语言学名词解释.doc

A list of terms of linguistics for general revision:(Suggested for TEM-8 Coverage)Design features of language:1. arbitrariness2. symbolicity: language contains a lot of linguistic symbols with meaning to be organized in sentences. A symbol indicatesits object or quality in communication.3. duality4. productivity5. creativity: language contains a lot of possible and new utterancesderived from the “old” forms and structures. People can under-stand many different and new sentences in communication.6. displacement7. cultural transmission8. vocality: Language is first and foremost vocal people first speak and hear messages shaped in sounds. The primary medium of language is vocal in sound forms.Functions of language:1. informative2. interrogative: language is used to ask for information3. directive4. commissive: the speaker promises to do something5. emotive (evocative and expressive): language used both for arousing feelings and expressing feelings.6. phatic (interpersonal): language used for daily interpersonal polite exchangeBasic terms:1. descriptive / prescriptive2. synchronic / diachoronic3. langue / parole4. competence / performancePhonetics:1. position of utterance/articulation2. manner of utterance/articulation3. articulatory phonetics4. acoustic phonetics5. auditory phonetics6. division of phonesPhonology:1. phoneme2. allophone3. suprasegmental features4. minimal pair5. stress6. assimilation: a rule of pronunciation in which the mannerof pronouncing the previous units affects the followingsounds to make it sound similar more or less.Morphology:1. morpheme2. allomorph: works, teaches, studies3. free morpheme4. bound morpheme5. inflection: The man comes to my office for a job.6. derivation: The newcomer is a nice person.7. prefix8. suffixSyntax:1. lexical category: refers to type of words in the sense of “part of speech”2. grammatical category: refers to the concepts of grammar a structure or word has in actualarrangement. Eg. Subject, complementizer3. surface structure: superficial structural features of a phrase or sentence.4. deep structure: the actual structural features of a phrase or sentence with meaning considered.5. phrase structure rules6. grammaticality: It refers to the quality of a structure well-organized and meaningful in communication.Semantics:1. reference: what a word or sentence refers to2. conceptual meaning: quality of a word in semantics, its meaning is shown in the ways people think about it3. collocative meaning: the meaning of a word when it is organized with another word4. affective meaning:5. contextual meaning: the meaning which is flexible in the context ofa text or a discourse6. componential analysis: Pragmatics:1. context2. sentence meaning (fixed or stable meaning of a sentence withoutextralinguistic features /utterance meaning(flexible or dynamic meaning of a sentence withextralinguistic features)3. speech act4. conversational implicature5. cooperative principle (4 maxims)6. presupposition: something to be taken for granted before a statement is madeVarieties of language:1. geographical variety2. social variety3. historical variety4. idiolect (=personal dialect, individual language features)Sociolinguistics:1. high prestige2. gender: language features preferred by males or females3. turn-taking4. politeness: the pattern of polite behavior in actual language usePsycholinguistics:1. language perception: mental process of understanding language2. language production: mental process of makin