英语语法word.doc

名 词名词需要掌握：不可数名词、可数名词的单数和复数、名词所有格、名词的常识用法等。一、不可数名词1、不可数名词的特点：没有复数形式，做主语谓语动词用单数。不能与a /an或数词直接连用。表示“一”的概念时可用a piece of ，a cup of ，a glass of ，a bottle of 等来表达。例如：一张纸 a piece of paper 不说a paper。some paper表示单数。表达复数概念：两张纸two pieces of paper 2、不可数名词的修饰词：little（很少），a little = a bit of = bits of（一点），much（许多的）等,后只能加不可数名词。而plenty of = enough（充足的， 大量的），a lot of = lots of（许多的），some（一些），any（一些），no (没有的)后可加不可数名词也可加可数名词单复数。3、常用的不可数名词有：食品类：meat（肉），bread（面包），rice（大米，米饭），chicken（鸡肉），fish（鱼肉），food（食物），sugar（糖），pork（猪肉），beef（牛肉），mutton（羊肉），porridge（稀饭）等。饮料类：water水），tea（茶，茶水），milk（牛奶，奶粉），orange（桔汁），coffee（咖啡）, ice（冰）等。其它类：news（新闻），work（工作），paper（纸）（ paper当“讲义、试卷”时是可数名词），money（钱），homework（作业），housework（家务），weather（天气），help（帮助），medicine（药品），French（法语）等语言，rain（雨），snow（雪），glass（玻璃）（当“玻璃杯”时是可数名词），trouble（麻烦），population（人口数）（注意其用法） , advice （建议），information（信息） , room（空间、地方）fun(乐趣 )等。population（人口数）的用法：不可数名词，做主语看做单数。被分数词和百分数修饰时看做复数。have a population of +人口数“有人口数”；the population of +地点：“某地的人口数”对人口数提问用what不用how many / how much。 其修饰语用大（large）小（small），不用多少。二、可数名词1、可数名词有单数和复数之分。单数名词常与a / an连用，复数名词却不能与a / an连用。2、名词单数变复数的规则： 一般情况加-s。以s，x，ch，sh结尾的加-es。以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的，变y为i，再加-es 。但以“元音字母 + y”结尾的直接加-s以“f ( e )”结尾的，把f ( e )变成v，再加-es。以“o”结尾的：多数加-s , (但tomato- tomatoes , potato - potatoes , hero -heroes )。特殊情况：(1)foot- feet，tooth- teeth (2)变a为e：man，woman，policeman，Frenchman , Frenchwoman , Englishwoman , Englishman（但German- Germans）(3)单复数相同：people，sheep，Chinese，Japanese , deer (4)child - children，mouse - mice，fish - fish / fishes (5)由man或woman修饰的名词变复数须都变。例如：a man teacher - men teachers , a woman doctor - women doctors。但其余的名词修饰时却不变。如a boy student - boy students 4、可数名词复数的修饰词：few（很少），a few（几个），many（许多的），a number of（大量的），several（几个）等后必须加名词复数。注意：few表示否定意思，a few表示肯定意思。no , any，enough，plenty of，a lot of = lots of，some（见上）三、注意区别：little / a little / few / a few： little / a little +不可数名词；few / a few +名词复数。little / few 表示否定意思；a little / a few 表示肯定意思。 vey+ few / little，only / quite / just + a few / a little 。注意：a little = a small “小的”。a little / a bit的区别：1. a little = a bit ，后+形容词或副词比较级或原级（tired / hungry / thirsty )2. a bit of = a little , 后+ 不可数名词 3. not a bit “一点也不 ”； not a little“非常”。 no /some / any 的用法：some“一些”，用于肯定句，也可用于表示请求( Would / Could / Will you ?)，提建议(Shall we ?/ Why not ?/ What about ?/ How about ?)和反问句的问句中；“ 某一个”， 后加名词单数。 any“一些”，用于否定句和问句中；“任何的”，用于肯定句、条件句中，三者或以上，后加名词单数；“稍微”，用于比较级前。no “没有”，作定语修饰名词；no +名词单数= not a / an +名词单数； no +名词复数/不可数名词= not any +名词复数/不可数名词。many / much / a lot of：“许多的”。many + 名词复数； much +不可数名词; a lot of +名复数/不可数名词 too much + 不可数名词 too many +名词复数 much too +形容词/副词 how much + 不可数名词 how many +名词复数a number of / the number of a number of “许多的”，后加名词复数，做主语看做复数；the number of + 名词：“的数量”，做主语看做单数。三、名词所有格名词所有格有三种表达法：表示人或时间时用s：当词尾无s时加s；当词尾有s时只加 。注意区别: Jim and Kates +名词单数或复数（共同拥有）; Jims and Kates +名词复数（各自拥有）。表示物时用of表达所有关系，注意与汉语的语序不同。双重所有格：a friend of Toms等。注意：a friend of mine / his / hers / ours / yours / theirs（用名词性物主代词）。注意以下表达：the way to the park，the key to the door，the answer to the question，the bridge to knowledge，the entrance to 在表示某人的家、办公室、店铺等，所有格后的名词省略：at the doctors , at Uncle Wangs , at the Greens / at Mr Greens 等。区别five-year-old（“5岁的”，做形容词修饰名词）与five years old（“5 岁”，不能修饰名词，只能做表语）的用法。人称代词包括主格和宾格。主格用于句首或动词前作主语；宾格用于动词或介词后作宾语。主格：I，you，he， she， it，we，you，they。 宾格：me，you， him，her，it，us，you， them。注意：在并列主语中，人称的排列顺序： 一般情况或接受表扬（单）：you - he / she / it - I ，（复）we - you -they 接受批评：（单）I- he / she / it - you 。物主代词包括形容词性和名词性。形容词性后必须加名词,不能单独使用；名词性相当于名词，单独使用，后不能再加名词。形容词性：my，your，his，her， its，our， your， their。名词性： mine，yours，his，hers，its，ours，yours，theirs。注意：her既是宾格，又是形容词性。his既是形容词性又是名词性。反身代词反身代词有：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves。常用的反身代词的结构：teach oneself = learnby oneself（自学）help oneself to （随便吃） by oneself = alone（独自） enjoy oneself = have a good time（过得很愉快） hurt oneself（伤了自己） dress oneself（自己穿衣服） make oneself （使自己） think of oneself（为自己着想）冠词冠词分定冠词the和不定冠词a / an。其用法如下：一、不定冠词的用法：1、a：用于辅音音标前;也可说用于辅音字母前（但f , h , l , m , n , r , s , x , hour, honest前却用an）。2、an：用于元音音标前;也可说用于元音字母前（但u , useful , used, one前却用a）。二、定冠词the在辅音前读T，在元音前读TI:。其用法如下：1、用the的情况： 特指某人或某物。 双方都熟悉的人或物。 上文已提到的人或物，下文再提到。 世界上独一无二的事物前。 形容词的最高级前；序数词前。 与same一起连用。 姓的复数前加the，表示一家人或夫妻2人，做主语谓语动词用复数；姓的所有格前加the，表示某人家。 乐器前( play the piano / violin )。 the+形容词：表示一类人( the young / old / dead / poor / rich) ,做主语谓语动词用复数。 由普通名词构成的专有名词前( the Yellow River )。2、不用the的情况： 专有名词前。 节日、球类运动名称、三餐、季节、月份、星期、语种、颜色、学科等。 名词前有this , that , these , those , some 及物主代词修饰时。 复数名词表示一类。Horses are useful animals .数 词数词分基数词、序数词、分数词等。一、基数词1- 12的拼写形式。（ one , two , three , four, five , six , seven , eight , nine , ten , eleven , twelve )。13-19：-teen ( thirteen , fourteen , fifteen , sixteen , seventeen , eighteen , nineteen )。“几十”：-ty ( twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety )。“几十几”：先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间加连字号“-”。如：thirty-four。“几百几十几”：先说“几百”，再加“and”，再说“几十几”。如：two hundred and twenty-two。1000以上的数：从后往前数，每三位数为一组前加一个“，”。第一个“，”读thousand，第二个读million，第三个读 billion。注意：hundred , thousand , million , billion前有具体数字，后不加s ，也不加“ of ”；前无具体数字，后加“s”并加“ of ”。如：hundreds of（数以百计的）, thousands of （数以千计的）, millions of（数以百万计的）, billions of（数以十亿计的）。但注意several / many / a few /some + hundred / hundreds of的用法.另外注意：two hundred of the students in our school 的意思。序数词序数词表示事物的顺序，其前要加定冠词the，有时其前加不定冠词 a/ an ，表示“再一”、“又一”的意思。基数词变序数词的规则：1-3：拼写独特（one-first , two-second , three-third )。4-19：基数词+th（注意：five-fifth , eight-eighth , nine-ninth , twelve-twelfth）。“几十”：变y为i再加-eth。如：twenty-twentieth。“几十几”：十位数不变，只变个位数为序数词。如：thirty-fivethirty-fifth。注意：序数词可缩写：阿拉伯数字+序数词最后二个字母，如：1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 21st , 52nd , 43rd。分数词分数词由基数词和序数词构成，其结构：“分子-分母”。分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母的序数词后要加“s”。如：1. 1/2 ：one-second 或a half。2. 1/4 ：one-fourth或a quarter。3. 3/4 ：three-fourths或three quarters 。4. 1.5 小时：one and a half hours = an / one hour and a half。四、数词的应用：Class One = the first class, Lesson One = the first lesson， Room 305月1日：May.1或 May the first或 the first of May。100 metres与100-metre的区别。时刻的表达：5:00- five ( oclock ) 。5:15- five fifteen 或fifteen past five或 a quarter past five（分钟+past + 小时）。5:30- five thirty 或half past five 。5:45- five forty-five或fifteen to six或a quarter to six: (60 -分钟)+ to +( 小时+ 1 )数学运算公式：加法：Five plus / and four is nine。 减法：Ten minus six is four。乘法：Two times five is ten。或Two multiplied by five is ten。 除法：Fifteen divided by five is three。不定代词（一）、all / none / both / either / neither both：“（二者）都”。与not连用表示半否定。位于系动词are、情态动词、助动词后，行为动词前。常用的句型结构：both of/ bothand/ both +名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。either：“（二者）任何一个”。常用结构：either of/ either +名词单数，作主语时，谓语动词 用单数；eitheror 做主语时，谓语动词根据就近原则。当“也”时，用于否定句句末，区别于too / as well（用于肯定句句末）/ also（句中，位于系动词、情态动词、助动词后，行为动词前）。neither：“（二者）都不”，否定词，与both 相反。常用结构：neither of , neither +名词单数，做主语时，谓语动词用单数；neithernor,与bothand 相反，做主语时，谓语动词根据就近原则。也可引导倒装句，表示“也不”。其结构：“否定句，neither/ nor +助动词+主语。”与“肯定句，so + 助动词 + 主语。”区别。all：“（三者或以上）都”。与not连用表示半否定。位置同both。常用结构：all of , all+名词复数，做主语，谓语动词用复数。none：“（三者或以上）没有一个”，与all相反。常用结构：none of做主语，谓语动词可单可复。否定词，常用来回答由 How many / How much引导的疑问句。练习：选择填空。1. There are many new buildings on _ side of the road . A. either B. neither C. both D. all2. _ of us has read the story , so we know nothing about it . A. Some B. Both C. None D. All3. The father wished the twins to be doctors , but _ of them liked to study medicine . A. both B. neither C. either D. none4. - When shall we meet again next week ? - _ day is OK. A. Either B. Neither C. None D. Any5. _ of the two new books are interesting . A. All B. Both C. Any D. Either6. Lucy and I are classmates . We _ in Class One . A. all are B. are all C. both are D. are both7. - Which of the two English dictionary will you buy ? -Ill buy _ of them . So I can give one to my friend Helen. A. either B. neither C. all D. both8. - Which would you like , rice or noodles ? - _ is OK . Im hungry. A. Either B. Neither C. All D. Both 9. I asked the twins to come to my birthday party . But _ came at last . A. both B. neither C. all D. none10. There are many tall green trees on _ sides of the street . A. either B. both C. all D. every11. - Which would you like to drink , coffee or orange juice ? - _ , please give me a cup of tea . A. Neither B. Both C. All D. None12. - Which do you prefer , a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk? - _ , thanks . Id like a cup of tea . A. Neither B. Both C. All D. None13. - Do you like _ of them ? - No . I dont like _ of them . A. both / both B. either / either C. either / both D. both / either14. - What would you like to have , coffee or tea ? - _ . Id like to have a glass of water . A. Neither B. Both C. Either D. Each15. Its really hard for Lucy and Lily to solve the maths problem . Because _ of them is good at maths . A. both B. neither C. all D. none16. - Do you live by yourself , Mr Wang ? - Yes . I have two sons . But _ of them lives with me . They are studying in America . A. both B. neither C. either D. none 17. - May I use your pen ? - Yes . Here are two and you can use _ of them . A. both B. every C. any D. either18. We couldnt buy anything because _ of the shops opened at that time . A. all B. some C. any D. none 19. That place isnt interesting at all . _ of us wants to go there. A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some20. - Which sweater do you prefer , the yellow one or the red one ? - _ . I like a light blue one . A. Either B. Both C. Any D. Neither21. If you dont want to go swimming , I wont , _ . A. too B. also C. either D. neither22. - Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning ? - _ is OK . Im free today and tomorrow . A. Neither B. Both C. Either D. None23. All of us were invited , but _ of us came . A. both B. neither C. all D. none24. _ of the boys in Class Four are playing games . A. All B. Each C. The both D. Neither25. They were all very tired , but _of them would stop to take a rest. A. any B. none C. either D. neither 26. There are some trees on _ side of the street . A. both B. all C. either D. every27. The class _ went to the park last Sunday . A. both B. neither C. all D. none28. _ of his parents are doctors . A. Both B. Neither C. All D. None29. There are some trees on _ sides of the river . A. both B. neither C. all D. none30. I have several friends here , but _ of them has come to see me . A. both B. neither C. all D. none31. - Which of the two dictionary do you like better ? - I like _ , because theyre not useful . A. both B. neither C. all D. none32. There are several pens in the box . _ of them is red. A. Both B. Neither C. All D. None33. - Who is on the team , John or Bill ? - _ . Because they have to do some other things. A. Both B. Neither C. Either D. None34. There are thousands of roses on _ sides of the lake. A. every B. all C. both D. either35. Tom didnt make any mistakes in his exam . _ did Mike. A. So B. Or C. Either D. Neither36. Choose one from these two , you can take _ this one _ that one . A. neither / nor B. both / and C. not only / but also D. either / or37. You havent seen the film yet . I havent , _ . A. neither B. too C. either D. also38. - Im not going to do some washing at home tomorrow . - _ . I want to go shopping . A. I dont either B. So am I C. Neither am I D. I am39. - Are the two answers correct ? - No . _ correct . A. No one is B. Both are not C. Neither is D. Either is 40. Before you plant trees , you must make sure that the ground must be just right _ too wet _ too dry . A. so / that B. as / as C. either / or D. neither / nor41. _ of the two girls plays football well in their class. A. Both B. Neither C. All D. Any42. They have no pens and they have no pencils , _. A. too B. also C. either D. or 43. They _ at home now . A. both are B. are both C. all D. not44. _ of my parents are English teachers . A. One B. Both C. All D. Neither45. Mike doesnt like popular music , _ . A. too B. either C. also D. else46. You can have _ fish _ meat , but you cant have _ . A. neither / nor / both B. both / and / neither C. either / or / both D. either / or / neither47. Peter doesnt like dancing and _ . A. so does Tom B. so Tom does C. nor does Tom D. neither Tom does48. _ the two knives is mine . A. Both of B. Either C. Neither of D. None of49. I asked Jim and Kate to my house for dinner , but _ of them came . A. both B. neither C. either D. none50. They have both lived in China for a long time . but _ of them speaks good Chinese . A. none B. each C. neither D. oneanother / other / others / the other / the others another +名词单数：表示“（三者或三者以上）又一个”区别the other“（二者中）另一个”。注意: another +数词+名词=数词+ more +名词。other / the other作为形容词修饰名词，有the表示特指；无the表示泛指；常用结构：one the other one（two ，three ，four）；the other“（二者中）另一个”。注意other / else的区别：other + 名词；疑问词/不定代词+else。others / the others表示名词，做主语，谓语动词用复数，后不再加名词。有the表示特指，无the表示泛指。常用结构：some others(区别some the others)（泛指）;数字 the others（特指）。练习：选择填空。1. - You want _ Sandwich ? - Yes . I usually eat a lot when I am hungry . A. other B. another C. others D. the other2. My favourite is collecting stamps . I need _ before I have 2500 ones . A. more one B. any more C. one more D. more than3. The doctor worked for _ after twelve oclock . A. two more hours B. two another hour C. more two hours D. another two hour4. If you want to book a round-trip ticket . Youll have to pay _$80 . A. another B. other C. each D. more5. If you want a round-trip ticket . Youll have to pay _$30 . A. more B. other C. the other D. another6. That woman has a bag in her right hand . Whats in her _ hand ? A. another B. other C. one D. the other7. In a football game nine players are not enough . _ are needed. A. Other two B. Two else C. Two more D. The other two8. -How many more oranges can I have ? - You can have one more . _ are for Tom . A. The others B. Another C. Others D. The other9. This skirt is much too large for me . Could you show me _ one ? A. other B. another C. others D. the other10. I dont like the colour of the shirt . Would you show me _ one ? A. other B. another C. others D. the other11. - Have you finished your report yet ? - No . Ill finish it in _ ten minutes . A. another B. more C. other D. else12. The sweaters are too small for me . Would you pass me _ one ? A. the other B. other C. another D. some13. Bob jumped farther than _ in his class . A. any other boys B. the other boy C. any boy D. any other boy14. Shanghai is larger than _ city in Sichan . A. any B. any other C. all D. the other15. I dont like this one . Please show me _ . A. other B. the other C. another D. others16. Mr Smith usually comes into the classroom with a book in one hand and some pictures in _ . A. another B. others C. the other D. that one17. Have you got _ kind of shoes ? A. any other B. the others C. other any D. any another18. Mrs Smith has two children . _ is a driver , and _ is a nurse . A. One / another B. One / the other C. One / other D. One / others19. There are twenty teachers in this grade . Eight of them are women teachers and _ are men teachers . A. the other B. the others C. others D. other20. What _ things can you see in the picture ? A. another B. other C. one D. the other21. I have two pens . One is red , _ is black . A. another B. other C. one D. the other22. There are only five students in the classroom . Where are _ ? A. another B. the others C. one D. the other23. There are a lot of people in the park . Some are walking , some are looking at the flowers , _ are boating . A. another B. others C. one D. the other24. The jacket is too big for me . Would you show me _ ? A. another B. other C. one D. the other25. Here are two oranges . One is for you . _ is for Peter . A. An other B. Another C. The other D. Other26. These shoes are too small for me . Would you show me _ pair ? A. one B. another C. the other D. other27. There are fifty students in our class . Twenty are girls . _ are boys . A. Another B. Other C. The others D. The other28. Only Tom is in the classroom . _ have gone to the playground . A. All B. All other C. All the other D. All the others29. He has three sons . One is a farmer . _ is a doctor and the _ is a teacher . A. Another / other B. Another / third C. other / third D. other