内燃机的发明，带动了汽车的发展，给世人在“行”上带来极大的便利，使得窨距离缩小，人们的工作速度得以提高。内燃机是发动机的一种。发动机是把某种形式的能转变为机械能的机器。发动机是汽车、拖拉机、飞机和船舶等动力机械的动力之源，是它们的“心脏”，其性能是决定这些机器使用性能好坏的关键。往复式发动机由于受自身结构的限制，已经不太适用于高转速、大功率的工作场合。

通过对往复式发动机与旋转式发动机的结构特点与工作原理进行对比分析后。作者试求设计一种能够结合往复式发动机与旋转式发动机特点于一身的新型发动机——摆动活塞式发动机。

首先，针对摆动活塞式发动机的工作原理进行设计与分析。这种新型发动机既具备传统发动机的曲柄连杆机构，又具备了旋转式发动机的旋转特性。它利用扇形活塞转子在一定角度范围内旋转的摆动，通过活塞销带动曲柄连杆机构的运动，最终将力传到曲轴上作为动力输出。

其次，针对摆动活塞式发动机的总体结构进行设计。即主要针对发动机的重要传动机构——曲柄连杆机构进行结构分析与设计，其中包括发动机气缸、燃烧室、活塞连杆组以及曲轴等部件的结构设计与分析。

最后，借鉴目前广泛使用的发动机辅助机构——冷却系统与润滑系统。对冷却与润滑系统的结构及部件进行分析介绍，以致能充分完善发动机的总体结构。

关键词：发动机；摆动式发动机；扫气作用；浮式连接；包瓦现象；平衡重

Content summary

The internal combustion engine invention, has led the automobile development, on brings the enormous convenience for the common people in "the line", causes the basement distance to reduce, people's working speed can enhance. The internal combustion engine is the engine one kind. The engine is can transform some kind of form into the mechanical energy machine. The engine is power generator the and so on automobile, tractor, airplane and ships source of power, is they "the heart", its performance is decides these machine operational performance qualities the key. The reciprocation type engine as a result of own structure limit, not too is already suitable for the high rotational speed, the high efficiency work situation.

Through carries on the contrast analysis after the reciprocation type engine and the rotary system engine unique feature and the principle of work. The author tries to ask to design one kind to be able to unify the reciprocation type engine and the rotary system engine characteristic——swings the piston engine in a body new engine.

First, in view of swings the piston engine principle of work to carry on the design and the analysis. This kind of new engine both has the traditional engine crank link motion gear, and has had the rotary system engine turning performance. It uses the fan-shaped piston rotor in certain angle scope internal rotation swinging, through the piston pin impetus crank link motion gear movement, finally passes to the strength on the crank to take the dynamic output.

Next, in view of swings the piston engine overall structure to carry on the design. Namely mainly aims at the engine the important transmission system ——crank link motion gear to carry on the structure analysis and the design, including part and so on engine cylinder, combustion chamber, piston linkage as well as crank structural design and analysis.

Finally, model at present widespread use engine auxiliary body ——cooling system and lubrication system. To cools carries on the analysis introduction with the lubrication system structure and the part, so that can fully consummate the engine the overall structure.

Key word：Engine；Oscillating engine；Sweeps is mad the function；Floating type connection；Package of tile；Phenomenon Counterbalance

内容提要……………………………………………………………………I

Content summary………………………………………………………II

1 前言1 1.1 内燃机的概述1 1.2 选题的背景2

2 往复发动机基本工作原理3 2.1 二冲程发动机工作原理及换气过程3 2.2 四冲程发动机工作原理4

3 摆动活塞式发动机工作原理6 3.1 工作原理6

3.2 曲柄摇杆机构传动分析9

4 摆动活塞式发动机结构设计12

4.1 传统发动机的组成结构介绍12

4.2 曲柄连杆机构的设计12

4.3 主轴的设计22

4.4 气缸端盖及轴承盖的设计23

4.5 装配草图24

5 润滑系统27

5.1 润滑的作用与设计要求27

5.2 几种常见的润滑方式27

5.3 润滑系统的设计28

6 冷却系统29

6.1 传统发动机水冷却系统的组成29

6.2 冷却系统的设计30

7 总结32

参考文献33

致谢34

附录35

前言

内燃机的发明，带动了汽车的发展，给世人在“行”上带来极大的便利，使得窨距离缩小，人们的工作速度得以提高。近年来随着电子技术的发展，又使汽车发动机如虎添翼，成为高新技术的集成。

　　汽车用内燃机作动力并发展成为支柱产业，在历史上有几次革命性的进步，第一次是石油作为内内燃机的燃料，这使发动机摆脱了最初建立在煤气为燃料基础上的固定式发动机，从而迈向移动式的车用动力。第二次革命是汽车生产的工业化。第三次是电子技术与发动机技术相结合。电子技术最初在汽油机上的应用是实现电子点火，然后到电控燃油喷射，至今天点火和喷射的集成管理。

　　短短几十年，发动机成为高新技术的集成。无论是燃油经济性、动力性、废气排放水平等等，是任何一种其他动力机械所无法比拟的。这一切都来源于电子技术发挥的作用。汽车内燃机是通过燃料的燃烧，把燃料的化学能转化为热能，再将热能转化为机械功的热动力机械。热力学、燃烧学和机械学的理论分析表明，内燃机是热效率最高的热力机械，但仍存在着巨大的节能及降低尾气污染的潜力。

1内燃机

1.1内燃机的概述

内燃机是发动机的一种。发动机是把某种形式的能转变为机械能的机器。能够将燃料中的化学能经过燃烧转变为热能，并通过一定的结构使之再转化为机械能的发动机也称为热机。内燃机是热机的一种，他区别于其他形式热机的特点，是燃料在机器内部燃烧，燃料燃烧时放出大量的热量，使燃烧后的气体膨胀推动机械做功。燃气是实现热能向机械能转化的媒介物质，这种媒介物质称为工作介质[1]。

发动机可以根据不同的特征来分类：

⑴ 按所用燃料分有汽油发动机、柴油发动机和其他代用燃料发动机。汽油发动机是用电火花强制点燃由汽油与空气组成的可燃混合气，使之燃烧并产生热能，故汽油机又称强制点火式发动机。柴油机使用的柴油是直接喷入发动机气缸，在高温高压条件下自燃而产生热能，故柴油机又称压燃式发动机。

⑵ 按完成一个工作循环所需要的活塞冲程数分有四冲程发动机和二冲程发动机。

⑶ 按结构特点分有水冷发动机和风冷发动机；单缸发动机和多缸发动机。多缸发动机根据各缸的排列方式，又有直列式发动机和“V”形发动机等。汽车发动机大多采用水冷式多缸发动机。

⑷ 按活塞的运动方式分有往复活塞式发动机和旋转发动机。往复活塞发动机的活塞为上下运动，旋转发动机的活塞是旋转的[2]。

现代汽车用的内燃机绝大多数为往复活塞式内燃机。为了方便叙述我们对各种型式的内燃机都简称为内燃机或发动机。本文主要介绍的便是在旋转活塞式发动机上进行改造，而得出的摆动活塞式发动机，其工作冲程为二冲程。

发动机是汽车、拖拉机、飞机和船舶等机器的动力源，是它们的“心脏”，其性能是决定这些机器使用性能好坏的关键。往复机已有百年的历史了，经过长期使用和发展，到目前，不论是二冲程还是四冲程，可以说已经达到了比较完善的程度。它的最大优点是经济可靠，因此在工农业和交通运输业中，一直占据主要地位。

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内容简介：: 174 附件 3：邵阳学院毕业设计（论文）任务书专业班级 02 机本学生姓名龙明海学号 0241118078 课题名称摆动活塞式发动机的结构设计设计 (论文 ) 起止时间 2006 年 3 月 1 日至 2006 年 5 月 27 日课题类型结构设计课题性质真实一、课题研究的目的与主要内容发动机是汽车、拖拉机、飞机和船舶等机器的动力源，是它们的“心脏”，其性能是决定这些机器使用性能好坏的关键。往复发动机由于受自身结构所限，已经不太适合用于高转速，大功率的场合。通过对往复发动机与旋转发动机的结构特点与工作原理进行对比研究后。我试求设计一种能够结合往复发动机与旋转发动机特点于一身的新型发动机。这就是本文所设计的摆动式发动机。这种新型发动机一方面具备了传统发动机的曲柄连杆机构，另一方面又一定程度上具备了旋转发动机的旋转特性。它利用扇形活塞转子的摆动（在一定角度范围内旋转），通过活塞销带动曲柄连杆机构的运动，最终将力传到曲轴上作为动力输出。针对摆动式发动机的总体结构进行设计。即主要针对发动机中最主要的传动机构曲柄连杆机构进行结构分析与计算，这其中就包括发动机气缸、燃烧室、活塞连杆组以及曲轴等部件的结构设计与分析。二、基本要求 1 完成毕业设计说明书的撰写； 2 绘制设计当中的零件图及装配图 ; 注： 1、此表由指导教师填写，经各系、教研室主任审批生效； 2、此表 1 式 3 份，学生、指导教师、教研室各 1 份。 nts 175 三、课题研究已具备的条件（包括实验室、主要仪器设备、参考资料）参考晋江某企业发明的一台摆动式发动机样机 .查阅有关参考资料和莫老师的耐心指导 1 乔启宇 .张壁光 .内燃机 .北京：高等教育出版社， 1985 2 日长尾不二夫，冯中，万欣译 .内燃机原理与柴油机设计 .北京：机械工业出版社， 1984 3 西德 H.梅梯格，高宗英等译 .高速内燃机设计 .北京：机械工业出版社， 1981 4 蒋德明 .高等内燃机原理 .西安：西安交通大学出版社， 2002 四、设计（论文）进度表进度安排： 1、 2006.3.7-2006.3.26 查阅资料； 2、 2006.3.27-2006.4.12 制定发动机的结构方案，对发动机进行设计； 3、 2006.4.13-2006.4.28 编写说明书，校对说明书； 4、 2006.4.29 -2006.5.20 绘制、修改总装配图及零件图； 5、 2006.5.21-2006.6.7 检查、修改论文，准备答辩。五、教研室审批意见教研室主任（签名）年月日六、院（系）审批意见院（系）负责人（签名）单位（公章）年月日指导教师（签名）学生（签名） nts 32 附件 12：邵阳学院毕业设计 (论文 ) 课题名称摆动活塞式发动机的结构设计学生姓名龙明海学号 0241118078 系、专业机械与能源工程系、机制专业指导教师莫爱贵职称副教授 2006 年 5 月 27 日 nts邵阳学院毕业设计（论文）内容提要内燃机的发明，带动了汽车的发展，给世人在 “ 行 ” 上带来极大的便利，使得窨距离缩小，人们的工作速度得以提高。内燃机是发动机的一种。发动机是把某种形式的能转变为机械能的机器。发动机是汽车、拖拉机、飞机和船舶等动力机械的动力之源，是它们的“心脏”，其性能是决定这些机器使用性能好坏的关键。往复式发动机由于受自身结构的限制，已经不太适用于高转速、大功率的工作场合。通过对往复式发动机与旋转式发动机的结构特点与工作原理进行对比分析后。作者试求设计一种能够结合往复式发动机与旋转式发动机特点于一身的新型发动机摆动活塞式发动机。首先，针对摆动活塞式发动机的工作原理进行设计与分析。这种新型发动机既具备传统发动机的曲柄连杆机构，又具备了旋转式发动机的旋转特性。它利用扇形活塞转子在一定角度范围内旋转的摆动，通过活塞销带动曲柄连杆机构的运动，最终将力传到曲轴上作为动力输出。其次，针对摆动活塞式发动机的总体结构进行设计。即主要针对发动机的重要传动机构曲柄连杆机构进行结构分析与设计，其中包括发动机气缸、燃烧室、活塞连杆组以及曲轴等部件的结构设计与分析。最后，借鉴目前广泛使用的发动机辅助机构冷却系统与润滑系统。对冷却与润滑系统的结构及部件进行分析介绍，以致能充分完善发动机的总体结构。关键词：发动机；摆动式发动机；扫气作用；浮式连接；包瓦现象；平衡重 nts邵阳学院毕业设计（论文） Content summary The internal combustion engine invention, has led the automobile development, on brings the enormous convenience for the common people in the line, causes the basement distance to reduce, peoples working speed can enhance. The internal combustion engine is the engine one kind. The engine is can transform some kind of form into the mechanical energy machine. The engine is power generator the and so on automobile, tractor, airplane and ships source of power, is they the heart, its performance is decides these machine operational performance qualities the key. The reciprocation type engine as a result of own structure limit, not too is already suitable for the high rotational speed, the high efficiency work situation. Through carries on the contrast analysis after the reciprocation type engine and the rotary system engine unique feature and the principle of work. The author tries to ask to design one kind to be able to unify the reciprocation type engine and the rotary system engine characteristic swings the piston engine in a body new engine. First, in view of swings the piston engine principle of work to carry on the design and the analysis. This kind of new engine both has the traditional engine crank link motion gear, and has had the rotary system engine turning performance. It uses the fan-shaped piston rotor in certain angle scope internal nts邵阳学院毕业设计（论文） rotation swinging, through the piston pin impetus crank link motion gear movement, finally passes to the strength on the crank to take the dynamic output. Next, in view of swings the piston engine overall structure to carry on the design. Namely mainly aims at the engine the important transmission system crank link motion gear to carry on the structure analysis and the design, including part and so on engine cylinder, combustion chamber, piston linkage as well as crank structural design and analysis. Finally, model at present widespread use engine auxiliary body cooling system and lubrication system. To cools carries on the analysis introduction with the lubrication system structure and the part, so that can fully consummate the engine the overall structure. Key word： Engine； Oscillating engine； Sweeps is mad the function； Floating type connection； Package of tile； Phenomenon Counterbalance nts邵阳学院毕业设计（论文）目录内容提要 I Content summary II 1 前言 1 1.1 内燃机的概述 1 1.2 选题的背景 2 2 往复发动机基本工作原理 3 2.1 二冲程发动机工作原理及换气过程 3 2.2 四冲程发动机工作原理 4 3 摆动活塞式发动机工作原理 6 3.1 工作原理 6 3.2 曲柄摇杆机构传动分析 9 4 摆动活塞式发动机结构设计 12 4.1 传统发动机的组成结构介绍 12 4.2 曲柄连杆机构的设计 12 4.3 主轴的设计 22 4.4 气缸端盖及轴承盖的设计 23 4.5 装配草图 24 5 润滑系统 27 5.1 润滑的作用与设计要求 27 5.2 几种常见的润滑方式 27 nts邵阳学院毕业设计（论文） 5.3 润滑系统的设计 28 6 冷却系统 29 6.1 传统发动机水冷却系统的组成 29 6.2 冷却系统的设计 30 7 总结 32 参考文献 33 致谢 34 附录 35 nts 15 附件 5：邵阳学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告书课题名称摆动活塞式发动机的结构设计学生姓名龙明海学号 0241118078 系、专业机械与能源工程系、机制专业指导教师莫爱贵 2006 年 3 月 7 日 nts 16 一、课题的来源、目的意义（包括应用前景）、国内外现状及水平内燃机的发明，带动了汽车的发展，给世人在 “ 行 ” 上带来极大的便利，使得窨距离缩小，人们的工作速度得以提高。近年来随着电子技术的发展，又使汽车发动机如虎添翼，成为高新技术的集成。短短几十年，发动机成为高新技术的集成。无论是燃油经济性、动力性、废气排放水平等等，是任何一种其他动力机械所无法比拟的。这一切都来源于电子技术发挥的作用。汽车内燃机是通过燃料的燃烧，把燃料的化学能转化为热能，再将热能转化为机械功的热动力机械。热力学、燃烧学和机械学的理论分析表明，内燃机是热效率最高的热力机械，但仍存在着巨大的节能及降低尾气污染的潜力。发动机是所有机械产品的动力之源，发动机发展水平的高低是机械行业的生产力水平高低的标志。是所有动力机械产品的“心脏”，其性能是决定这些机器使用性能好坏的关键。往复发动机由于受自身结构所限，已经不太适合用于高转速，大功率的场合。现代汽车用的内燃机绝大多数为往复活塞式内燃机。为了方便叙述我们对各种型式的内燃机都简称为内燃机或发动机。通过对往复发动机与旋转发动机的结构特点及其工作原理进行对比、研究后。我试求设计一种能够结合往复发动机与旋转发动机特点于一身的新型发动机。这便是本文所设计的摆动活塞式发动机。 nts 17 二、课题研究的主要内容、研究方法或工程技术方案和准备采取的措施本文主要是针对摆动活塞式发动机的工作原理进行设计与分析。这种新型发动机在具备了传统发动机的曲柄连杆机构同时另一方面也具备了旋转发动机的旋转特性。它利用扇形活塞转子的摆动（在一定角度范围内旋转），通过活塞销带动曲柄连杆机构的运动，最终将力传到曲轴上作为动力输出。摆动活塞式发动机的总体结构进行设计是针对发动机中最主要的传动机构曲柄连杆机构进行结构分析与计算，这其中就包括发动机气缸、燃烧室、活塞连杆组以及曲轴等部件的结构设计与分析。 nts 18 三、现有基础和具备的条件目前福建省晋江市腾达齿轮轴制造有限公司已经设计出了一种摆动活塞式发动机，而且做成了样机，还成功发动起来。只是这个样机结构设计时存在着一些不合理性。本人在原样机的基础上加以改进并经指导老师的精心指导及查阅参考资料。 1 西安交通大学内燃机教研室 .内燃机原理 .北京：中国农业机械出版社， 1981 2 吉林工业大学内燃机教研室 .内燃机理论与设计 .北京：机械工业出版社， 1977 3 日长尾不二夫，冯中，万欣译 .内燃机原理与柴油机设计 .北京：机械工业出版社， 1984 4 北京有色冶金设计研究总院 .机械设计手册 .第三版，第 2 卷 .化学工业出版社 .1993.5 5 蒋德明 .高等内燃机原理 .西安：西安交通大学出版社， 2002 6 吉林工业大学汽车教研室 .汽车构造 .上册 .北京：人民交通出版社， 1990 7 乔启宇 .张壁光 .内燃机 .北京：高等教育出版社， 1985 8 蔚蓝 .转子发动机的发展前景 .汽车情报， 1990 9 杨道荫等 .多种燃料转子发动机现状与前瞻 .机电产品开发与创新， 2001 10 长沙铁道学院 .内燃机构造与原理 .上册 .中国铁道出版社 .1981.7 11 西德 H.梅梯格，高宗英等译 .高速内燃机设计 .北京：机械工业出版社， 1981 12 中国机械工业教育协会 .汽车构造 .机械工业出版社 .2003.10 13 吉林工业大学内燃机教研室 .内燃机构造 .吉林人民出版社 .1982.1 14 王光斗 ,王春福等 .机床夹具设计手册 . 第三版 .上海科学技术出版社 . 2000.11 15 甄造堂等 .新型转子发动机 .国外内燃机 ,1997 16 辛动 .三角转子发动机 .科学出版社 .1981.1 17 北京工业学院，北京农业机械化学院图册编写组 .机械装配图图册。机械工业出版社 .1986.4 18 西北工业大学机械原理及机械零件教研室 .机械原理 . 第六版 .高等教育出版社 .2001.5 19 邱宣怀等 .机械设计 .第四版 .高等教育出版社 .1997.7 20 李厚生 .内燃机制造工艺学 .中国农业机械出版社会性 .1981.3 21 陈隆德 ,赵福令 .机械精度设计与检测技术 .机械工业出版社 .2000.8 nts 19 四、总的工作任务，进度安排以及预期结果总的工作任务是：说明书的编写总装配的绘制主要零件图的给制总的设计时间是：方案设计 5 周绘制图纸 2 周检查、校对 2 周我希望能提前完成任务，并且把错误和缺陷降到最低，最后希望将这个设计应用于实践、服务社会。进度安排： 1、 2006.3.7-2006.3.15 在图书馆查阅资料； 2、 2006.3.16-2006.3.26 在总结归纳查所阅资料； 3、 2006.3.27-2006.3.30 制定发动机的结构方案； 4、 2006.3.31 -2006.4.12 开始对发动机进行设计； 5、 2006.4.13-2006.4.21 编写说明书； 6、 2006.4.22-2006.4.28 校对说明书； 7、 2006.4.29-2006.5.17 绘制总装配图及零件图； 8、 2006.5.18-2006.5.20 修改总装配图及零件图； 9、 2006.5.21-2006.6.1 检查、修改论文； 10、 2006.6.2-2006.6.7 检查、修改论文，准备答辩。 nts 20 五、指导教师审查意见指导教师（签名）年月日六、教研室审查意见教研室主任（签名）年月日七、系审查意见系主任（签名）年月日备注 ntsMechanical Engineering in the Information Age In the early 1980s, engineers thought that massive research would be needed to speed up product development. As it turns out, less research is actually needed because shortened product development cycles encourage engineers to use available technology. Developing a revolutionary technology for use in a new product is risky and prone to failure. Taking short steps is a safer and usually more successful approach to product development. Shorter product development cycles are also beneficial in an engineering would in which both capital and labor are global. People who can design and manufacture various products can be found anywhere in the world, but containing a new idea is hard. Geographic distance is no longer a barrier to others finding out about your development six months into the process. If youve got a short development cycle, the situation is not catastrophic as long as you maintain your lead. But if youre in the midst of a six-year development process and a competitor gets wind of your work, the project could be in more serious trouble. The idea that engineers need to create a new design to solve every problem is quickly becoming obsolete. The first step in the modern design process is to browse the Internet or other information systems to see if someone else has already designed a transmission, or a heat exchanger that is close to what you need. Through these information ntssystems, you may discover that someone already has manufacturing drawings, numerical control programs, and everything else required to manufacture your product. Engineers can then focus their professional competence on unsolved problems. Many engineers have as their function the designing of products that are to be brought into reality through the processing or fabrication of materials. In this capacity they are a key factor in the material selection-manufacturing procedure. A design engineer, better than any other person, should know what he or she wants a design to accomplish. He knows what assumptions he has made about service loads and requirements, what service environment the product must withstand, and what appearance he wants the final product to have. In order to meet these requirements he must select and specify the material(s) to be used. In most cases, in order to utilize the material and to enable the product to have the desired form, he knows that certain manufacturing processes will have to be employed. In many instances, the selection of a specific material may dictate what processing must be used. At the same time, when certain processes are to be used, the design may have to be modified may dictate what processing must be used. At the same time, when certain processes are to be used, the design may have be modified in order for the process to be utilized effectively and economically. Certain dimensional tolerances can dictate the processing. In any case, in ntsthe sequence of converting the design into reality, such decisions must be made by someone. In most instances they can be made most effectively at the design stage, by the designer if he has are a son ably adequate knowledge concerning materials and manufacturing processes. Otherwise, decisions may be made that will detract from thee effectiveness of the product, or the product may be needlessly costly. It is thus apparent that design engineers are a vital factor in the manufacturing process, and it is indeed a blessing to the company if they can design for producibilitythat is, for efficient production. Manufacturing engineers select and coordinate specific processes and equipment to be used, or supervise and manage their use. Some design special tooling that is used so that standard machines can be utilized en producing specific products. These engineers must habe abroad knowledge of machine and process capabilities and of materials, so that desired operations can be done effectively and effi8ciently without overloading or damaging machines and without adversely affecting the materials being processed. These manufacturing engineers also play an important role en manufacturing. A relatively small group of engineers design the machines and equipment used en manufacturing. They obviously are design engineers and, relative to their products, they have the same concerns of the interrelationship of design, materials, and manufacturing processes. ntsHowever they have an even greater concern regarding the properties of the materials that their machines are going to process and the interrelations of the materials and machines. Still another group of engineersthe materials engineersdevote their major efforts toward developing new and better materials. They, too, must be concerned with how these materials can be processed and with the effects the processing will have on the properties of the materials. Although their roles may be quite different, it is apparent that a large proportion of engineers must concern themselves with the interrelationship between materials and manufacturing processes. Low-cost manufacture does not just happen. There is a close and interdependent relationship between the design of a product, selection of materials, selection of processes and equipment, and tooling selection and design. Each of these must be carefully considered, planned, and coordinated before manufacturing starts. This lead time, particularly for complicated products, may take months, even years, and the expenditure of large amount of money may be involved. Typically, the lead time for a completely new model of an automobile is about 2 years, for amodern aircraft it may be 4years. In tackling such problems, the availability of high-powered personal computers and access to the information highway dramatically enhance the capability of the engineering team and its productivity. These ntsinformation age tools can give the team access to massive databases of material properties, standards, technologies, and successful designs. Such protested designs can be downloaded for direct use or quickly modified to meet specific needs. Remote manufacturing, in which product instructions are sent out over a network, is also possible. You could end up with a virtual company where you dont have to see any hardware. When the product is completed, you can direct the manufacturer to drop-ship it to your customer. Periodic visits to the customer can be made to ensure that the product you designed is working according to the specifications. Although all of these developments wont apply equally to every company, the potential is there. Custom design used to be left to small companies. Big companies sneered at it they hated the idea of dealing with niche markets or small-volume custom solutions. “Here is my product,” One of the big companies would say. “ This is the best we can make it you ought to like it. If you dont, theres smaller company down the street that will work on your problem. ” Today, nearly every market is a niche market, because customers are selective. If you ignore the potential for tailoring your product to specific customers needs, you will lose the major part of your market shareperhaps all of it. Since these niche markets are transient, your company needs to be in a position to respond to them quickly. ntsThe emergence of niche markets and design on demand has altered the way engineers conduct research. Today, research is commonly directed toward solving particular problems. Although this situation is probably temporary, much uncommitted technology, developed at government expense or written off by major corporations, is available today at very low cost. Following modest modifications, such technology can often be used directly in product development, which allows many organizations to avoid the expense of an extensive research effort. Once the technology is free of major obstacles, the research effort can focus on overcoming the barriers to commercialization rather than on pursuing new and interesting, but undefined, alternatives. When viewed in this perspective, engineering research must focus primarily on removing the barriers to rapid commercialization of known technologies. Much of this effort must address quality and reliability concerns, which are foremost in the minds of todays consumers. Clearly, a reputation for poor quality is synonymous with bad business. Everything possible including thorough inspection at the end of the manufacturing line and automatic replacement of defective productsmust be done to assure that the customer receives a properly functioning product. Research has to focus on the cost benefit of factors such as reliability. As reliability increases, manufacturing costs and the final cost of the ntssystem will decrease. Having 30 percent junk at the end of a production line not only costs a fortune but also creates an opportunity for a competitor to take your idea and sell it to your customers. Central to the process of improving reliability and lowering costs is the intensive and widespread use of design software, which allows engineers to speed up every stage of the design process. Shortening each stage, however, may not sufficiently reduce the time required for the entire process. Therefore, attention must also be devoted to concurrent engineering software with shared databases that can be accessed by all members of the design team. As we move more fully into the Information Age, success will require that the engineer possess some unique knowledge of and experience in both the development and the management of technology. Success will require broad knowledge and skills as well as expertise in some key technologies and disciplines; it will also require a keen awareness of the social and economic factors at work in the marketplace. Increasingly, in the future, routine problems will not justify heavy engineering expenditures, and engineers will be expected to work cooperatively in solving more challenging, more demanding problems in substantially less time. We have begun a new phase in the practice of engineering. It offers great promise and excitement as more and more problem solving capability is placed in the hands of the computerized ntsand wired engineer. To assure success, the capability of our tools and the unquenched thirst for better products and systems must be matched by the joy of creation that marks all great engineering endeavors. Mechanical engineering is a great profession, and it will become even greater as we make the most of the opportunities offered by the Information Age. nts信息时代的机械工程在 80 年代初期，工程师们曾经认为要加快产品的研制开发，必须进行大量的研究工作。结果是实际上只进行了较少的研究工作，这是因为产品开发周期的缩短，促使工程师们尽可能地利用现有的技术。研制开发一种创新性的技术并将其应用在新产品上，是有风险的，并且易于招致失败。在产品开发过程中采用较少的步骤是一种安全的和易于成功的方法。对于资金和从略都处于全球性环境中的工程界而言，缩短产品研制开发周期也是有益的。能够设计和制造各种产品的人可以在世界各地找到。但是，具有创新思想感情的人则比较难找。对于你已经进行了 6个月的研制开发工作，地理上的距离已经不再是其他人发现它的障碍。如果你的研制周期较短，只要你仍然保持领先，这种情况亲不会造成严重后果。但是如果你正处于一个长达 6年的研制开发过程的中期，一个竞争对手了解到你的研究工作的一些信息，这个项目将面临比较大的麻烦。工程师们在解决任何问题时都需要进行新的设计这种观念很快就过时了。在现代设计中的第一步是浏览因特网或者其他信息系统，看其他人是否已经设计了一种类似于你所需要的产品，诸如传动装置或者换热器等。通过这些信息系统，你可能发现有些人已经有了制造图纸，数控程序和制造你的产品所需要的其他所有东西。这样，工程师们就可以把他们的职业技能集中在尚未解决的问题上。许多工程师的职责是进行产品设计，而产品是通过对材料的加工nts制造而生产出来的。设计工程师在材料选择制造方法等方面起着关键的作用。一个设计工程师应该比其他的人更清楚地知道他的设计需要达到什么目的。他知道他对使用荷载和使用要求所做的假设，产品的使用环境，产品应该具有的外观形貌。为了满足这些要求，他必须选择和规定所使用的材料。通常，为了利用材料并使产品具有所期望的形状，设计工程师知道应该采用哪些制造方法。在许多情况下，选择了某种特定材料就可能意味着已经确定了某种必须采用的加工方法。同时，当决定采用某种加工方法后，很可能需要对设计进行修改，以使这种加工方法能够被有效而经济地应用。某些尺寸公差可以决定产品的加工方法。总之，在将设计转变为产品的过程中，必须有人作出这些决定。在大多数情况下，如果设计人员在材料和加工方法方面具有足够的知识，他会在设计阶段作出最为合理的决定。否则，作出的决定可能会降低产品的性能，或者使产品变得过于昂贵。显然，设计工程师是制造过程中的关键人物，如果他们能够进行面向生产（即可以进行高效率生产）的设计，就会给公司带来效益。制造工程师们选择和调整所采用的加工方法和设备，或者监督和管理

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