复合句与分词.doc

Compound Sentence and ParticiplePart Compound Sentence （复合句）In the previous unit, we have learnt the basic structure of a simple sentence. Then, how to combine clauses to a compound sentence? Basically, there are three ways:By a coordinating conjunction (用连词）I enjoy playing tennis, but I hate playing golf.By a sentence connector （用分号+连接性副词）I enjoy playing tennis; however, I hate playing golf.By a semicolon（用分号）I enjoy playing tennis; I hate playing golf.Exercise A: Match the following coordinating conjunctions with the sentences below. but yet or and so forso that in order that although since unless1) It has also been said that scientists will use cloning to duplicate famous leaders _ that this technology could be very dangerous if it got into the wrong hands. (addition to first idea) 2) Internet can bring numerous benefits, _ it also has drawbacks. (contrast with first idea) 3) Government can publicize the health hazards associated with smoking, _ they can add more tax on cigarrete companies. (choice of ideas) 4) The causes of certain world-wide killers such as cancer and HIV may be unknown, _ drug treatment of the symptoms becomes the main focus. (result of first idea) 5)Excessive exposure to the Internet can threaten the health of children, _ it may bring obesity. (reason for first idea) 6)_ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. (reason) 7)We jogged before dinner _ we would be hungry. (purpose)8) They carried an umbrella _ they would stay dry in the rain. (purpose)9) He will not be able to concentrate on his reading _ you turn off the radio. (concession)10)_ she saved money every month, she could not afford to fly to Mexico for her vacation. (concession)Keys: 1) and; 2)but / yet; 3) or; 4) so; 5) for; 6) since; 7) so that; 8) in order that; 9) unless; 10) althoughExercise B: The following is a table of coordinating conjunctions and sentence connectors that are used to form compound sentences. Fill in each blank in the following sentences by using one of the word or phrase in the table and insert the correct punctuation.Coordinating ConjunctionsSentence Connectors Relationshipandfurthermore, besides, in addition, moreoveradditionbut, yethowever, nevertheless, still, in contrastcontrastfor, because, sincereasonorotherwisechoicesoconsequently, therefore, thus, accordinglyresultnornegative choice1) Students must take the final exam _ they may be given the final grade of Incomplete. 2) Advertising plays a significant part in American business _ it has a tremendous impact on the nations economy.3) Many ads and commercials do give important information about products _ some of them are merely humorous or foolish.4) Many consumers rely on advertisements _ businesses maintain large sums of money for this expense. 5) I dislike television commercials _ I do not like direct mail advertising.6) Some advertisers try to push mediocre products on the public _ the consumer should beware. (result)Keys: 1) ;otherwise, / or 2) ; furthermore, besides, in addition, moreover, / and 3) ; however, / while 4) ; consequently, therefore, thus, accordingly, / so 5) ; furthermore, besides, in addition, moreover, / and 6) ; consequently, therefore, thus, accordingly, / soExercise C: Mark the sentence fragments with F, and the complete sentences with C. F 1) The desire of all mankind to live in peace and freedom, for example.2) Second, the fact that men are physically stronger than women.3) The best movie that I saw last year.4) Star Wars was the best movie that I saw last year.5) For example, many students have part-time jobs.6) Although people want to believe that all men are created equal.7) Finding a suitable marriage partner is a challenging task.8) Many of my friends who didnt have the opportunity to go to college.9) Working during the morning and attending classes during the afternoon.10) Because I dont feel that grades in college have any value.Keys: F: 2), 3), 6), 8), 9), 10)Exercise D: Add a sentence connector that shows the same relationship as indicated in parentheses, and insert the correct punctuation.1) Most people think animal testing is necessary. Others are upset by what they see as needless suffering.While Most people think animal testing is necessary, others are upset by what they see as needless suffering.2) Animals share many features with humans. Scientists use animals to test the safety and effectiveness of newly developed drugs before pilot testing on small groups of patients.Since animals share many features with humans, scientists use animals to test the safety and effectiveness of newly developed drugs before pilot testing on small groups of patients.3) Some animal testing may be unavoidable at present. Treating our fellow creatures as mercifully as possible will demonstrate our humanity.Although some animal testing may be unavoidable at present, treating our fellow creatures as mercifully as possible will demonstrate our humanity.4) Millions of animals undergo painful suffering or death. Scientists want to research into the effects of drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products.Millions of animals undergo painful suffering or death, because scientists want to research into the effects of drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products.5) People use animals. People can test the effectiveness of drugs.People use animals so that they can test the effectiveness of drugs.6) Many people think not every new drug needs to be tested on animals, especially with the huge database of knowledge and modern computer models. They also are worried that many animal tests are ineffective.Many people think not every new drug needs to be tested on animals, especially with the huge database of knowledge and modern computer models; furthermore, they also are worried that many animal tests are ineffective.Part II Participle （分词）分词就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词;尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词,具有形容词功能,同时又表现各种动词性特点,如时态,语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾词的性能。分词分为现在分词(present participle)和过去分词 (past participle)两种,是一种非谓语动词形式。现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示主动和进行，过去分词表示被动和完成(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。分词可以在句中充当表语、定语、宾语补足语以及状语。分词不能在句中充当谓语。1. Participle as predicative（分词做表语）1) Present participle as predicative （现在分词做表语）很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语，表示令人的： Eg. exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling, etc.a) The news that the government is going to increase public welfare is exciting.b) Riding a bike is energy-saving.c) The book is boring.2) Past participle as predicative （过去分词做表语）很多动词的过去分词都可以作表语，表示感到的：Eg. excited, satisfied, disappointed, confused, touched, puzzled, etc.a) He was frightened by the crime scene.b) Im confused with the result.c) We were so bored that we couldnt help yawning. 巩固练习1：1) 打电子游戏耗费时间。Playing computer games is time-consuming.2) 由于人口不断增长和私家车数量的剧增，我们的城市变得愈来愈拥挤。(expanding population; sharp rise in) Our city is becoming increasingly crowded due to the expanding population and the sharp rise in the number of private cars.2. Participle as attributes (分词做定语)分词作定语有前置和后置两种情况。 1) participle as pre-attributes （分词做前置定语）现在分词作前置定语时静感强，且数量不多，大多是形容词化了的动词；单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示被动和完成意义。a) The media sometimes give misguiding and cheating messages.b) Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job or promotion opportunities.c) The deteriorating environment has aroused peoples wide concern.d) The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.e) They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.2) Participle as postpositive attributive分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词, 相当于一个定语从句： a) There are a few boys swimming in the river. b) There is a car waiting outside.巩固练习2：1) 青少年不断恶化的健康状况引起公众的关注。(deteriorate / worsen；be brought into public focus/arouse wide concern)The worsening health condition of youths has been brought into public focus.2)困惑我们的问题是许多稀有物种正处于灭绝的边缘。(trouble / vex; rare species; on the edge / verge of )A problem vexing us （which is vexing us）is that many rare species are on the verge of extinction.3)业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。The extra money obtained from part-time jobs will strongly support students to continue（不定式作补语）their study.3. Participle as object complement（分词做补语）1) Present participle现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语： 例如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等. a) I see him passing my house every day. b) I caught him stealing things in that shop. c) She kept him working all day。2）Past participle过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语，接在某些动词后面 a) I will have the clothes washed tomorrow. b) When they get back home, they found the room robbed.巩固练习3：1) 我觉得现状令人沮丧。 I find the real situation frustrating .2) 电视不仅给我们呈现了逼真的世界，同时使我们了解各个领域的最新发展。Television not only presents a vivid world to us, but also keeps us well-informed of the latest development in all fields.4. Participle as adverbial adjunct （分词做状语）分词可以在句中作状语表示时间、原因、结果、伴随状态、让步以及条件等。Exercise E: Match the functions of the participle with the sentences below.a) to indicate timeb) to indicate causesc) to indicate resultsd) to indicate concomitant circumstances (伴随状态)e) to indicate concessionf) to indicate condition1) Given (If we were given) more time, we could do it better. 2) Living in the country, people have few social visits and lack entertainment and recreation facilities. 3) Globally, 65% of degradation is caused by too much animal grazing and tree clearance, constituting 35% and30% respectively. 4) While helping animals, we are helping ourselves too. 5) Having failed many times, he didnt lose heart. 6) Tourism can turn local cultures into commodities, resulting in what has been called “reconstructed ethnicity”. Keys: f); b); d); a); e); c)巩固练习4：1) 花太多时间玩电脑，学生将无法专注于学习。Spending too much time on the computer, the students will fail to concentrate on his or her academic studies.2) 业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。(produce / exert / bring about / pose; influence / impact / effect on）Part-time jobs can produce a far-reaching （现在分词作定语）impact on students, benefiting students, their families and even the society as a whole.（伴随状语）3) 这几年来，煤的的产量翻了一番，从150万吨涨到了250万吨。Between these years, coal production almost doubled, rising from 1.5 million tons to 2.5 million tons.Exercise F: Identify and correct the mistakes in the following essay.1. I tend to agree that young children can negatively affect by 2. too much time spending on the computer everyday.3. That is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long 4. can damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture of a young child,5. regardless of what they are using the computer _.6. Moreover, the main concern is about the type of computer activities that attract children.7. These are often electronic games _ tend to be very intense and rather violent.8. The player is usually the hero of the game and too much exposure can encourage children to be self-c