中国石化专业技术人员英语学习参考(完整版).doc

第一部分 通用英语Part OneEnglish for General PurposesUNIT 1 How to be Happy如何获得幸福Exercises A. Translate the following sentences into English. 1吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。 2在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。 3我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。 4如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。 5我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。 B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese. There are many benefits to being happy. Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and eam more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call “Duchenne or genuine smiles. What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious. According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specificallyi they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life. Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections. Alas, for some reason this doesnt translate to the workplace. So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.【参考答案】阅读理解 1. The formula refers to H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). 2. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. 3. If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors. 4. Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others. 5. What you can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.【练习参考答案】A汉译英 1. Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset. 2. A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness. 3. We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing. 4. If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression. 5. We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.B英译汉 幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。 全球畅销书关联的作者詹姆斯福勒和尼古拉斯克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。 具有同样效果的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14%)和邻居(34%)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），1而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。UNIT 2 City Design城市设计ExercisesA. Translate the following sentences into English. 1随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。 2生态城市(eco-city)将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。 3预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车(fuel-cell vehicles)投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。 4如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。 5全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese. Once at a supermarket, I read a thought-provoking sign at the check-out counter. It said the store was using only plastic bags. The supermarket claimed that the energy and exhaust fumes expeled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasnt biodegradable. Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport, so the store believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic. It got me thinking further. Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times, or until they start falling apart, you have really done a good thing. You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets, instead of purchasing plastic trash bags.【参考答案】阅读理解1. (He takes) a bus.2. Cars not only do harm to peoples health but also cause heavy traffic jam.3. Design cities for people not (for) cars.4. Because people depend largely on cars.5. There would be all cars (mechanism) no-human.【练习参考答案】A汉译英 1. The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs. 2. The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies. 3. One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10,000 by 2012. 4. These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city. 5. It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the worlds population is now city-dwellers (is now living in cities). B英译汉 有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢？如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。UNIT 3 Population人口ExercisesA. Translate the following sentences into English1亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%。2人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。3我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。4我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。5中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese. A report, based on United Nations projections showing slow, steady growth of economies and populations, suggests that by mid-century, humanitys demand on nature will be twice the biospheres productive capacity. At this level of ecological deficit, exhaustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse will become real.Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now. Population size changes slowly, and human-made capital - homes, cars, roads, factories, or power plants - can last for many decades. This implies that policy and investment decisions made today will continue to determine our resource demand throughout much of the 21st century.【参考答案】阅读理解 1. It continues to increase / grow at its present rate. 2. Death Control 3. They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive. 4. Because the worlds land has already been taken up / occupied by the ever-increasing population. 5. non-renewable【练习参考答案】A汉译英 1. Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the worlds land area. 2. The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain. 3. We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report. 4. I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds. 5. The development of modern industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational (mobility) and population mobility.B英译汉 一份以联合国所作的经济和人口缓慢增长的预期为基础的报告显示，到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将会成为事实。向可持续发展的转变取决于现在所采取的重大行动。人口数量变化缓慢，而人类创造的资本，如住宅、汽车、道路、工厂或发电站等会持续几十年。这意味着，今天所作的政策和投资决策将决定我们在21世纪的大部分时间里对资源的持续需求。UNIT 4 Earthquake地震 A. Translate the following sentences into English.1会议的准备工作正在顺利地进行着。 2科技发展在解决老问题的同时也带来了一些新问题。 3. 1976年唐山大地震是历史上最严重的自然灾害之一。 4近几年来，中国、日本和美国对地震发生的时间、地点的预测取得了一定的进步。 5地震能造成惨重的人员伤亡，毁坏建筑物，如大楼、桥梁、大坝等设施。 B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese. Our weather surely is getting strange. There seem to be more tornadoes than in living memory, longer droughts, bigger downpours and record floods. Unprecedented fires are burning in some areas. Scientists tell us that for every one degree increase in temperature, lightning strikes will go up another 10%. And it is lightning, after all, that is principally responsible for igniting the conflagration in some areas today.【参考答案】阅读理解 1. Collapse of buildings and the effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease and other phenomena from earthquakes. 2. The area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses, East Indians to the Atlas Mountains. 3. It refers to the fact the earthquakes can happen anywhere at any time. 4. a) analyzing changes in animal behavior 分析 b) patterns of movements in the earths crust c) variations in the force of gravity and the earths magnetic field d) observation of the frequency of minor earth tremors 5. Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible.【练习参考答案】A汉译英 1. Preparations for the meeting are proceeding smoothly. 2. As technological advancement solves old problems, it also creates new ones. 3. The 1976 earthquake in Tangshan was one of the greatest natural disasters in history. 4. In recent years, China, Japan and the U.S have made certain progress in forecasting when and where earthquakes will occur. 5. Earthquakes cause severe casualties and destroy constructions like buildings, dams and bridges. B英译汉 天气的确越来越反常。在人们记忆中，龙卷风似乎更加频繁、旱灾持续更久、暴雨更大、洪灾也创下纪录、在一些地区火灾史无前例。科学家告知我们，气温每升高一度，闪电数量就会增加10%。毕竟，在一些地区闪电至今仍然是引起特大火灾的主要原因。UNIT 5 The Aftermath of BP Gulf Oil Spill英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏Exercises A. Translate the following sentences into English. 1如何尽快处理墨西哥湾的原油泄漏是BP公司最为关注的问题。 2这起事故使环保人士对生态环境有了不小的担忧。 3原油泄漏不仅会污染海洋环境，更糟糕的是它还会给多种海洋生物带来很大的威胁。4所有小动物都要依靠妈妈给它们提供食物和保护。5南极洲是多种企鹅的家。 B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese. An oil spill is the accidental petroleum release into the environment. On land, oil spills are usually localized and thus their impact can be eliminated relatively easily. In contrast, marine oil spills may result in oil pollution over large areas and present serious environmental hazards. The primary source of accidental oil input into seas is associated with oil transportation by tankers and pipelines (about 70%), whereas the contribution of offshore drilling and production activities is minimal (less than l%). Large and catastrophic spills releasing more than 30,000 tons of oil are relatively rare events and their frequency in recent decades has decreased perceptibly. Yet, such episodes have the potential to cause the most serious ecological risk (primarily for sea birds and mammals) and result in long-term environmental disturbances (mainly in coastal zones) and economic impact on coastal activities (especially on fisheries and mariculture海洋生物养殖). Public concern over marine oil spills has been clearly augmented since 1967. More recently, the highly publicized 1989 spill of the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska caused unprecedented damage to the fragile Arctic system. Since then, impressive technical, political and legal experience in managing the problem has been gained in many countries and at the intemational level, mainly through a number of Conventions initiated by the Intemational Maritime Organization (IMO).【参考答案】阅读理解 1.Voice here means to express an idea of. 2.The damage to the ecosystem could last decades. 3.The wetlands are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife.4.Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains.5.Many fish will die and the seafood will be too contaminated for consumption.【练习参考答案】A汉译英 1. How to urgently deal with the oil spill at the Gulf of Mexico remains the biggest concern for BP. 2. This accident has many environmentalists concerned about the damage it does to the ecosystem. 3. Oil spills do not just pollute the ocean, to make things worse, they pose great threat to many species of aquatic life as well. 4. All baby animals are dependent on their mothers for food and protection. 5.Antarctica is the natural habitat for many species ofpenguins. B英译汉 原油泄漏是指由于事故导致石油泄漏到环境中的事件。在陆地上，由于原油泄漏发生在局部地区，因此其造成的影响相对来说容易清理。相比之下，海上原油泄漏会造成大范围的石油污染并带来严重的环境危害。约有70%的海上原油泄漏事故的主要原因与油轮和原油运输管道有关，而海上钻井和采油活动引发的原油泄漏事件则占很小的比例（在1%以下）。泄漏三万吨以上的重大灾难性原油泄漏事故并不多见，而且近几十年来这些重大事故也在逐步减少。尽管如此，这类事故的发生依然会对生态系统，尤其是海鸟和哺乳动物，造成最严重的危害，并且导致海岸地区长期环境失调，对海岸商业活动（如捕鱼业和海洋生物养殖业）带来经济损失。 公众对于海上原油泄漏事件的关注从1967年开始明显上升。较近的一次原油泄漏事故，即众所周知的1989年埃克森公司“瓦尔德斯”号油轮在阿拉斯加州威廉王子湾搁浅事件。这次事故对脆弱的北冰洋生态系统造成了有史以来最为严重的破坏。从那之后，国际海事组织召开了众多会议，帮助很多国家以及国际社会在处理这一问题上获得了很好的技术、政治和法律上的经验。UNIT 6 Green Computers“绿色”电脑Exercises A. Translate the following sentences into English.1许多政府机构继续执行鼓励使用绿色电脑的标准和规定。2绿色设计是指设计节能和对环境无害的零件。3今年该公司将实行(carry out)公司范围内的成本削减计划。 4环保、慈善(philanthropy)和良好的员工关系是该公司成长壮大的重要因素。 5绿色使用是指减少计算机和其它信息系统韵能源消耗，并尽量以环保的(environmentally sound)方式来使用。 B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese. Over the last few decades, with their fast development western civilizations have busily sown the seeds of their own destruction. Our modern way of life, with its reliance on technology, has unwittingly exposed us to an extraordinary danger: plasma balls spewed from the surface of the sun could wipe out our power grids, with catastrophic consequences. The projections of just how catastrophic make chilling reading. It is hard to conceive of the sun wiping out a large amount of our hard-earned progress. Nevertheless, it is possible. The surface of the sun is a roiling mass of plasma - charged high energy particles - some of which escape the surface and travel through space as the solar wind. From time to time, that wind carries a billion-ton glob of plasma. If one should hit the Earths magnetic shield, the result could be truly devastating.【参考答案】阅读理解 1. Because they want to meet the requirements of environmentally conscious consumers. 2. A little / slightly / a little bit more expensive. 3. Companies want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to get good impression from (garner favor with) green investors. On the other hand they are trying to appeal to people who want to save their expenses because of high energy price(或 With energy prices high, they are trying to appeal to people who are looking for ways to chip away at expenses). 4. It can put inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once used again. 5. Dont throw your old computer away as trash in order to keep the environment clean.【练习参考答案】A汉译英 1. Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing. 2. Green design means designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound components. 3. The company will carry out (embark on) its company-wide cost-cutting plan this year. 4. Environmentalism, philanthropy and good employee relations have been important factors (tenets) during the growth of the company. 5. Green use means reducing the energy consumption of computers and other information systems as well as using them in an environmentally sound (harmless) manner. B英译汉 在过去的几十年里，西方文明在迅速发展的同时也埋下了毁灭的种子。现代的生活方式以及所依赖的科学技术悄然把人们推向极其危险的境地来自太阳表面喷射的等离子球将摧毁我们的电网，造成毁灭性的后果。单单想想这一大灾难就令人毛骨悚然。很难想象太阳就这么抹杀了我们含辛茹苦创造出来的大量成果。但是，这是很可能发生的。太阳表面释放着大量的等离子体高能量粒子，一些从太阳表面逃逸，以太阳风的形式在太空中穿梭。有时太阳风携带着10亿吨的等离子球，即使一颗进入地球磁场，结果就可能是毁灭性的。UNIT 7 Cell Phones手机Exercises A. Translate the following sentences into English.1如今不管男女老少几乎都拥有手机。 2这种新的网络连接形式能使大量的数据得以快速地传输。 3电子邮件正在取代(edge out)传真、电话、快速邮递。它缩短了科学合作者(scientific collaborators)之间的距离。 4手机从发明到现在已有很长的历史，而且在技术方面有了长足的(by leaps and bounds)进步。 5快速的数据传输速度可以帮助解决网络传输量巨大增长的问题。 B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese. A group of scientists looked for many health threats from mobile phones. They found that radio waves may affect biological cells but this may not necessarily lead to any particular harm to the adult mobile user. This cant be said for small children though. Because their skulls and cells are still growing, it is easier for radio waves from mobile phone to enter their heads and their skin tends to absorb more radiation compared to adults. The hands-free phone has many benefits including the decrease in strength of radio wave radiation due to the increase in distance of your head to the handset. Rather than holding your mobile phone against your ear, which increases your exposure to radio waves, you can now place it on your lap and still talk to someone with an ear-piece cable.【参考答案】阅读理解 1. They are loaded with (features such as) MP3 music players, TV, music and wireless photo printing. 2. They will face a big dilemma. 3. The most popular phones should have advanced functions to customize for individual tastes. 4. People will use phones for everything from watching TV to studying and writing school exams. 5. Because he thinks that it affects customers buying behavior.【练习参考答案】A汉译英 1. Today almost everyone, men and women, old and young, has a cell phone. 2. The new type of Internet connection could carry much data at a very high speed. 3. E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, express mail, which shrinks distance between scientific collaborators. 4. Mobile phones have come a long way since their invention and have advanced by leaps and bounds in regard to technology. 5. The high speed of data transmissi