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四川大学英语2009-2010(A卷)(一)英译汉:1. Bridge pier桥墩 2. hardening process硬化过程 3. false work脚手架 4. preliminary design初步设计5. surface-active agent 表面活化剂 6. Static load 静载 7. Retaining wall 挡土墙 8. Two-dimensional 二维9. mat foundation席式地基;筏形基础 10. Slip form 滑模 11. cofferdam 围堰 12. wind tunnel 风洞(二)汉译英:1.钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete 2.高层建筑 highrise 3.剪力墙 shear wall 4.应力/应变 stress/strain5.极限抗压/抗拉强度 ultimate compressive/tensile strength 6.抗压强度compressive strength 7.悬索桥 suspension bridge 8.超静定结构 statically indeterminate structure9.拉/压/弯/剪/扭 tension/compression/bend/shear/torsion 10.水灰比 water-to-cement ratio11.承台 cushion cap 12.弹性模量elasticity modulus 13.中性轴 neutral axis1. Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction of structures that are intended to be stationary, such as buildings and houses, tunnels, bridges, canals, highways, airports, port facilities, and road beds for railroads. 【土木工程是工程学的一个分支,它主研究各种固定建筑物的设计和建造,包括建筑、房屋、隧道、桥梁、河道、公路、机场、港口设施以及铁路路基的设计和修建。】 Among its subdivisions are structural engineering, dealing with permanent structures; hydraulic engineering, dealing with the flow of water and other fluids; and environment/sanitary engineering, dealing with water supply, water purification, and sewer system, as well as urban planning and design.【它又可分为结构工程,主要研究永久性建筑;水利工程,主要研究水和其他流体的流动;环境/卫生工程,主要研究水的供应、净化和排水系统,以及城市规划与设计。】The term “civil engineering” originally came into use to distinguish it from military engineering. Civil engineering dealt with permanent structures for civilian uses, whereas military engineering dealt with temporary structures for military uses. 【使用“土木工程”这个词的目的是要将其与军事工程相区别。土木工程涉及民用的永久性建筑;而军事工程主要研究军用的临时性建筑。】2. Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. 【材料力学是应用力学的一个分支,涉及受不同类型载荷的固体的性能。】It is a field of study that is known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies.” 【这是一个有多种名称的研究领域,包括:“材料强度”,“易变形体的力学”。】The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components.【本书中研究的固体包括受轴向载荷的杆,轴,梁,圆柱和由这些零件装配的机构。】Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanical behavior of the body.【一般情况下,我们研究的目的是测定因受载而引起的应力,应变和变形;如果当所有负荷量达到破坏载荷时,能够测得这些物理量,我们就可能得到一份完整的固体力学性能图。】3. Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit.【高层建筑需要加大柱和梁的尺寸,保证建筑物在风荷载下的侧移值不超过规范的限度。】Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. 【过大的侧向偏移可能会导致严重后果,例如使天花板及其他建筑构件收到损伤。】 In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. 【此外,过多的晃动可能会导致居住者的不适。】 Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.【钢筋混凝土结构的系统,以及钢结构,可以充分利用自身固有的潜在刚度,因此不需要额外加劲来限制侧移。】【书P28第四课第三段】4. All bricks are very much stronger in compression than in tension, and their tensile strength is so low that they are unsuitable for resisting forces which would produce tension.【所有砖块的受压能力要比它的受拉能力强的多,它们的抗拉强度很低以至于不适合用来抵抗拉力。】It is not possible to obtain an accurate estimate of the strength of brickwork in compression by testing to destruction of individual bricks, since the nature of the mortar, the quality of the workmanship, all have an influence on strength.【通过砖的破坏实验来获得砖体的准确估计抗压强度是不可能的,由于砂浆的性质,做工工艺都会对其强度产生影响。】5. The manner in which structures act to carry and transfer their loads and the deformation modes they assume is called structural behavior. 【结构起着传递和转移它们自身荷载和这种它们呈现的变形模式叫做结构的性能。】From an Engineering point of view, the purpose of most structures is to transmit certain loads from their points of application to the point of support, usually the ground. 【从工程学的角度来看,大多数结构的目的是把某些荷载从它们的作用点传递到支撑点处,通常是传递到地面。】In the case of bridge, vehicles or pedestrians constitute the loads and the weight of these must be transmitted through the structure to the bridge abutments or intermediate piers. 【就桥梁来说,荷载是由车辆或者步行者构成的,这些荷载通过结构的作用被传递到了桥台或者中间墩处。】In a building, the weight of contents is transmitted by means of floors to the beams, from these to the columns and finally down to the foundations.【在建筑物中,它所含之物的重量是依靠板传给梁,再从梁传给柱,最后向下传给基础。】6. The main problem in the design of the foundations of a multi-storey building under which the soil settles is to keep the total settlement of the building within reasonable limits, but specially to see that the relative settlement from one column to the next is not great. 【设计安放在土中的多层建筑基础的主要问题是控制建筑物的总沉降量在适当的范围内,但特别要注意的是柱与柱之间的相对沉降量不要太大。】While, in the course of designing a structure, you have to take into consideration what kind of load structure will be subjected to, where on the structure is applied suddenly or gradually. 【然而,在结构设计的过程中,你不得不考虑到结构将受到怎样的荷载,荷载将作用在什么部位,它是偶然加载的还是逐步加载的。】The loads a structure is subjected to are divided into dead loads, which include the weights of all the parts of structure, and live loads, which are due to the weights of people, movable equipment, etc.【结构上受到的荷载分为由所有结构的自重产生的静荷载和由人的重量、移动的设备等产生的活荷载。】7. A dam is a structure built across a stream, river, or estuary to retain water. 【堤坝是横跨溪流、河流或河口建造的用来储水的建筑。】Its purposes are to meet demands for water for human consumption, irrigation, or industry; to reduce peak discharge of flood water; to increase available water stored for generating hydroelectric power; or to increase the depth of water in a river so as to improve navigation. 【目的为了满足人们生活、灌溉、工业用水的需求,削弱洪峰流量,增加水库容量用来水力发电,或者提升河流深渡以利于航行。】An incidental purpose can be to provide a lake for recreation.【一个附带的目的是提供了一个湖泊工休闲娱乐。】【书P79第十课第一段】土木(Civil) 土木工程(Civil engineering) 规划(planning)设计(design)施工(construction)结构(structures) 土木工程师(Civil engineers) 公共设施(public facilities) 隧道(tunnels)大坝(dams)海港(harbors)电厂(power plants)给水(water)排水(sewage) 公共交通(mass transit) 管线(pipelines)工业的(industrial)、商业的(commercial)住宅的(residential)大型结构(large structures)专业(specialties) 专业人员(specialists)电力管线(power lines)场地(site)测量(survey)绘(地形)图(map) 岩土的(geotechnical)土工试验(soil experiments) 环境的(environmental) 地下水( groundwater ) 交通(transportation ) 结构的(structural)详细设计( detailed designs) 设计图( plans)(设计)说明 (specifications) 施工管理(construction management)监督(supervise)协调(coordinate)材料(materials)人工(labor) 费用(costs)估算(estimate)结构工程(structural engineering)设备基础(supports for equipment)滨海(offshore)项目(projects)特种结构(special structures ) 发射塔(transmission towers) 承受(resist)外力(forces ) 自重(the own weight)风(wind)飓风(hurricane)温度(temperature)膨胀(expand)收缩(contract)地震(earthquake) 砼(concrete) 沥青(asphalt)砖(brick)水利工程(water resources engineering) 防洪(prevent floods)供水(supply water )灌溉(irrigation) 维护(maintain ) 运河(canals)水闸(locks)大型水电坝(huge hydroelectric dams) 水围堰(water impoundments )岩土工程(Geotechnical engineering) 岩土特性分析(analyze the properties of soils and rocks)沉降(settlement)估计(evaluate)加强(strengthen)坡体(slopes)填土(fills)稳定(stability)结构抗震(protect structures against earthquakes)环境工程(environmental engineering)处理(treatment) 指定倾倒场(special dump sites)清洁垃圾填埋(sanitary landfills)交通工程(transportation engineering) 城市规划师(urban planners)管道工程(Pipeline engineering) 安装(installation)强度(strength)压力(pressure)运输工程(transportation engineering) 城市规划师(urban planners)管道工程(Pipeline engineering) 安装(installation)强度(strength)压力(pressure)施工工程(construction engineering) 业主(owners)小区与城市规划(Community and urban planning) 开发(develop)摄像(Photogrametry) 工程管理(engineering management) 工程教学(engineering teaching) 咨询(consultants)建筑物(building)建筑学(architecture)居民(deweller)设计(design) 功能(function)公寓(apartment) 办公楼(office building) 可居住的(habitable) 起居室(living room) 卧室(bedroom)浴室( bathroom) 厨房( kitchens)自然采光(natural light) 人工照明(artificial light)进深(depth)均匀的(uniform)照明(illumination)预算(budget) 费用(costs)体积(bulk)轮廓(outline)空间(space)人群流动(circulation)厅(hall)楼梯(stair) 电梯(elevator)交通负荷(load of traffic) 大厦(edifice) 耐久性(permanence) 石材(stone) 砖(brick)木材( wooden) 钢材( steel)玻璃(glass) 抵抗(resist)压力(compression)力(force)挤压(squeeze)无限地(indefinitely)压碎(crush)强度(strength)抵抗(withstand)拉力(tension)拉(pull)梁(beam)跨越(span)弯曲(bend)支座(support)受拉的(tensile)柱(column)粗短的(sturdy)美感(aesthetic)应力(stress)受压的(compressive)纤维的(fibrous)柱(post)细长(slend)性质(property)建造(construction) 楼层(floor)框架(frame) 骨架(skeleton) 屋顶(roof) 悬臂的(cantilever) 投影(project)分区(division)中堂(nave)过道(aisles)袖廊(transepts) 后殿(apse)小礼堂(chapels) 哥特式的(Gothic) 大教堂(cathedrals) 比例(propertions) 虚(voids)实( solids) 高( height)宽(width) 长(length)宽(breadth)黄金分割(golden section)尺度(scale)长椅(benches)台阶(steps)栏杆(balustrades)门口(doorway)柱廊(colonnade)广大(vastness)装饰(decoration)饰品(ornament)承载的(load-carrying)框架(frame)围护(skin)楼面(floors) 隔断(partitions)机械的(mechanical) 电气的(eletrical) 电梯(elevators) 采暖与冷却系统(heating and cooling systems) 照明系统(lighting systems)上部结构( superstructure) 下部结构( substructure)基础(foundation) 摩天大楼(skyscraper)骨架(skeleton)框架(framework)运输(transport)高峰(summit) 外墙(exterior walls)承重墙(bearing walls)柱(post)过梁(lintel)墙厚(thickness)铸铁(cast-iron)幕墙(curtain wall)砌体(masonry)高层建筑(tall buildings)混凝土(concrete) 钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete)圆周的(perimeter) 筒体(tube) 刚度(stiffness) 刚性框架(rigid frames) 桁架(trusses)侧向稳定( lateral stability) 透明的(transparent)不透明的(opaque) 维护(maintenance)预制的(precast)铝(aluminum)商业的(commercial)工业的(industrial) 公共建筑(public building)板(slab)梁(beam)平台(deck)波形的(corrugated)肋(ribs)实体的(solid)天花(ceiling)导管(ducts)辅助空间(ancillary space)供热的(heating)通风的(ventilating)管线的(plumbing) 分配(allocate)封闭的(sealed) 复杂的(elaborate) 空调(air conditioning) 导管(duct) 管道(conduit)融入( incorporate) 悬挂(suspend)改造(innovation) 基础(foundation)层理(stratification)压缩(compaction)成份(composition)混合物(mixture) 评估(evaluation)分级(grade)颗粒(particle)淤泥(silt)粘土(clay)砂(sand)砾石(gravel)岩石(rock)公吨(metric ton)状态(state)压力(presure)重量(weight) 表现(exhibit)弹性有(elastic) 性质(property) 变形(deform) 回弹(rebound) 时间相关的(time-dependent)施加(impose) 沉降(settle)隆起(heave) 流变(flow)挤压(squeeze)不均匀的(uneven)例证(exemplify)倾斜的(leaning) 开裂(crack)倒塌(collapse)均匀的(uniform)极端的(extreme)地下水(groundwater)扩展基础(spread footing)raftor mat(筏式基础)桩(pile)屋顶(roof)重力(gravity)调研(investigation)预言(prediction)行为(behavior)土力学(soil mechanics)耦合(couple)失效(failure)高层建筑(tall buildings)超高层建筑(ultrahigh rise buildings)围护(skin)应力蒙皮(stressed-skin) 筒体(tube)刚性的(rigid) 风荷载(wind load) 摆动(sway) 破坏(damage) 细部(details)过大的(excessive) 不舒适( discomfort)住户(occuppant) 觉察(perception)固有的(inherent)运动(motion)上边界(upper boundary)下边界(lower boundary) 额外费用(premium)消除(eliminate)刚性带桁架框架(frames with rigid belt trusses)框筒(framed tube)突出( projecting)柱对角斜撑框架筒体(column-diagonal truss tube )束筒(bundled tube)滑移(drift)利用(utilize) 筒体(tube)表面(facade) 比率(ratio) 轧制成型(rolled shape) 框筒(framed tube) 筒中筒(tube in tube)剪力墙(shear wall) 组合体系(composite system)桥梁(bridge)道路(roadway)交通(traffic)汽车(automobile) 铁路(railroad)行人(pedestrian) 渡槽(aqueduct) 安装(erect) 运河(canal) 驳船(barge)飞机(aircraft) 公路(highway)木材(timber) 圆木(log)悬索桥(suspension bridge)不稳定的(unstable)稳定的(stable)桥墩(bridge pier) 平板桥(clapper bridge)革新(innovation)倾斜(slant)投影(project)锚固(anchor)间隙(gap)简支梁(simple beam)悬臂桥(cantilever bridge)悬臂(corbel)曲线(curve)耐用的(durable)刚梁(rigid beam)大梁(girder)复式桁架(complex truss)承受(withstand)拉伸(stretch) 屈曲(buckle)断裂(break) 可行的(feasible) 地基土(subsoil) 面板(deck) 柔性的(flexible)索(cable) 桥台(abutment)传递(transmit) 相交(intersect)推力(thrust)The amount of bridge traffic(桥梁交通流量) jammed traffic(交通堵塞) cost (费用) financing (筹款)Acquire(获取) survey(勘察)Tide(潮汐)Flood(洪水)current(水流)Bore(钻孔) samples of soil and rock(岩土试样)Girder(大梁)cantilever(悬臂梁)truss(桁架)arch(拱)suspension(悬索)location(地理位置)purposes(功用)Span length(跨度)Strength(强度) harmony(协调)Alloy steels(合金钢) Steel wires(钢丝)tension(拉力)compression(压力)bending(弯曲)shear(剪力)torsion(扭矩)Static loads(静载)vehicle(车辆) impact(冲击)vibration(振动)Dynamic loads(动载)live loads(活载)tremors(地震震动)Floating debris(浮物) model testing(模型测试)Scale-down model test(缩尺模型试验)Wind tunnel tests(风洞试验)Erect(安装) cofferdams(围堰)caissons(沉箱) piles(桩)上部结构(superstructure)Falsework (脚手架)Floatation (浮运)cantilevering (悬臂) lifting (提升)suspension (悬吊)signs (标识)guardrails (护栏)Sea Works(海洋工程)martime engineering (海事工程)Fishing ports(渔港) marinas(码头)Reclamation and conservancy(填海与保护) Maintenance (维护)estuaries(河口)Hydraulic(水力的)Natural harbor(天然海港)artificial harbor(人工海港)Tidal cycle(潮汐周期)scour(冲刷)siltation(淤积)breakwater(防波堤)Secondary wave(次生波)Reflected wave(反射波)disturbances(干扰)Bay(海湾)jetty(防波堤)mole(防波堤)locality(地区)conservancy(保护)ruin(废墟)wharve(码头)alluvial(冲积的)destructive(破坏的)bar(沙滩)anchorage(锚地)littoral drift(沿岸漂浮物)coast(海岸)maintain(保持)beach(海滩)frailty(弱点)craft(工艺)indestructibility(不可破坏性)implement(执行)outlast(比经久)durability(耐久性)ingress(入口)egress(出口)underpin(支撑)dewater(排水)hydraulic cement(水硬性水泥)lime(石灰)dam(水坝)retain(保持)discharge(流量) hydrauelectric(水电的)navigation(航行) auxiliary (辅助的)spillways(泄洪道)gates(闸门)valves(阀门)tunnels(隧道)pipelines(管道)evacuate(开挖)reservoir(水库)multipurpose(多功能的)scheme(方案)conservation(保护)rockfill(填石)masonry(砌体)monolithic(整体式的)latterally(侧向地)buttresses(扶壁)horizontal(水平的)abutments(墩台)Site(场地)investigation(调查)boring(钻孔)strata(地层)shaft(钻杆)elasticity(弹性)permeability(渗透性)stress(应力)groundwater(地下水)assess(评估)seismic(地震)hydraulic(水力的)verify(验证)instruments(仪器)pressure(压力)performance(性能)emergency(紧急情况)confirm(印证)assumption(假设)equation(方程)variable(变量)Finite Element Analysis(有限单元分析)equilibrium(平衡)strain(应变)Tensile strength(抗拉强度)compressive strength(抗拉强度)support(支撑)vertical(垂直的)load(荷载)concrete(砼)cement(水泥)shrink(收缩)set(凝固)harden(硬化)crack(开裂)cast(浇注)blend(掺和)resistence(抵抗)aggregate(骨料)fine-grained(细颗粒的)fly ash(粉煤灰)filler(填充剂)volume(量)addivitives(添加剂)surface-active agents(表面活化剂)air-entraining agents(引气剂)water-to-cement ratio(水灰比)cool(冷却)extract(提取)vacuum(真空)Permeable(可渗透的)resistance(抵抗)deterioration(侵蚀)deformation(变形)seepage(渗透)quick(流砂)fluid(流体)earthquake(地震)seismically active region(地震活动带)strong ground motion(强地动)response(响应)predict(预言)degree of freedom(自由度)damping(阻尼)Highway(公路)maintenance(维护)financing(筹款)traffic(交通)assess(评估)layout(布局)capacity(容量)route(线路)preliminary(初步的)alternate(备选的)detailed design(详细设计)terrain(地形)traverse(横过)photogrammetric(摄影测量的)stage(阶段)phase(阶段)evaluation(评价)Delay(延期)expressway(高速公路)coordinate(协调)preserve(保护)propose(提议)blueprints(蓝图)earthwork(土方工程)surfacing(路面)grading(场地平整)excavate(开挖)fill(填)analyze the gradation(颗粒分析)compact(压缩)Surfacing(铺面)accommodate(容纳)frequency(频率)roadway(路面)sandy clay(砂质粘土)slag(矿碴)crushed stone(碎石)gravel(砾石)stabilize(稳定)subgrade(路基)roller(滚压机)soil-cement(水泥土)bituminous(沥青的)surface drainage(地表排水)crown(路冠)shoulder(路肩)open ditches(明沟)storm drainage system(暴雨排水系统)catchbasin(集水井)runoff(径流)duration(持续时间)Ponding(积水)spacing(间距)precipitation(降水量)flow(水流)culvert(涵管)roughness(粗糙度)entrance(入口)downstream(下游)conduit(导管)outlet(出水口)Rest facilities(休息设施)rest stops(休息站)interstate highways(州际公路)access(入口)noise barriers(隔音墙)subgrade(路基)staking out(放样)award(授予)contract(合同)detailed plan(详细规划)specifications(说明)lay out(布置)indicate(标示)settlement(沉降)vibratory(振动的)maintenance(维护)signs(路标)guard rails(护栏)traffic striping(交通带)retaining walls(挡土墙)side slopes(边坡)supervising(监督)Soil mechanics(土力学)laws of mechanics(力学定律)hydraulics(水力学)aggregate(集合)mineral grains(矿物颗粒)organic(有机的)constituents(成份)weathering(风化)three phases(三相)composition(组成)heterogeneity(不均匀性)deposits(沉积土)retaining wall(挡土墙)earth pressure(土压力)equilibrium(平衡)cohesion(粘聚力) plasticity(塑性)sand(砂土)clay(粘土)shearing(受剪的)sliding(滑动)the surface of rupture(破坏面)shearing force(剪力)approximation(近似)cohesive soils(粘性土) Curved surface(曲面)the surface of slip(滑动面)Consolidation(固结)lag(滞后)settlement(沉降)waterlogged(浸水的)samples(试样)testing on the site(现场试验)testing in the laboratory(室内试验)internal friction(内摩擦角)cohesion(粘聚力)compressibility(可压缩性)elasticity(弹性)permeability(渗透性)capillarity(毛细管作用)moisture(水份)soil particles(土颗粒)Tamping(夯打)load-bearing strength(承载力)elastic soils(弹性土)expansible soils(可膨胀土)flexible(柔性的)expand(膨胀)freezing-thawing cycles(冻融循环)wetting-drying cycles(湿干循环)soil grains(土颗粒)plane of free water(自由水面)volume(体积)stability(稳定性)instrument(仪器)stabilometer(稳定计)consolidation(固结)site investigation(场地勘察)survey(调查)visual investigation(肉眼鉴定)elaborate(详细的)subsurface(地下的)exploration(勘探)boring(钻孔)laboratory testing(室内测试) Samples(试样)identification(识别)classification(分类)grain size(颗粒大小)liquid limit(液限)plastic limit(塑限)Topography(地形)geological features(地质特征)outcrop(岩面露头)lake bed(湖床)weathered remnants(风化残积)paleontological maps(地质年代图)aerial photographs(航空拍照)well logs(钻井记录)excavation(开挖)geophysical exploration(地质勘探)seismic(地震的)strata(地层)propagation(传播)shock waves(冲击波)bedrock(基岩)reflected wave(反射波)probe rod(探杆)penetration resistance(贯入阻力)water jets(喷水式推进器)augers(螺旋钻)drilling(钻孔)chip(切片)trenches(沟)pits(坑)Pneumatic drilling(气动钻)diamond drilling(金刚钻)boreholes(钻孔)retain(保存)inspection(验收)in-place density(原位密度)Foundation(基础)multistory(多层的)footing(扩展基础)earth-fill dam(填土坝)pile(桩基础)pile cap(桩台)foundation system(基础体系)reaction(反力)impose(施加)total settlement(总沉降)differential settlement(沉降差)withstand(承受)mat foundation(筏式基础)slab foundation(板式基础)caisson(沉箱)transfer(传递)superstructure(上部结构)transmit(传递)substructure(下部结构)Spread foundation(扩展基础)reinforced concrete(钢筋混凝土)plain concrete(素混凝土)masonry(砌体)combined footing(联立基础)cantilever footing(悬臂基础)building line(建筑红线)exterior wall(外墙)continuous footing(连续基础)pile tip(桩尖)wall footing(墙基)The allowable bearing pressure(允许承载力)building code(建筑规范)grade beam(地梁)brace(支承)the retention of earth(填土)slide(滑移)overturn(倾覆)frost line(冻深线)uniform(均匀的)rigid(刚性的)discontinuity(不连续性)floating foundation(浮式基础)Floor slab(楼板)the groundwater level(地下水位)well points(井点降水)pumping(抽水)deep well(深井)sumps(集水坑)dewater(降水)electroosmo

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