：垂悬分词，垂悬动名词，垂悬不定式，垂悬介词和垂悬省略句。尽管悬垂修饰语可以出现在句子的任何位置，但大多位于句首。改正的方法是明确动作的实施者，使主语成为垂悬部分成为修饰的对象，或将省略句或分词词组扩展成从句。例如： After three hours of practice, a large mug of beer was what the thirty dancers wanted. After practicing for three hours, the thirty dancers wanted a large mug of beer. Before submitting any written work, careful proofreading must be done. Before submitting any written work, you must carefully proofread it. Although tired and hungry, the drill sergeant would not let us rest. Although we were tired and hungry, the drill sergeant would not let us rest. Getting out of bed, the tile floor was so cold that Marin shivered all over. Getting out of bed, Marin found the tile floor so cold that she shivered all over. To join the team, a C average or better is necessary. To join the team, you must have a C average or better. For you to join the team, a C average or better is necessary.5、错置修饰语(Misplacing the Modifers)为了是句子更加生动和更具有吸引力，常常需要添加修饰语，修饰语可以是单词，词组，也可以是从句。按照英语的规则，充当定语或状语的词、短语或从句必须尽可能地靠近所修饰的成分。修饰语如果和所修饰的词相隔太远，加进了其他成分，就很造成句子意思混淆，产生歧义，容易引起误解。因此，要尽量地将修饰语和被修饰的部分靠近。例如：Tony bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission. Tony bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer.I nearly earned a hundred dollars last week. I earned nearly a hundred dollars last week.She read a poem to the class that didnt seem to make any sense. She read to the class a poem that didnt seem to make any sense.I got on a bus by mistake that was going to the Park. By mistake, I got on a bus that was going to the Park.The old man walked into the lamp post going to the optician. While going to the optician the old man bumped into the lamp post. Going to the optician, the old man wlked into the lamp post.He crossed the stream in a canoe, which was recently stocked with fish. in a canoe, he crossed the stream, which was recently stocked with fish.Students who study often get good grades. Students who often study get good grades. Students who study get good grades often.所以在写作中，要特别注意下列常见的副词的位置: always, even, hardly, just, merely, nearly, only, often, scarely等等。要把它们放在能使读者对句子的意义更清楚的地方。6逗号误用 (Comma Splices) 逗号误用是用逗号或逗号加连接性副词把两个简单句分开。要修改这种错误，可以采取以下几种方法：1 把其中一个句子变成从句。例如：Chemistry has contributed much to our understanding of foods, many foods such as wheat and beans can be produced in the laboratory. Chemistry has contributed much to our understanding of foods. Many f