英语作业总结.doc

第四单元第一段Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop of problemsfor example,depression,headaches,physiological impairments, and neutotic and psychosomatic difficultiesthat sometimes last a lifetime.缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题例如抑郁症，头痛，生理残疾和精神，身心上的疾病，这些疾病有时伴随他们一生。In contrast,infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight,cry less,and smile more.相反的，受关爱和搂抱的婴儿体重会明显的增加，哭泣的次数少，而笑的次数多。第三段Although such a statement may seem self-centered (selfish/self-serving),its actually quite insightful (wise/sensible/advisable/sage).People who dont like themselves may not be able to return love but may constantly (ceaselessly) seek (search/looking for) love relationships to bolster (improve) their own poor self-images (self-judgement).第四段Love is an elusive concept. 爱是一种很难描述的概念。elusive：（of an idea or quality ）difficult to describe or understand 难以表达的，难懂的。Love has been a source of inspiration ,wry witticisms,and even political action for many centuries.几百年来，爱一直是灵感，情话，甚至是政治活动的来源。Love has been a source of sudden creative idea，lovers honeyed words ,and even political action for many centuries.第五段 It can be romantic,exciting,charmed / irresistible / crazy , and absurd / unreasonable . It can also be pure friendly , calming , unselfish / selfless , and intellectual / rational . Many researchers feel that love has all kinds of / many definitions because it different / has a lot of difference in degree and strength intention and across social . a willingness to please and cater to the other person , even if this needs concession and give something up .第六段Although love may involve passionate yearning, respect is a more important quality.Although love may come down to/talk about enthusiastic/ebullient desire ,respect is a more important quality.Respect is inherent in all love:I want the loved person to grow and unfold for his own sake.Respect is internal/intrinsic/immanent in all love:I want the loved person to grow and develop（成长）.第七段These misconceptions（misunderstandings /misinterpretations）often lead to（result in/contribute to ）unrealistic expectations, stereotypes（stable modes/set patterns / fixed models）,and disillusionment（ fantasy shattered/evanescence）.In fact, real love is closer to what one author calledstirring-the-oatmeal love（mundane and unromantic love ）.它是付账单，倒垃圾，刷马桶，整夜照顾生病的孩子，以及完成其他各种各样不那么性感的“搅燕麦粥”的任务。第九段Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values,not fate,bring people together.实证研究显示，是文化标准和价值观将人们聚在一起的而非命运。We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are “filtered out”by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due to factors such as age,race,distance,social class religion,sexual orientation,health,or physical appearance.我们一生不会遇到成千上万的可能的爱人，是因为他们早被一些挑选理想对象的正式的或是非正式的条件筛选出局，例如年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况及外表等条件。第十段Beginning in childhood,parents encourage or limit future romantic liaison by selecting certain neighborhoods and schools.In early adolescence,peer norms influence the adolescent decisions about acceptable romantic involvements(“you want to date who?!).父母从孩子童年时起，就通过特意挑选邻居还有学校，来鼓励或者阻止可能的暧昧关系。到了青春期早期，影响少年少女们是否接受恋爱的将会是同伴们的行为准则。（你想和人约会？！Even during the preteen years,romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape romantic experience.Although romance may cross cultural or ethnic borders, criticism and approval teach us what is acceptable romantic behavior and with whom.One might “lust” for someone,but these yearnings will not lead most of us to “fall in love” if there are strong cultural or group ban.甚至在整个青春期前，浪漫的经验就通过社交的渴望和经历塑造出来了。尽管爱可以跨越种族和文化的界限，赞成和反对的声音将会教导我们和谁相爱及何种恋爱方式是可以被接受的。我们也许会对某个人非常迷恋，但是如果有着文化上的禁令或家族的强烈反对，我们大多数人都是不会和Ta相爱的。Even during the preteen years,romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape romantic experience.Even before thirteen, love experiences can be activated, Because societal and group practice and expectations sense decide love experiences.One might “lust” for someone,but these yearnings will not lead most of us to “fall in love” if there are strong cultural or group ban.One might has strong desire for someone,but these feeling of love will not lead most of us to marriage if our culture and group prohibit it.第十一段Desire may or may not lead to romantic love(which the authors equate with passionate or erotic love .) Regan and Berscheid suggest that desire is an essential ingredient for initiating and maintaining romantic love. Desire may or may not result in romantic love(which the authors regard as passionate or erotic love .) Regan and Berscheid suggest that desire is an indispensable part of initiating and sustaining romantic love.2.Once desire diminishes,disappointed lovers may wonder where the sparkin their relationship has gone and may reminisce regretfully about the good old days. Once desire decreases,disappointed lovers may wonder where the passion in their relationship has gone and may recall regretfully about the better times in the past. 第十二段Oneshouldnotconclude,however,thatdesirealways culminatesinphysicalintimacyorthatdesireisthesameasromanticlove.Marriedpartnersmayloveeachother eventhoughtheyrarely,ornever,engagedinphysical intimacy.Inaddition,therearesomenotabledifferencesbetweenlove-especiallylong-term-loveandromanticlove.然而，我们不能断定这种欲望总会以身体上的亲密接触而告终，或者这种欲望等同于浪漫的爱（激情？）。即使婚后的两个人很少或者从来没有发生身体上的亲密接触，但他们依然可以深爱彼此。此外，爱，尤其是长久的爱和浪漫的爱，是有一些显著地差别的。第七单元第一段Human nature is the basis of character, the temperament and disposition; it is that indestructible matrix upon which the character is built, and whose shape it must take and keep throughout life. This we call a persons nature.人性是性格/品质、气质/性格/性情和性情/性格的基础，性格正是建立于这种牢不可破的基质之上的，它必须以这种基质的形式存在，并贯穿人生始终，这种基质，我们称之为一个人的本性。第二段A study of history reveals(indicates/manifests/uncovers/concludes/shows)that the people who walked this earth in antiquity(who had a life in ancient time) were moved (impelled/propelled)by the same fundamental (basic essential/elementary/basic/primary)forces，were swayed(swing/vacillated/rocked) by the same passions(intense emotions/enthusiasm )，and had the same aspirations(ambitions/dreams)as the men and women of the today.The pursuit of happiness still engrosses(absorbs/preoccupies) mankind the world over.Moreover no one wishes his nature to change.此外， 没有那个人希望改变自己的本性。One may covet the position of President or King, but would not change places with them unless it meant the continuance of his own identify.有人可能会觊觎总统或国王的职位，但不会和他们交换角色，除非还能够继续他自己原有的身份。Each man sees himself as unique, and so far as he is concerned the hub of the universe, different from any other individual. 每个人都认他是为独一无二的，而且，就他而言，他就是宇宙的中心，并且有别于其他人。 Para: Every person thinks himself as the only ,and for him who sees he is the center of the universe and differs from any other one. Apologies are in order when Mr.Smith is mistaken for Mr.Jones. 当把斯密斯先生任成琼斯先生的时候就应该道歉（即认错人是该道歉的）。第四段Every man unfolds a distinct character over which circumstances and education have only the most limited control. No two people will ever draw the same conclusions from the same experiences,but each must interpret events and fit them into the mosaic of his own lifes pattern. Human nature is ever true to itself, not to systems of faith or education. 每个人都表现出不同的性格，环境和教育对其影响很有限。两个人有相同的经历也不会得出相同的结论，但是每个人必定会对这些事作出分析，并且将他们融合到自己丰富的生活中去。人性对它自身来说是正确的，而不是对于信仰和教育。Each holds to the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast at the time of its individualization.The qualities born in one remain as potentials whether they have a chance to develop or not.Under pressure,or change of interest, they can partially or wholly disappear from view for considerable periods of time;but nothing can permanently modify them,nothing can obliterate them.一个人的个性和他独特的天性在一出生时就已经形成了，而且不会改变。一个人先天的品质，无论是否有机会发展，都保持为潜力。在遭受压力或兴趣发生变化的情况下，他们会部分或全部的消失一段时间，但是没有什么能永远改变他们，也没有什么能将他们抹去。Each holds to the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast at the time of its individualization.Each sticks to the structure of the model into which the soul was shaped at the time of its birth.But nothing can permanently modify them, nothing can obliterate them.But nothing can change them forever,nothing can eliminate them.第五段The constancy of human nature is proverbial .as no one believes that a man can fundamentally change his nature .人性的稳定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人可以从本质上改变他的性格。para: The constancy/stability of human nature is well-known,as no one believes that a man can essentially change his nature .This is why it is so difficult for one who has acquired an unsavory reputation to re-establish himself in public confidence.所以，名声不好的人很难去重建公众对他的信任。People know from experience that an individual who in one year displays knavish characteristics seldom in the next becomes any different.经验告诉我们，在一年里表现出人品不正的这类人中，很少会有人在下一年里有什么改变。Nor does a thief becomes a trustworthy employee, or a miser a philanthropist.Nor does a man change and become a liar, coward or traitor at fifty or sixty; if he is one then, he has been one ever since his character was formed. Big criminals are first little criminals, just as giant oaks are first little acorns. 小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工，吝啬鬼也不可能变成慈善家。而且，一个人不会在五六十岁的时候变成谎话精、懦夫或叛徒，如果那时候他是，那么早在他性格形成的时候他就已经是了。大罪犯最初都是小罪犯，正如大橡树最初都是小橡果。第七段】Man is perfect as a seed is perfect , germinally （originally）.The spirit is perfect,but when it inhabits（reside/dwell/stay） human structures（bodies）,it participates（take part/get involved） in the imperfections（flaw/blemish） of the later;and during its association（connection） with matter takes on（display/show） the mortal weaknesses,desires and limitations.But the spirit,the inner man,remains untouched（unchanged） and undefiled by（pure from） evil.在幼芽期，种子是完美的，就像种子一样，人类在胚胎期是完美的。精神是完美的，但是当它栖居于人类肉体结构中，表现出后者的不完美；在它与物质联系的过程中，表现出凡人的弱点，欲望和局限。但是精神，也就是人的内在仍然能够免遭邪恶的污染和玷污。Only the outer manthe personality and the physical bodybecomes imperfect,due to ignorance,wrong thinking and violation of the laws of being.The outer man ,too,was originally perfect,but man has so desecrated and abused it that today it is a far cry from the original model.只有外在的人个性和躯体，由于无知，错误的思想和违反自然规律而变得不完美。外在的人，原本也是完美的，但是今天因为人类如此的亵渎和滥用，变得与原型相差甚远。第八段Mans majesty and nobility are taken for granted, although his faults and weaknesses are constantly paraded our eyes. 人们想当然地认为人类是伟大和高尚的，尽管他的过错和弱点不断地暴露在我们面前。Only when behavior deviates from the normal does it attract attention .只有当人类行为偏离常规时才会引起人们的注意。The good neighbor, the conscientious citizen, the kind father and faithful husband pass unnoticed.But the murderer,robber or wife beater is singled out for publicity, because such conduct is unusual.人们对好邻居、良民、慈父和贞夫视而不见，但杀人犯、抢劫犯或殴打妻子的人却成为公众瞩目的焦点。因为这些行为非同寻常。亮点：parade，be singled out for publicity1 . majesty n.词义：威严、高贵、最高权力、权威 本文词义：高贵、伟大 Para：nobility（高贵） greatness（伟大2. nobility n.高贵 （noble/nobly） Para:dignity3. take for granted 认为理所当然，想当然 Para：（1）It stands to reason that可替换成：It stands to reason that man is majestic and noble.（2）assume sth. as a matter of course 可替换成：We can assume mans majesty and nobility as a matter of course.（3）go without saying 不用说，理所当然 可替换成：We can go without saying that is majestic and noble.4. constantly 不断地，时常地Para：continually，unceasingly，endlessly，forever5. parade：词义：游行、炫耀、列队进行本文词义：暴露、浮现Para：expose，reveal，emerge，appearPara：We can assume mans majesty and nobility as a matter of course，although his faults and weaknesses are continually emerge before our eyes. 第九段Mans inherent goodness,moreover ,is revealed by his countless acts of heroism ,unselfishness and sacrifice. 人类固有的优点还体现在不计其数的英雄主义行为、充满无私和牺牲精神的举动上。inherent ：固有的，与生俱来的，遗传的，天生的be inherent in 天生inherent quality 固有性质可替换为：native，innate，inborn，be born withreveal vt. n. 显示、揭露、展现、漏出 reveal itself 呈现、被认知 同come out ，show itself 可替换为：display，show，bring outcountlessuncounted,numberless thousands of 成千上万的sacrifice n.牺牲、祭品、供奉 vt. at the sacrifice of 以牺牲为代价 sacrifice ones personal interests 牺牲个人利益 替换：give up some benefitsDaily one reads of men saving others at the peril of their own lives.One plunges into the surf and rescues a swimmer from drowning;another dashes into a burning house and carries a stranger to safety ;others snatch a child from the wheels of death ;many give their blood so that others may live.每天我们都会读到人们冒着生命危险挽救他人生命的事迹：有人跃入水中拯救溺水的人；有人冲进火场将陌生人带出险境；有人从死亡的车轮下救出孩子；许多人献出鲜血使他人生命得以延续。Countless unnamed and unrecorded men have given their lives for their fellowmen,not only on the battlefront but on the home-front as well.数不胜数的不知姓名、不被记载的人们，不仅在战场上，而且还在战争的大后方，为了他们的同胞献出了生命。1. give their lives 献出生命、牺牲生命 可替换成：lose ones life ,lay down ones life 2. fellowman 人民，同胞 可替换为：fellow countryman，compatriot，people3. battlefront 前线，战场 可替换为：front line，battleground，battlefield，battle space，battle4. home-front 后方 可替换为：rear，in the rear第十段Human nature does not and cannot change but unfolds its inherent pattern . 人性不会改变，更不能改变。但人性会逐渐呈现出它固有的模式。para：Human nature does not and cannot change but show/reveal/unfurl its natural/internal/instinctive model/prototype.Man has a nature and its laws can be known.We can only endeavor to understand man as he is .每个人都有自己的本性，并且有它自己的规律，我们只能尽力去理解他的本性第九单元But the scarcity（lack/inadequacy/deficiency） of affordable housing is a deeping （severe/serious） national crisis and not just for inner-city families on welfare（well-benefit）.The problem has climbed the income ladder（affected the middle class） and moved to（cross into） the suburbs,where service workers cram（live with） their families into over crowed（cramped/small and narrow） apartments,college graduates have to crash（lodge） with their parents ,and firefighters,police officers and teacher cant afford to live in the communities they serve.但是廉价房稀缺是一场日益加深的民族危机，而不仅是依赖福利为生的城市家庭危机，这个问题已经波及中产阶层，并向郊区蔓延，在那里服务工作者及其家属挤在过于狭小的公寓里，大学毕业生不得不借宿在父母家里，而消防队员，警察和教师在他们所服务的社区也买不起房。第二段Home ownership is near an all-time high,but the gap is growing between the Owns and the Own-Notsas well as the Owns and the Own-80-Miles-From-Work.住房拥有率接近历史最高位，但有房户和无房户之间的差距越来越大，正如有房户和房子离工作单位80英里远的有房户之间的差距也越来越大.One-third of Americans now spend at least 30% of their income on housing,the federal definition of anunaffordableburden,and half the working poor spend at least 50% of their income on rent, a critical burden.现在，1/3的美国人花费至少30%的收入用于住房，联邦政府将这种情况定义为“无力支付”的负担，而有一半的穷打工仔花费至少50%的收入用于租房，这种情况被称为“极其严重”的负担。The real estate boom of the past decade has produced wing falls for Americans who owned before it began,but affordable housing is now a serious problem for more low-and moderate-income Americans than taxs,Social Security or gas prices.在过去10年里，房地产业的繁荣使得在此之前就已经购置房产的美国人大赚了一把，但现在廉价房问题对于中、低收入的美国人来说，成为了一个比税收、社会保险、汽油价格更为严重的问题。第三段President Richard M.Nixon began offering subsidized rent vouchers to millions of low-income tenants in private housing. For half a century, most housing debates in Wastington revolved around how much to expand federal assistance.President Richard M.Nixon began providing subsidies to millions of low-income families for tenanting private housing. For half a century, most housing debates in Wastington focused on /revolved about/concentrated on/centered on/centered how much to enlarge federal aid.第四段The program has eliminated most of the high-rise hellholes that gave public housing a bad name and has revived some urban neighborhoods. But it has razed more subsidized apartments than it has replaced.Para:The program has removed most of the bad high buildings that gave public housing a terrible name and has reconstructed some community.But it has destroyed more subsidized apartments than it has rebuilt.第五段Overall, the number of households receiving federal aid has flatlined since the early 1990s, despite an expanding population and a ballooning budget. 总的来说，自90年代初以来，接受联邦援助的家庭数已经降到最低，尽管人口不断增加、预算不断膨胀。Para：Overall, the number of households receiving federal aid has falled to a very low level since the early 1990s, in spite of extanding population and a soar budget. Congress has rejected most of President Bushs proposed cuts, but there has been virtually no discussion of increases; affordable-housing advocates spend most of their time fighting to preserve the status quo.美国国会已经拒绝了美国总统布什提出的大部分的削减计划，但几乎没有讨论过增加计划；廉价房的倡导者把大部分时间都花在用于努力争取保持现状上。Congress has refused most of President Bushs proposed cuts, but there has been practically no discussion of increases; affordable-housing supporter spend most of their time fighting to keep the current situation.第七段Some liberals dream of extending subsidies to all eligible low-income families,but that $100 billion-a-year solution was unrealistic even before the budget deficit ballooned again.一些自由主义者希望给所有符合条件的低收入家庭增加补贴。但是即使在预算赤字再次激增之前，那1000亿一年的解决方案也是不现实的.Some liberals dream of increase/enlarge allowance to all qualified/suitable low-income families,but that $100biliion-a-year solution was unrealistic even before the economical schedule shortage increase again.So even some housing advocates now support time limits on most federal rent aid.因此，即使一些住房支持者现在也支持大多数联邦租金援助的时间限制。The time limits included in welfare reform 10 years ago were controversial ,but studies suggest theyve helped motivate recipients to get off the dole .包括在10年前的社会福利改革中，时间限制曾引起争议，但研究表明，他们已经帮助激发（引导？）受助人从领取失业救助金的车上下来。para：controversial:contentious/argument;cause argument/motivate:inspire/arouse recipient:embraceget off the dole:be/get away from the And unlike welfare,housing aid is not a federal entitlement ,so taking it away from one family after a few years would provide a break for an equa