初三第十一讲阅读理解技巧突破.docx

第十一讲 阅读理解技巧突破适用学科初中英语适用年级初三教材版本通用课时时长（分钟）90知识点阅读理解中的事实细节考查题，主旨大意考查题。教学目标握英语阅读理解的基本方法，学会把握篇章结构，学会处理获取的信息。学会查找事实细节。教学重点篇章结构的把握和事实细节的处理。教学难点掌握篇章结构的把握策略。教学过程一、复习预习同学们，我相信通过上一节课的学习，你们一定能够根据英语单词写出对应的汉语意思，Try your best to do it!1. everywhere adv _ 2.nowadays adv _ 3. suppose v_ 4.attract v_ 5. sweet adj _ 6.company n_ 7. tool n_ 8.approach v/n_ 9. ease v_ 10.pressure n_ 11. play an important role in_ 12.all kinds of_ 13. in the world_ 14.such as_ 15. of great use_ 16.be supposed to be_ 17. in my opinion_ 18. in fashion_ 19. no exception_ 20.listen to_ 21. be full of_ 二、知识讲解考点易错点1、阅读理解主要考查题型： 阅读理解要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品，科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章，并回答相关问题。 阅读理解六大考点： （1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断生词的词义； （4）作出简单判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图和态度。 初中阶段我们重点把握理解主旨要义，具体信息和简单推理判断题。 阅读理解文章体裁一般为：记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文阅读理解常考题材有：日常生活、新闻时事、人物传记、史地知识、文化教育、风俗习惯、体育休闲、生活哲理、动物知识、天气预报、建筑、科普、天文等考点易错点2：阅读理解做题步骤和要领：一），【抓首段尾段，抓主题句，把握大意。】二），【仔细观察问题题目及选项之间区别，特点。】三），【去文章中“找”】一找题目对应词，二找选项对应词，三注意同义替换。（涉及重点高频单词或短语）。 简言之：两查一换法。这是目前阅读可采取的主要做法。尤其是中考阅读理解文章信息相对简单明了，试题考察要求处于初级形式，不要求考生进行复杂的信息处理与整合工作。因此“把握大意”和“找”是阅读理解的主要做题要领。考点易错点3：阅读理解一般失分原因分析： 考点易错点4：阅读的几个特点（一）选项中具有绝对性词语一般错。must, always, never, all, only, have to, any, no, very completely, none, hardly . 相比较，选项中含有中立语气词选择概率大： can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多数), relatively, be likely to, possible, not necessarily （二）注意作者出题信息点。以下词语之后为重点语句或答案所在。 But, so, however, because, while, show that, stress that, said that, suggest that, such as等。尤其是科普类说明文，这种特点比较明显。考点易错点5： 干扰项的设置通常有以下几种方式： 1. 【张冠李戴】 命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。 2. 【偷梁换柱 】 干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。 3. 【无中生有】 干扰项往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持点，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。 4. 【以偏概全】 考生在做猜测文章中心思想、给文章添加标题或判断推理题时，往往会犯以偏概全的错误。产生这类错误的原因是考生受思维定势的影响或考虑不周，以局部代替整体。其具体表现为合理关联与不合理关联、准确概括与不准确概括之间的错位。 不合理关联就是表层理解与深层理解相混淆。表层理解是对文章中客观事实的感知和记忆，往往是文章直接表述的结论；深层理解则是对文章中的客观事实进行逻辑推理、总结或概括后得出的结论。三、例题精析【例题1】 【题干】What brings a nation together? Of the four choicesshared values, language, history, and religion, its shared values. In our latest poll(民意调查), seven out of 16 countries chose values as the greatest factor(因素)bringing a nation together, and six preferred language. 46. According to the poll, what was the most important factor in bringing a nation together? A. Language. B. Values.C. History. D. Religion.【例题2】 【题干】Language scored lower in Canada than in all other countries（47题） polled, perhaps because the country speaks two official languages, French and English.47. In which country did language score the lowest in their national pride?A. Canada. B. Mexico. C. France. D. America.【例题3】 【题干】Eating too much fatty food，exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately：the air you breathe.53. The text mainly discusses the relationship between . A. heart problems and air quality B. heart problems and exercisingC. heart problems and smoking D. heart problems and fatty food【例题4】 【题干】54. The underlined word “modest” in Paragraph 3 most probably means . A. relatively high B. extremely low C. relatively low D. extremely high【例题5】 【题干】Greyhounds have smooth body coats, low body fat and are very healthy. Because theyre slim（苗条的）they dont have the leg problems like other dogs the same height. But they do feel the cold. Especially since they would much rather be at home in bed than walking around outside.57.It can be inferred that greyhounds . A.love big doghouses B.like staying in bed all day C.make the best guard dogs D.need some exercise outdoors【例题6】 【题干】because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.55.What can we learn from the text？ A. Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart.B. The EPA conducted many studies on air quality.C. Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking.D. Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.【例题7】 【题干】Many years ago,when I was out of school and working in Beijing,I was driving to my parents home for Christmas.I stopped at a gas station(加油站) about 50 miles from Qinhaungdao City,where I was planing to stop and visit a friend.While I was standing in.line at the cash register（收款台）,I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas.60.The author planned to stop at Qinhaungdao City, .A.to visit a friend B.to see his parentsC.to pay or the cash register D.to have more gas for his car【例题8】 【题干】试着在一分钟之内概括大意：The police do many things for us. They help keep our things and us safe. They help keep cars moving safely. They take care of people who are hurt. Then they see these people get to a doctor.The police go around town to see that everything is all right. They get around town in many ways. Some of them walk or go by car. In some big cities，some of the police ride on horses. It is strange to see these animals in the street.As they go around town，the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight，they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.Some police stand at crossings. They tell the cars when to go and when to stop. They make sure that the cars do not go too fast. They help children cross the street. They also help people who cant walk too well.Without the police，our streets would not be safe. Cars might go too fast and hurt people. Lost people might never be found. The police do a good job. We need them. And we should thank them for a job well done.四、同步训练【基础】Tom walked into a shop . It bad a sign outside : Second-hand (旧的) clothes bought and sold . He was carrying an old pair of trousers and asked the owner of the shop, How much will you give me for these? The man looked at them and then said: Two dollars.What ! said Tom. I had guessed they were worth at least five dollars.No, said the man, they arent worth a cent more than two dollars.Well, said Tom, taking two dollars out of his pocket. Heres your money. These trousers were hanging outside your shop. The list price (标价)of them was six dollars and a half. But I thought that was too much money, so I wanted to find out how much they were really worth.Then he walked out of the shop with the pair of trousers and disappeared before the shop owner could think of anything to say .1. At first the owner of the shop thought that Tom _ .A. wanted to steal the trousers B. wanted to sell the trousersC. wanted to fool him D. wanted to buy the trousers 2. The owner of the shop_ for the old trousers .A. would give Tom two dollars B. would pay three dollarsC. would pay five dollars D. would give Tom six dollars and a half 3. The shop owner insisted that the trousers were worth only two dollars because _ . A. he wanted to sell them cheaply (廉价地) B. he wanted to buy them cheaply C. he didnt like the trousers D. they were old and dirty 4. In fact, the trousers _.A. were hanging inside the shop B. were stolen by Tom from the shopC. had been the shop owners D. had been Toms 5. From the story we know that _ cheaper than the list price.A. the owner sold the trousers two dollarsB. Tom sold the trousers one dollar and a halfC. the owner bought the trousers three dollarsD. Tom bought the trousers four dollars and a half 【巩固】Big Ben is not the name of a man. It is the name of a huge（庞大的）clock in London. London is the capital of England. This clock has four faces. So，no matter where you stand，you can read the time on the face of Big Ben. Each face is the size of a double decker（层）bus. The hands are about four metres long. It is about the size of two people standing on top of each other. If you go to London，you may want to visit the Houses of Parliament（国会大厦）. There you will find Big Ben sits at the top of the clock tower（塔）in the Houses of Parliament. Maybe you will hear it as well as see it. The huge clock makes such a loud noise. “Ding dong，ding dong，”it goes every quarter of an hour.The clock was named after a big man. He was Sir Benjamin Hall. This man did much building work in London many years ago.1. Big Ben is _.A. a double decker bus B. a huge clockC. the name of Ben D. a building 2. The clock strikes every _ of an hour.A. ten minutes B. fifteen minutes C. thirty minutesD. forty-five minutes 3. You can read the time of Big Ben _. A. at the top of the clock tower B. in the Houses of parliament C. on the hands of the huge clock D. on the four faces of the clock 【拔高】My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodation wasnt wonderful，but we had everything we needed (beds，blankets，food)，and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air.On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two friends，Kevin and Simon，while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda. There were some other members I didnt know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area.We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors，but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime. Matt and I went to the caves(岩洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in，but after a good deal of pushing， we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud，we were pleased and excited by what wed done.根据短文内容，选择正确答案。1. The writer spent the Saturday morning _.A. rock-climbingB. sleepingC. meeting friends D. caving 2. There were _ members in all in the writers group.A. 6B. 8C. l0D. 12 3. We can learn from the passage that _.A. some of the group had been there beforeB. the group had done rock-climbing many timesC. some of the group already knew each otherD. group all came from the same city 4. The write thought her weekend was _.A. interesting B. relaxing C. frightening D. unpleasant 5. This passage mainly talks about _.A. the writers friends at the Activity CentreB. the writers experience at the Activity CentreC. outdoor sports at the Activity CentreD. how to go rock-climbing and caving 课堂小结： 本节课重点关于阅读理解的题型特点，考查方式，和解题技巧进行了讲解和阐述。阅读理解是英语学习中非常重要的一环。是否掌握有效地阅读理解技巧和方法是能否从纷繁复杂的知识中正确获取信息的关键。也是决定英语学习最终归宿是否正确的关键。同时，阅读考查是考试中占比分较大的题型，得阅读者，得天下正是这个道理。课后作业【基础】 As many as 10 of the 17 kinds of penguins（企鹅）may be in danger of disappearing. The number of penguins have decreased(减少) by 30% since 1987.Penguins are black and white birds that live in the southern part of the world. They are common in South America，New Zealand，Australia and South Africa. Mary live near cold waters. But some live near warm waters in Galapagos Islands. Penguins cannot fly，but they are fine swimmers. Penguins eat fish and krill(磷虾).The warming of the earth is the decrease in penguin populations. The heating of the air has caused ocean waters to become warmer. Higher water temperatures have reduced the supply of fish and krill. Some years later these birds are completely unable to reproduce(繁殖). Besides，many adult penguins die of hunger.Widespread(广泛的) fishing，exploration for oil and oil leaks(漏) also make penguins be in danger. Poisonous organisms(生物) in ocean water are another danger. Penguins also have their enemies，including wild dogs，sharks，seals and sea lions.News about penguins is not all bad，however. Several years ago，oil leaking from a ship hurt 40% of the penguins in South Africa. The penguins became covered with oil. But thousands of people helped clean and treat the birds well. Then they returned the penguins to the wild. Now these South African penguins are reproducing in higher numbers than before the oil leaking.根据短文内容，选择正确答案。1. Penguins _.A. can swim better than fly B. can be found near Oceania (大洋洲)C. eat fish only D. live only in cold waters. 2. Which of the following is NOT the cause of penguins decrease in numbers?A. Oil searching. B. Widespread fishing.C. Humans killing. D. Warming of the oceans. 3. Why are the penguins in South Africa reproducing in higher numbers than before the oil leaking?A. Because people removed the ship.B. Because people sent a lot of penguins to the wild.C. Because people helped the penguins.D. Because people treated the penguins well. 【巩固】Hundreds of years ago，a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland. The Scots，a brave people，loved their country very much. They fought hard to drive the enemy out of Scotland，but there were too many Romans. It looked as if the Romans would win.One night，the leader of Scots marched his soldiers to the top of a hill. “We will rest here tonight，my men,”he said. “Tomorrow we will fight one more battle. We must win or we will die.”They were all very tired，so they ate their supper quickly and fell asleep. There were four guards on duty，but they，too，were very tired，and one by one，also fell asleep.The Romans were not asleep. Quickly they gathered at the foot of the hill. Slowly they climbed up the hillside，taking care not to make a sound. Closer and closer they came to the sleeping Scots. They were almost at the top. A few minutes more，the war would be over. Suddenly，one of them put his foot on a thistle(蓟). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots. In a moment，they were on their feet and ready for battle. The fighting was hard but it did not last long. The Scots wiped out the Romans and saved their country.The thistle is not a beautiful plant. It has sharp needles all over it. Few people like it. But the people of Scotland liked it so much that they made it their national flower.根据短文内容，选择正确答案。1. Hundreds of years ago there was a war between _.A. Roman army and North England B. Roman army and the ScotsC. England and Scots D. a brave people and the Scots 2. At first it looked as if the Romans would win because _.A. the Scots were not braveB. the Roman army was so strongC. the Scots did not have a good leaderD. the Romans had the support from the Scottish 1. “We must win or we will die.”What the leader of the Scots said means _.A. they were sure to winB. they couldnt escape from deathC. they would win and then they would dieD. they must try hard to win， otherwise they would be killed 2. The Romans climbed up the hill quietly because _.A. they didnt want to wake the ScotsB. they wanted to reach the topC. they wanted to catch the four guards firstD. they were afraid of the sharp needles of the thistle 5. The people of Scotland made thistle their national flower because _.A. it is a beautiful plantB. it is fresh and lovelyC. it had so many sharp needles all over itD. it was the thistle that helped the Scots to win the battle 【拔高】Have you ever been ill? When you are ill，you must be unhappy because your body becomes hot，and there are pains all over your body. You dont want to work，you stay in bed，feeling very sad.What makes us ill? It is germs(细菌). Germs are everywhere. They are very small and you cant find the