词汇、习题1.doc

Chapter1Culture and MultinationalManagementTechnical TermsCultural norms 文化规范 Cultural values 文化价值观Cultural beliefs 文化信仰 Cultural symbols 文化象征Cultural stories 文化传说 National culture 国家文化Business culture 商业文化 Organizational culture 组织文化Occupational culture 职业文化 Corporate culture 企业文化Family Culture 家族式文化 Eiffel Tower Culture 埃菲尔铁塔式文化Guided Missile Culture 导弹式文化 Incubator Culture 孵化器式文化Manifest Culture 显性文化 Basic assumptions 基本假设Individualism 个人主义 Collectivism 集体主义Power distance 权力差距 Uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避Masculinity 男性度 Femininity 女性度Long-term orientation 长期取向 Universalism 通用主义Particularism 特定主义 Neutral relationships 中性化关系Affective relationships 情感化关系 Specific relationships 特质性关系Diffuse relationships 扩散性关系 Achievement 成就取向Ascription 因袭取向 Past-oriented 过去取向Present-oriented 现在取向 Future-oriented 未来取向Sequential 单向（时间观念） Synchronic 多向（时间观念）Internal-oriented culture 内控文化 External-oriented culture 外控文化Cultural stereotyping 文化陈规（刻板） Ethnocentrism 民族中心主义Cultural relativism 文化相对主义Notes1. Geert Hofstede: A dutch researcher, who introduced the first model of national culture.2. Fons Trompenaars: A Dutch economist and consultant, who developed a seven dimension cultural model.Discussion Questions1. What is Cross-cultural Management ?Cross-cultural Management is a new borderline subject which studies the problems of management under the cross-cultural environment.2. Define “globalization” as used in strategic international management.Globalization means that the world is becoming one connected economy in which companies do business and compete anywhere and with anyone regardless of national boundaries.3. What is culture? Why should multinational managers learn as much as they can about the important cultural norms, values and beliefs of the societies in which they work?Culture is acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior. This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior. Because different cultures exist in the world, an understanding of the impact of culture on behavior is critical to the study of international management. If international managers do not know something about the cultures of the countries they deal with, the results can be quite disastrous.4. List the characteristics of culture. Learned. Culture is not inherited or biologically based; it is acquired by learning and experience. Shared. People as members of a group, organization, or society share culture; ia is not specific to single individuals. Transgenerational. Culture is cumulative, passed down from one generation to the next. Symbolic. Culture is based on the human capacity to symbolize or use one thing to represent another. Patterned. Culture has structure and is integrated; a change in one part will bring changes in another. Adaptive. Culture is based on the human capacity to change or adapt, as opposed to the more genetically driven adaptive process of animals. 5. Draw a cultural map and analyze the cultures three levels . 1.The outside level: Characteristics: apparent, outside, manifest, visible, observable Content: behaviors, language, music, food, technologyMethods of discovery: watch, touch, feel2.The deeper level Characteristics: below, some aspects remain unclear Content: explanation, valueMethods of discovery: visit, investigate3.The core level Characteristics: intangible, foundations Content: basic assumptions, ideals, beliefsMethods of discovery: infer, guess6. Define categories of culture and discuss the interrelationships among them.National culture is the dominant culture within the political boundaries of the nation-state. Business culture represents norms, values, and beliefs that pertain to all aspects of doing business in a cultureOccupational cultures are the norms, values, beliefs, and expected ways of behaving for people in the same occupational group, regardless of what organization they work forOrganizational culture is the pattern of basic assumptions that are developed by a group as it learns to cope with problems of external adaptation and internal integration and that are taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to these problemsNational culture BusinessBusiness culture influences all aspects of work and organizational life National culture contains and guides business culture. 7. In which of the four organizational cultures would most people in the United States feel comfortable? In which would most Japanese feel comfortable? Based on your answers, what conclusions could you draw regarding the importance of understanding organizational culture for international management? In my opinion, most people in the United States feel Guided Missile Culture comfortable while Japanese would feel the Family Culture most comfortable.8. List some books and theories on corporate culture.William G. Ouchi, Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese ChallengeRichard T. Passcale, Anthony G. Athos, Art of Japanese ManagementThomas J. Peters, Robert H. Jr. Waterman, In Search of Excellence:Lessons from Americas Best-run Companies.Peter Senge, The Fifth DisciplineMichael Hammer, James Champy, Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business9. Using Hofstedes dimensions of cultural values, contrast Chinese culture with American culture. What potential problems would people from Chinese culture to American culture have in dong business with each other?Hofstedes cultural model: Individualism/Collectivism; Power distance; Uncertainty avoidance; Masculinity /Femininity; Long-term orientation/short-term orientation;potentially, a chinese manager emphasizes hierachy whilst an American feels that we are all equal10. Compare and contrast Hofstedes model of culture with the 7d model. Which do you think is more valuable for managers and why?Hofstedes cultural model: Individualism/Collectivism; Power distance; Uncertainty