物流与区域发展——经济特区之间的关系以及物流和区域发展外文翻译.doc

物流与区域发展经济特区之间的关系以及物流和区域发展外文翻译 外文翻译原文Logistics and regional development. The relation between special economic zones and logistic and regional development Material Source: TNO Inro Author: M. Iding R. Thijs B. Kuipers1 CASE STUDY: SINGAPORE1.1 Free Trade Zones in Singapore1.1.1 Overview of free trade zones The free port concept of Singapore dates back to the overseas expansion from English and French colonists from the early 18th to the late 19th century who developed in 1819 Singapore and on different point is time: Gibraltar, Hong Kong, Aden and Djibouti into free ports or FTZsZhan 1993 in Chen 1994. The free zone concept belongs to the heritage of Singapore and nowadays Singapore is still a free trade zone/free port. This means that most items can be imported duty free. However some goods are subject to import duties, namely motor vehicles, intoxicating liquors, tobacco products and petroleum products. A goods and services tax GST of 3%is imposed on the supply or importation of goods into Singapore. No GST tax or import duties for dutiable goods are paid when goods stay in assigned free trade zone areas in Singapore. These are the true free trade zones in Singapore, where imports are deposited before they are transferred overseas or enter customs territory in Singapore. Since its independency, Singapore has several free trade zones FTZs which are mainly used for transshipment purposes. Goods are stored within the zones without any customs documentation until they are released in the market, and can be processed break bulk, consolidation, VAL and re-exported with minimum formalities. In this description of a FTZ a bonded warehouse is simply a geographical “satellite” of the free zone concept. The FTZs are located at the Cargo Terminal Complex of Changi Airport, the Port of Singapore, Jurong Port, Sembawang Wharves, and Pasir Panjang Wharves. Instead of the earlier described zones in Chapter 2 and in Curacao and Trinidad and Tobago, no manufacturing takes place value adding is subject to GST and no other preferential tax advantages go along with companies carrying out activities in the free zone incentives are not related to the free trade zone.The FTZ focuses on connectivity and is no EPZ. The companies in the zone are mainly forwarding and stevedoring companies carrying out the transshipment. Within the FTZ cargo can be moved, consolidated, stored, broken down and repacked without customs formalities. The companies in the 47 hectare airport free zone are mostly international companies and regional logistic players. Multinational names present in the airport zone are e.g. Exel and Danzas and regional players are K-line and Nippon. Own account regional distribution centers are therefore mostly not located in the free zone, but on its own bonded location or on the location of the logistic service provider in the case of an outsourced RDC. There are some examples of RDCs in the FTZ, namely BMW for spare parts in Sembawang Wharves. As space is very scarce in these zones, more and better locations are offered outside the FTZs. The free trade zones will probably expand in the future. In an article it is stated that GohChok Tong, the prime minister of Singapore, said that Singapore intends to be a global integrated logistics hub, and that special customs treatment will no longer be restricted to free trade zones around the port and airport. Cargo tracking technology should allow us to extend this concept of a free trade zone to other parts of the island, he said in Wong, 2002.1.1.2 The development of the Free Airport Logistic of Singapore in more detail An actual initiative is to create a free airport logistics park to facilitate further growth in air cargo and value-added air logistics. Jurong Town Corporation JTC, CAAS, EDB and Customs will jointly develop a 26-hectare logistics park at the airport-the Airport. Logistics Park of Singapore ALPS.ALPS is conceived to promote quick turnaround and value-added logistics activities. These include postponement, configuration, subassembly, returns and repairs, vendor-managed inventory etc, for time-sensitive products. In the ALPS more opportunities are given for Value Added Logistics. While in the current FTZs, the major activity is transshipment sec, the activities in the ALPS consists of all kinds of VAL activities. Products coming into Singapore can undergo modification and be flown to any of the worlds markets or visa versa, without leaving the FTZ. Third Party Logistic Service providers in the park will realize savings on duties, custom clearance and transportation. These shorter response times and faster redistribution are among the advantages. The ALPS is presented by the developers as an integrated logistic hub, ideal for 3PLs with the following activities:Data hub/technical supportIT/e-commerceMaterials/Vendor hubSupply Chain ConsultingPostponement and configurationReturns and repairsTrade Financing The park is now being marketed. Several companies are interested in the location. In particular, companies already in the Changi South terminal are interested in the park. They can build their own dedicated buildings. There are no limitations for entry in the free zone, the main criteria is the amount of air cargo. As land is scarce, companies with irrelevant trade are prohibited in the airport logistic park. Location policy is very strict and effective as companies are located in the best place available for their logistic structure. Exel Logistics will also be a tenant of the future logistic park. They will have 20.000m2 of warehouse capacity which will be reserved for freight business, regional logistics and regional repair. In addition, Exel will develop a multi-client pharmaceutical ware house for central distribution into Asia. Pharmaceuticals are a growth market but the right facilities were lacking. Exel will move a part of its operations in Singapore to this park. The reason is that they now work in an old building and the choice was between a new building on the current site and a new building in the airport logistic park. They chose the latter and have the chance to design it optimally with roller beds, cool rooms, security rooms etc. That the new Park is a free trade zone is very important for Exel as its activities in Singapore are 87%transhipment for export and 13%for local consumption. The land is split into parcels of 1 to 1.3 hectares. Clients can lease this for 30and prolong it to 60 years. The investment and arranging of the building is the responsibility of the client company locating there.The park management of the airport logistic park is jointly developed by CAAS and JTC. They do not sell the property. It remains publicly owned.2 Institutional and initiatives relevant for Singapores logistic development The institutional aspects, in terms of tax and duty advantages of the free zones are already described in the former paragraph. As the type of free zone differs from the free zone in Curacao and Trinidad,the chapter will have a broader scope then free zone sand will aim at attracting foreign activities and logistic activities in particular, i.e. the logistic hub function in general. In this respect, a lot of attention is given by the government to the logistic hub function of Singapore. Several institutions promote, facilitate, set strategies and develop logistic investment projects. More insight will be given in these institutional aspects organizations and their initiatives of the logistic hub function.2.1 Institutions relevant for the logistic agenda First, the logistics agenda is set by the Singapore trade and development board, now known as the International Enterprise Singapore IES Chin and Tongzon, 2001. The IES, set up in 1983, recognizes the growing importance of integrated logistics and the impact of IT and the Internet on the industryIES is a statuary board under the Ministry of Trade and Industries MTI with the mission to help Singapore based companies local and international companies who are willing and able to grow and internationalize successfully. IE Singapore facilitates companies to perform better, i.e. provide tools, train manpower, invest in technologies, all to build up capabilities. They help companies in different kind of projects. The logistic projects are projects for specific companies incentives to develop, help with references and contacts and industry projects overall logistic enhancement. Instead of IES, which focuses more on Singapore based companies, the Economic Development Board EDB, set up in 1961 and also a statuary board under the MTI, focuses on attracting companies from abroad into Singapore? The EDB plans and executes strategies to sustain Singapore as a compelling global hub for business and investment. It enables multinational and Singapore-based companies to enhance and upgrade to higher value-creating operations across manufacturing and internationally traded ser-vices, in a knowledge-driven globalised economy. Besides a strong focus on manufacturing clusters electronics, chemicals, biomedicalthe supporting logistics and transport sector is a separate cluster. The goal is that Singapore becomes a global integrated supply chain management and logistic hub. Points of attention are logistic companies, logistics infrastructure, manpower, R&D and global and regional distribution centers. The developer of land and industrial facilities is Jurong Town Corporation JTC.JTC was formed in 1968 and tasked to develop and manage industrial facilities in Singapore and is also a statuary board under the MTI. During the early years, when industrial development was still in its infancy stage, the overriding objective was to kick-start Singapores industrialization programmed. In those days, industrialists could acquire industrial land and facilities with minimum criteria imposed on them. Over the years, with increasing scarcity of land in Singapore, more stringent criteria have been introduced to ensure optimum usage of land. Nowadays JTC is Singapores leading developer of industrial facilities and therefore plays a pivotal role in managing the industrial usage of the limited land resources in Singapore. Currently, JTC manages 35 industrial estates in Singapore, including specialized park such as a biomedical park, electronic park, food zones for industrial clusters and a chemical hub on Jurong Island. Plans are made to develop an advanced industrial park, a science hub, an airport logistic park, etc. It goes too far to describe all organizations in detail. The Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Trade and Industry and several related statuary boards are very relevant for the logistic strategy. Other important organizations are:The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore CAAS is a statutory board under the Ministry of Transport. Its air cargo division is responsible for the development and Management of Changi Airfreight Centre, cargo handling operations and procedures, facilitations, research/performance standards, and marketing of airfreight facilities and services.The Port of Singapore Authority PSA manages one of the worlds largest container ports and is a leading provider of integrated port and logistics services. PSA has investments in ports around the world. PSA was a statuary Board of the Ministry of Transport but in 1997 the PSA has been corporatized and the operations were split PSA from the authority Maritime and Port Authority MPA.Jurong Port is a wholly-owned subsidiary of JTC Corporation and has the second port license from MPA.Its cargo flows are mainly key bulk and conventional cargo. Also containers can be handled.The Logistics Institute-Asia Pacific LIAP is collaboration between the National University of Singapore NUS and the Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Tech for research and education programs in global logistics. Several public and private parties among which EDB, IES, CAAS, Exel sponsor LIAP. Although all organizations mentioned before are government related, they function in their operations more or less as private companies.译文物流与区域发展?经济特区之间的关系以及物流和区域发展资料来源: 2003-04应用科学研究组织报告 作者:M. Iding,R. Thijs,B. Kuipers1案例研究:新加坡 1.1新加坡自由贸易区 1.1.1概述自由贸易区 新加坡自由港的概念可以追溯到英国和法国殖民者从早期18世纪到19世纪末的海外扩张,在1819年新加坡发展(和不同点的时间:直布罗陀,香港,亚丁和吉布提)进入自由港口或自由贸易港区(陈湛,1993,1994)。 自由区的概念属于新加坡遗产和现今新加坡仍是一个自由贸易区域自由贸易港。这意味着大多数项目可免税进口。然而,一些商品受到进口关税,即汽车,烈酒,烟草制品和石油产品。商品及服务税为3%(消费税)是强加给供应或进口货物进入新加坡。 商品及服务税的应课税品税或不支付进口关税时,货物在指定的区域自由贸易的地区在新加坡逗留。这是真正的在新加坡,在那里进口存放,才转移到海外或进入新加坡的关税地区的自由贸易区。由于其独立性,新加坡有几个自由贸易区(保税区),其中主要为转运用途。货物存放的区域内没有任何海关文件,直到它们在市场上发布,并可以处理(散货,拼箱,缬氨酸),并重新与最低出口手续。在这一个保税区保税仓库的描述只是一个地理“卫星”自由区的概念。 该保税区位于货运站的樟宜机场,新加坡裕廊港,三巴旺码头港,巴西班让码头情结。而不是以前那样在第2章所述,在库拉索岛和特里尼达和多巴哥,区没有发生生产(增值是受消费税),并没有其他优惠的税收优惠附和开展活动的自由区公司(奖励不有关自由贸易区)。保税区的重点是无连接和出口加工区。区域中的公司主要代理和装卸公司进行的转运。保税区内的货物可以移动,合并,储存,分解和重新包装未经海关手续。 在四十七公顷机场自由区的公司大多是跨国公司和区域物流的球员。在机场范围内目前跨国公司的名称。区域配送中心,自己的帐户,因此大多不设在自由区,但其自己的(保税)的位置或在一个外包RDC的情况下物流服务供应商的位置。在北京有自由贸易区,即宝马在三巴旺码头RDC这种零件的一些例子。由于空间在这些区域是非常稀缺,更多更好的地点以外的自由贸易港区提供。 自由贸易区可能会在将来扩展。它是在一篇文章中指出,新加坡总理说,新加坡打算成为一个全球性的综合物流枢纽,而且治疗特别关税将不再限制各地的港口和机场的自由贸易区。货物跟踪技术应该使我们能够扩展这个自由贸易区的概念到岛上其他地方(黄中,2002)。1.1.2发展更详细的自由空港物流新加坡 一个实际举措,是创建一个免费的机场物流园区,以促进航空货运和增值航空物流的进一步增长。裕廊镇管理局(裕廊),新加坡民航局,教育局将联合开发和海关在机场,机场26公顷的物流园区。新加坡物流园区(阿尔卑斯山)。阿尔卑斯的构想,以促进快速周转和增值物流活动。这些措施包括推迟,配置,组件,退货和维修,对时间敏感的产品供应商管理库存等。 在更多的机会是给阿尔卑斯物流增值价值。虽然在目前的自由贸易港区,主要活动是转运秒,在阿尔卑斯山的活动,包括各种活动的缬氨酸。产品进入新加坡的未来可以进行修改和被空运到世界的任何一个市场(或反之亦然),而无需离开自由贸易区。第三方物流服务供应商将在园区实现,关税,通关和运输节省。这些短的响应时间和更快的再分配中的优势。阿尔卑斯山是由开发商提出为一体的综合物流枢纽,理想与第三方物流的下列活动:数据中心/技术支持 资讯科技/电子商务材料/供应商中心 供应链咨询 延迟和配置 退货和修理 贸易融资 该公园是目前正在销售。有几家公司有兴趣的位置。特别是,已经在樟宜南码头公司有兴趣在公园里。他们可以建立自己的专用建筑。有在自由区项目没有限制,主要标准是航空货物的数量。由于土地是稀缺的,不相关的贸易公司被禁止在机场物流园区。地点的政策是非常严格和有效,因为企业都在最好的地方结构中可以找到他们的后勤。 Exel的物流也将成为未来的物流园租户。他们将拥有仓储能力将用于货运业务,区域物流与区域修复保留20平方米。此外,Exel公司将开发一个多客户端制药洁具房子分布在亚洲中部。药品是一个增长的市场,但缺乏正确的设施。 Exel公司将在新加坡的移动业务的一部分,这个公园。原因是,他们现在工作在一个老建筑之间的选择和对当前网站的新建设,在空港物流园区新建筑。他们选择了后者,并有机会设计与辊床,凉房,保安室等,优化,该公园是一个新的自由贸易区是非常重要的Exel公司在新加坡的活动,87%用于出口转运和13%为本地消费。 土地被分成1至1.3公顷的地块。客户可以租赁30本(并延长到60岁)。的投资和建设安排,是对客户的责任(公司定位在那里)。该机场物