被动语态以及情态动词构成及用法详解.doc

被动语态用法详解TENSE主动语态被动语态一般现在时be+V.V.samisare+V(p.p)一般将来时willbe going tobe (about)to+V.will be +V(p.p)现在进行时amisare+V.ingamisare+being+V(p.p)一般过去时waswereV.edwaswere+V(p.p)现在完成时havehas+V.p.phavehas+been+V(p.p)过去完成时had+V.p.phad+been+V(p.p)过去进行时waswere+V.ingwaswere+being+V(p.p)情态动词情态动词+V.情态动词+be+V(p.p)被动语态牢记一点， be加动词过去分词。 分析句中主和谓， 承受者作主语即被动。 短语动词不可忘介、副词。 另有不及物动词， 只有主动无被动。 还要注意其时态， 与主动语态全相同。不用被动语态的情况1）不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态（即多数的瞬间动词）： appear, die（死亡）,disappear（消失）, end (vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little remained of my house. 比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。（错）The accident was happened last week. （对）The accident happened last week. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock. 3）系动词无被动语态（“keep”除外）： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good. 4）带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night. 5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 （对）She likes to swim. （错）To swim is liked by her. 有些动词可以带双宾语 在用于被动结构时，有些动词可以带双宾语。在这种情况下，主动结构中的间接宾语变为主语时，直接宾语仍然保留在谓语后面；直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前通常加上介词for/to, etc.。 即：S+V+IO+DO IO+ be done +DO DO+ be done + prep. +IOWe often hear himplay guitar.Heis often heard to1play guitar.Itis often heard fromhimto play guitar. 新被动语态Get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如： The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？ 注意:有些动词后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但改为被动结构后要加上“to”。例如 We heard him singin his room just now. -He was heard to sing in his room just now. 刚才听到他在房间中唱歌。 need doing something也表示被动 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态？把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语； 2. 谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态； 3. 主动语态的主语变为介词“by”的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时“by”的短语可以省略）； 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.the door must be locked when you leave. 被动语态的几种特殊用法 (1)主动形式表示被动意义1)常见的这类动词有：“act，add up，clean，compare，count，cook，draw，fill，iron，keep，let，look，make up，milk，kill，open，photograph，prove，read，sell，smoke，spoil”等。The window wont open(这扇窗户打不开。) The cow milks well(这头牛出奶率很高。)Damp wood will not fire(湿木不易燃烧。) It turned out fine that day(结果那天天气很好。)How did his coat catch on a nail? (他的衣服怎么钩到钉子上了?)2)实用动词“needwantdeserverequire +V-ing(动名词)”形式表示被动意义。My hair needs cutting。The bike wants repairingIt doesnt deserve mentioningHamlet is required reading for the course(哈姆雷特为本课程指定读物。)3)一些固定句型如：be worth doing sth have/get sth(sb.)done，以及to be under(in)+抽象名词等表示被动意义：Beijing is a big city in China and worth visiting(北京是中国的一个大城市，值得浏览。)Mr.Wilson had his wallet stolen the day before yesterday(威尔逊先生前天丢了一个钱包)。The bike is under(in)repair(自行车正在修理中。)This tape recorder is in use(这种录音机正在使用中。)4)一些不定式的主动态表示被动意义： There be句型：There are a lot of things to doThere is nothing to worry about不定式修饰want, have等动词的宾语，而句中的主语同时又不是不定式的逻辑主语时：I want some clothes to washDo you have anything to say for yourself?不定式修饰buy，get，give等动词的直接宾语，而句中的间接宾语又是不定式的逻辑主语时：His sister gave him a bike to rideMy father get me a book to read5)少数动词的进行时，有时表示被动意义：Her works are printingThe drum is beatingMy new house is building(2)“It is+V-ed+that-?结构表示被动常用的这类结构有：“it is said that”(据说)；It is supposed that(据推测)；It is well known that(众所周知)；It is believed that(据信)；It is reported that(据报导)；It is hoped that(人们希望)；It is generally considered that(有人认为)；1twill be seen that(由此可以看出)；It must be admitted that(必须承认)；It must be pointed out that(必须指出)”等。It is believedthought that this medicine works wellIt is estimated that a flight to Shanghai would take more than one hour It is often realized that women held a high social position in the Southern European societies in the 10th and llth centuries(3) “get + p.p.(动词的过去分词)表示被动：这种结构往往用来强调动作的结果，也可用来表示突然发生的事态，或最终出现的某种事实，是一种非正式语体。 The house is getting paintedrepairedThe building got damaged in the floodThousands of soldiers got killed in the warAs I passed by, my coat got caught on a nail注在下列句子中，不能使用“get + p.p. (动词的过去分词)”结构。误：The stow got written by him正：The story Was written by him误：The conference got being held in London正：The conference is being held in London(4) 注意以下被动语态的几种情况1)短语动词变为被动语态后，其后的介词或副词应紧随其后。Frank was brought up by his auntThe babies are well looked afterThe meeting Was put offThe salesman was put out by Mr.Wilsons question(威尔逊先生的问题把那位售货员惹火了。)2)“Verb+宾语+宾补”变为被动语态后，宾语转化为主语，宾补转化为主补。The wall Was painted white(We painted the wal1 white)He is regarded as smart (We regarded him as smart) The house was found empty(We found the house empty)考点一：情态动词表示能力1表现在的或一般的能力：表示现在的或一般的能力用can或beableto，can比beableto使用得更普遍。can侧重指有能力做某事；而beableto更强调通过努力、克服困难做成某事。Acomputercantthinkforitself；itmustbetoldwhattodo.HeisanativespeakerofEnglish，sohecanofcoursespeakEnglishquitewell.2表示将来的能力：表示将来能力用willbeableto。Ifyouhaveagoodsleep，youwillbeabletoworkoutthisproblem.如果你睡个好觉，你就能做出这道题。3表示过去的能力：could表示过去一般的能力，即不表示做或未做某事；而was(were)abletodo则表示过去有能力并且成功地做了某事，相当于managedtodosomething/succeededindoingsomething。考点二：情态动词表示推测(可能性)可能性可分为客观的(理论的)可能性和具体事情实际发生的可能性。1客观的(理论的)可能性指并不涉及具体某事是否会发生，此种用法常常可以说明人或事物的特征。can用于肯定句中表示客观的(理论的)可能性，can用于疑问及否定句中则表示实际发生的可能性。TheWorldWideWebissometimesjokinglycalledtheWorldWideWaitbecauseitcanbeveryslow.Aleft-luggageofficeisaplacewherebagscanbeleftforashorttime，especiallyinarailwaystation.2表示具体事情实际发生的可能性：表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的层次比较见下表(依次递减)：这些词后接动词原形是对现在事情的推测，后接完成式则表示对过去事情的推测；其中can，may/might，should，oughtto，must有时还可接进行时表示对现在正在进行的事情的推测。另外，can还可用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中，表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思；而could既可用于肯定句又可用于否定句、疑问句中；oughtto和might表示推测时，并不一定表示过去，而表示可能性弱于他们相应的现在时形式。Shemightnotbeinthecompany.ShetoldmeshewouldgotoShanghai.她可能不在公司，她告诉过我要去上海。CanhehavegonetoWuhan?他有可能去武汉了吗？Whatcanhebedoingatthismoment?这时候他会在做什么？Shecantbetellingalie.她不可能在说谎。Yourmothermaybewaitingforyoutoreturnhome.你妈妈可能正等着你回家呢。Theymustbefollowingusjustalittlebehindus.他们肯定在离我们不远处尾随着我们。YoushouldbedoingyourexercisesinsteadofwatchingTV.现在你该做作业而不是看电视。考点三：情态动词表示请求、允许、允诺1表示征求对方的意见或提出建议时，shall可以用于第一、第三人称的疑问句，will和would用于第二人称的疑问句。分别构成：ShallI/we/he/she/they.？或Will(Would)you(please).?Whatsthename?Khulaifi.ShallIspellthatforyou?2could/would可以用于疑问句表示请求，使语气更加委婉，但其回答语不能再用could/would来回答。CouldIborrowyourdictionary?Yes，ofcourseyoucan.3shall也可用于第二、第三人称的肯定句和否定句中，表示说话者命令、警告、允诺或威胁的语气；shall也可用于第二、第三人称表示法律、规定等。Whatdoesthesignoverthereread?“Nopersonshallsmokeorcarryalightedcigarette，cigarorpipeinthisarea.”4can和may都可表示许可，但can较随便，may更正式。CanIuseyourcomputer?我用一下你的电脑可以吗？MayIhavealookatyourdrivinglicenseplease，sir?先生，我可以看一下你的驾照吗？考点四：情态动词表示必要性must常用来表示必要性，意为“必须”；should，oughtto也可表示必要性，意为“(义务上)应该”，在语气上比must“必须”弱。表示现在或将来必须做某事用“must动词原形”；表示现在或将来不必做某事时，用donthaveto或neednt加动词原形；表示过去没必要做某事时，分为两种情况：当表示过去没必要做某事，但事实上却做了，用neednthavedonesth.；当表示过去没必要做某事，而不涉及是否做，可用didnthavetodo或didntneedtodosth.或Itwasnotnecessarytodosth.等；如表示禁止，则要用mustnt或shouldnt，意为“不应该”。Thebosshasgiveneveryoneaspecialholiday，soweneedntgotoworktomorrow.Johnny，youmustntplaywiththeknife；youmayhurtyourself.考点五：情态动词表示意愿will和would都可表示意志、意愿和决心；will还可表示现在的一种习惯、倾向或趋势；而would则可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向；usedto也表示“过去常常”，但它暗含“现在不再”之意。4Iwillneverdoitagain.Theyaskedusifwewoulddothatagain.Withoutwater，fishwilldie.Duringthevacation，hewouldvisitmeeveryweek.考点六：“情态动词havedone”都表示对过去事情的推测或意愿。其具体用法见下表：考点七：情态动词的其他用法1cannotbutdosth.相当于havenochoicebuttodosth.或cannotchoosebutdosth.，表示“不得不，只好”。2“may/mightwell动词原形”是一种常用结构，意为“完全能，很可能”，相当于tobeverylikelyto。Hemaywellbeproudofhisson.他大可为儿子感到自豪。Herappearancehaschangedsomuchthatyoumaywellnotrecognizeher.她的模样变化太大，你很