第九章 动词概说.docx

Point在英语中，每个句子都必须有一个动词来担当谓语，说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”。动词是一个句子的重心，因此从动词的变化可以看出该句是现在时、过去时还是将来时。所以，了解动词的时态，在英语学习中相当重要。另外，本章还将综述动词的种类、动词的基本形式、动词的时态，短语动词等内容，帮助同学们对动词有一个大致的了解。典型例句：1I am his elder sister.（我是他的姐姐。）典型例句：2You study English.（你学习英语。）典型例句：3The sun is red.（太阳是红的。）说明：典型例句中的am，study，is是动词，study作句子的谓语；am，is和后面的表语一起担当谓语。1. 动词的种类在英语中，动词可以分为以下几类：类别（英文缩写）特点举例行为动词及物动词（vt.）跟宾语 We love peace.(我们热爱和平。)不及物动词(vi.)不能直接跟宾语 Classes begin. （开始上课。）系动词(link.v.)跟表语 Im a student.（我是一个学生。）助动词(aux.v.)跟动词原形或过去分词（无特殊意义） I have had my breakfast.（我已经吃过早饭了。）情态动词(mod.v.)跟动词原形（表示说话者的态度） You must study hard.（你必须用功学习。）1.1 行为动词我们日常接触的大量动词都是行为动词，又可称为实义动词，如work，study，run，walk等。行为动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。补充 行为动词的词义完整，可以单独作谓语使用。1.1.1 及物动词及物动词的后面要跟一个名词或代词等作它的宾语。I want to see a film.（我想去看电影。）Dick is watching TV.（迪克正在看电视。）In fact, Scout doesnt like her.（实际上，斯考特并不喜欢她。）说明 see是一个及物动词，a film是动词see的宾语。1.1.2 不及物动词不及物动词后面一定不能直接跟宾语，但不及物动词后往往跟上一个介词，构成一个短语动词，然后就可以跟一个介词宾语，实际上“不及物动词+介词“就相当于一个及物动词了。She is looking at the picture.（她正在看照片。）说明 look是不及物动词， the picture是介词at的宾语。Zhu Tao always laughs at his brother.（朱涛总是嘲笑他的兄弟。）必背 需要注意的是，不及物动词和不同的介词搭配，就构成了许许多多的词组来表达不同的意思，这些词组需要我们牢牢掌握。 look at 看 look after 照看，照顾 look for 寻找 look over 检查，翻阅 look round 四处打量，看看 look through 看一遍，过一遍 look up 查出，找出 look down on/upon 看不起 look forward to 盼望1.1.3关于行为动词的注意事项要注意，英语中很多动词既可以是及物动词，又可以是不及物动词。Lets begin.（咱们开始吧。）Well begin our class in an hour.（一个小时后我们开始上课。）说明 第一句中的begin是不及物动词，后面不跟宾语。 第二句中的begin是及物动词，后面跟宾语our class。注意 汉语中没有及物动词与不及物动词之分，很多同学初学英语时往往忽略了这点。而这一点恰恰是很重要的，只要掌握了它，就可以避免许多不该出现的错误。1.2 系动词汉语语法中并没有系动词这一概念，所以同学们在运用系动词时会感到困难。对于系动词，重要的是要掌握这一点：它不能单独作谓语，必须和其后的表语（由形容词、名词、动名词，不定式、介词短语及副词充当）一起构成合成谓语。1.2.1 常用的系动词最常用的系动词是be，在句中有时译为“是”，有时不必译出。有一些动词既可以作行为动词，又可以作系动词，它们主要是表示感受的感官动词和表示“保持某种状态”或“变成某种状态”的词。学习时，要注意其后的表语部分。The girl looks careful.（这个女孩看起来很细心。）（look译为“看起来”，是系动词，与后面的形容词一起作表语）The girl looks at the picture carefully.（这个女孩认真地看这幅画。）（look为行为动词，是不及物动词，加一个介词at,从而构成短语动词，可以跟介词宾语）He feels cold.（他觉得冷。）Steel feels hard.（钢摸起来很硬。）Silk feels soft and comfortable.（丝绸摸起来既柔软又舒服。）（以上三句中的feel均是系动词，后面要跟形容词）切记 感官动词 look看起来 taste尝起来 smell闻起来 sound听起来 feel摸起来 表示状态的词 become变成 remain保持 keep保持 prove证明 getturngrow变得 appearseem好像是I feel the plane move strongly.（我觉得飞机在剧烈地振动。）（此句中的feel是一个行为动词/实义动词）（关于系动词后跟形容词的用法可参见第六章副词）中的形容词和副词的比较部分）重要 “feel+dodoingdone意为“感觉到正在祓被”。 He felt his heart beating faster（他感觉到他的心跳正在加快。）1.2.2常用的系动词词组词组 come true实现Our dream has come true at last.（我们的梦想终于实现了。） What Mary had hoped all come true. （玛丽希望实现的都实现了。）说明 come在这里作系动词，有“达到度成某种状态”的含义。词组 get dressed穿衣服 He is old enough to get dressed himself. （他长大了，已经会自己穿衣服了。） After Liu Gang got dressed, he had breakfast. （刘刚穿好衣服后，就吃早餐了。）词组 getbe married结婚 What did you do before you got married? （你结婚之前做什么工作？） Mary has been married for five years. （玛丽已经结婚5年了。）词组 getbecome lost迷失，迷路Sorry. Im late for the meeting. I becamegot lost. （对不起，我开会迟到了，因为我迷路了。） The little girl went for a walk and got lost. （小女孩出去散步，迷路了。）词组 seemappear to be似乎是，好像 The student seems to be a very kind and thoughtful person. （这个学生似乎是个善良且体贴的人。） It appears to be an excellent opportunity for Caroline to get more experience. （对于卡罗琳来说，这似乎是一个获得更多经验的绝好的机会。）说明 Seem和appear的后面常常跟不定式to be。1.2.3关于系动词后接表语的注意事项绝大多数以a-开头的形容词常与系动词连用作表语，而不能作前置定语，但可以放在名词后面作后置定语。He isnt asleep.（他没睡着。）The boy asleep is my little brother.（那个睡着了的小男孩是我弟弟。）（一定不能用the sleep boy,但可以用the sleeping boy）切记以a-开头的常见形容词 afraid害怕，恐怕 asleep入睡，睡着了 alone独自 alive活（着）的 awake醒着的1.3 助动词助动词本身并没有意义，它只是帮助主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问、否定、时态、语态等。英语中有些单词并不是固定的助动词，如动词be，have，do等在句子中与主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、否定句、疑问句时，才担当起助动词的作用。It is made in China.（它是中国制造的。）（is是助动词，帮助主要动词made构成一般现在时的被动语态）I havent had my breakfast yet.（我还没吃早饭呢。） (have是助动词，帮助主要动词had构成现在完成时的否定句)1.3 情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动词或状态的态度，认为“可能”“应当”“必要”等。情态动词有词义，但词义不完整，其后一定要跟不带to的动词不定式（即动词原形，ought to除外），另外，情态动词没有人称和数的变化。He can speak English.（他会说英语。）（主语是第三人称单数，也不能在can后加s）He speaks English well.（他英语说得很好。）（时态是一般现在时，主格是第三人称单数，行为动词speak后要加s）补充常用的情态动词 cancould may/might must need have to ought to2. 动词的基本形式动词有以下几种基本形式：动词原形（即前面不带to的动词不定式形式）、动词第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。2.1动词第三人称单数的构成构成法例词读法词尾加-s helphelps knowknows getgets rideridesS在辅音后读s，在浊辅音或元音后读z；在t后读ts，在d后读dz词尾加-es以字母s/x/ch/sh结尾的动词加-es guessguesses fixfixes washwasheses读iz以o结尾的动词加-es gogoes dodoeses读z以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-es flyflies studystudieses读z2.2动词的过去式及过去分词的构成2.2.1 规则动词的变化构成法例词一般加-edworkworked, worked以e结尾的词加-dlivelived, lived以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，改y为i，再加-edstudystudied, studiedcrycried, cried以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接加-edplayplayed, played以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，要双写这个辅音字母，再加-edstopstopped, stoppedpreferpreferred, preferred注意 词尾-ed在清辅音后读t；在元音和浊辅音后读d; 在辅音t，d后读Id。2.2.1 不规则动词的变化（参见本章不规则动词变化表）2.3动词的现在分词的构成构成法例词一般加-ingworkworkingstudystudying以e结尾的动词去e后加-ingliveliving以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，要双写这个辅音字母，再加-ingstopstoppingreferreferring以ie结尾的重读开音节的词，改ie为y，再加-ingdiedying注意 以y结尾的动词变为现在分词时，y不变，直接加上-ing。如： playplaying studystudying3. 动词的时态3.1动词时态概述时态是表示动词与时间相互关系的语法范畴。正确使用时态能反映一个人的英语基本功。对中国学生来说，英语的时态是相当困难的一个语法项目，原因之一是中文动词没有时态形式的变化。也就是说，中文动词不是用词形的变化，而是用特定的词语，如：“现在” “将来” “过去” “正在” “经常” “了” “过” “已经”等来说明一个动作发生的时间，而动词本身并无变化。在英语中，则用动词本身的词形变化或加助动词表示动作的时间。She reads newspapers every day.（她每天看报纸。）（句中有every day，所以用现在时）She read the newspaper yesterday.（她昨天看过了这张报纸。）（句中有yesterday，所以用过去时）She will read the newspaper tomorrow.（她明天看这张报纸。）（句中有tomorrow，所以用将来时）说明 英语中的时态，就是通过特殊的动词词尾变化或加一些相关的助动词behavehas等，来表示动作或事件发生的不同时间和状态。She is reading the newspaper now.（她正在看报纸。）（句中有now，所以用现在进行时）She has read the newspaper.（她已经读过这张报纸了。）（句中没有标识性的时间状语，但因为表示的是“过去的动作对现在的影响”，所以要用现在完成时）3.2 动词十二种时态的形式英语动词共有十六种时态，一般语法书列出的英语动词的十二种时态为“现在” “过去”和“将来”三大类；每类中又分为“一般” “进行” “完成” “完成进行”四种，共十二种，下面以study为例，列表说明。一般时进行时完成时完成进行时现在I study.You study.He studies.We studyThey study.I am studying.You are studying.He is studying.We are studying.They are studying.I have studied.You have studied.He has studied.We have studied.They have studied.I have been studying.You have been studying.He has been studying.We have been studying.They have been studying.过去I studied.You studied.He studied.We studied.They studied.I was studying.You were studying.He was studying.We were studying.They were studying.I had studied.You had studied.He had studied.We had studied.They had studied.I had been studying.You had been studying.He had been studying.We had been studying.They had been studying.将来I shall study.You shall study.He shall study.We shall study.They shall study.I shall be studying.You shall be studying.He shall be studying.We shall be studying. They shall be studying.I shall have studied.You shall have studied.He shall have studied.We shall have studied.They shall have studied.I shall have been studying.You shall have been studying.He shall have been studying.We shall have been studying.They shall have been studying.注意 初中阶段最常用的时态有5种，即一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、一般将来时和现在完成时。在下面的几章中，将分别讲述各种时态的具体用法。不规则动词变化表现在式过去式过去分词现在式过去式过去分词beat 打，敲beatbeatenleave离开leftleftbecome成为becamebecomelend借出lentlentbegin 开始beganbegunlet让letletbite 咬bitbittenbitlie躺laylostlainlostlose遗失blow 吹blewblownmake做mademadebreak 打破brokebrokenmeet遇见metmetbring 携带broughtbroughtpay支付paidpaidbuild 建造builtbuiltread读readreadburn 燃烧burnedburntburnedburntrise上升roserisenbuy买boughtboughtrun跑ranruncatch捉caughtcaughtsay说saidsaidchoose选择chosechosensee看见sawseencome来camecomesell售soldsolddrink喝drankdrunksend送sentsentdrive驾驶drovedrivenshine照耀；擦去，磨光shoneshinedshoneshinedeat吃ateeatenshoot发射shotshotfall落下fellfallensing唱歌sangsungfeed喂fedfedsit坐下satsatfeel觉得feltfeltsleep睡觉sleptsleptfight打架foughtfoughtsmell嗅smeltsmelledsmeltsmelledfind找到foundfoundspeak说spokespokenfly 飞flewflownspell拼写speltspelledspeltspelledforget忘记forgotforgottenforgotspend花费spentspentforgive原谅forgaveforgivenstand站立stoodstoodget获得gotgottengotsteal偷窃stolestolengive给gavegivensweep扫除sweptsweptgo去wentgoneswim游泳swamswumgrow生长grewgrownswing摇摆swungswunghang挂hunghungtake拿，捏，抓tooktakenhear听heardheardteach教taughttaughthit击hithittear撕toretornhold持heldheldtell告诉toldtoldhurt伤害hurthurtthink想thoughtthoughtkeep保持keptkeptthrow投threwthrownknow知道knewknownunderstand了解understoodunderstoodlay放置laidlaidwear穿worewornlead引导ledledwin赢wonwonlearn学习learnedlearntlearnedlearntwrite写wrotewritten4. 短语动词动词加一个（或两个）介词或副词构成词组后，在意义上和原来的动词不同，这种词组叫短语动词或成语动词。英语里这种词组很多，而且非常有用。begin with以开始 come out开花catch up with赶上 come round来，前来climb up爬上去 cross out画叉，删除come back回来 do with处理come from来自 fall behind落后come on加油 fall off掉下，减少fight about为而斗争 make out看出，辨认出find out弄清楚 make up化妆fly away飞走 move away移走fly up高飞 pass on sth. to sb.get back回来，回到 传递某物给某人get off the (bus)下（公共汽车） pass on传递（某物）get on the (bus)上（公共汽车） pay for为付钱get out of (the lift，car) pick up拾起来 从（电梯、小汽车）中走出来 pull up拉上来go along沿着走 put on (the suit，a cap)go on继续下去 穿（衣服），戴（帽子）go out出去 sell out卖完，卖光 go over仔细检查 send for派人去请go through经受，经历 send up射出，发送grow up长大 take off脱掉（衣服）；（飞机）起飞hear of听说 take out拿出hold on (for a moment) thanks to多亏了；由于，因为 稍等一下（打电话用语） turn off (the radio，gas)jump into跳入 关上（收音机、煤气）laugh at嘲笑 turn on (the radio, gas)learn from_向学习 打开（收音机、煤气）listen to听，注意听 turn round转身look after照顾，关照 turn to翻到页，转向look around参观 wait for等待look for寻找 wake up醒来look like看起来像 worry about_为而担心look over检查，浏览 write down写下来Can you find out what time the plane leaves? （你能弄清楚飞机几点起飞吗？）You should listen to the teacher if you want to learn well. （如果你想学好的话，你必须注意听老师讲。）Jane is looking after the baby. （简在照看这个宝宝。）Be quiet! Try not to wake the little baby up. （安静！别把这个小宝宝吵醒了。）注意！失分陷阱！Common mistakes陷阱例题1Dont _ the radio. The baby is sleeping. 【北京中考】A. turn off B. turn on C. turn over D. turn down 句意提示：不要打开收音机，婴儿正在睡觉。陷阱追击：本题考查根据上下文情景辨析动词词组，容易误选。正确解析：turn off意为“关掉，使（某人）不高兴”；turn on意为“打开，启动”；turn over意为“打翻，移交给，变换电视频道”；turn down意为“拒绝，把调低，关小”。根据题意可知，正确答案为B。陷阱例题2Im interested in animals, so I _ every Saturday working in an animal hospital.【北京中考】A. pay B. get C. take D. spend 句意提示：我对动物感兴趣，所以每个周六我都在一家动物医院工作。陷阱追击：本题考查pay，get, take和spend这四个动词用法的区别，容易误选。正确解析：在这四个动词中，只有spend常用于“spend.doing sth.”的句型中，意为“花费做”；pay常用于固定搭配“pay sb. for sth.”，表示“付钱给某人”； take的主语一般为it或物。正确答案为D。陷阱例题3A: How long have you _ the motorbike?B: For about two weeks.【哈尔滨中考】A. bought B. had C. borrowed D. lent 句意提示：A:你买摩托车多长时间了？ B:大约两周了。陷阱追击：本题结合上下文语境考查延续性动词和非延续性动词用法的区别，容易误选。正确解析：延续性动词可以同一段时间连用，而非延续性动词则不可以。由题意可知是询问一段时间，在本题的四个选项中只有had是延续性动词。正确答案为B。陷阱例题4With the help of the Internet, news can _ every comer of the world.【天津中考】A. arrive B. reach C. go D. get 句意提示：有了互联网，新闻可以达到世界的各个角落。陷阱追击：本题考查及物动词和不及物动词的用法区别，容易误选。正确解析：arrive，go，get为不及物动词，需跟介词才能接地点名词，如arrive inat, go to，get to。reach为及物动词，后面可直接连接地点，表示“到达”。正确答案为B。实力测验1. 选用下列动词的适当形式填空Smell, sound, taste, go, get, become, grow, seem, look, feel, turn, stay, keep1. The meat _ terrible, so I think it has _ bad.2. Her face _ red when she heard the news.3. Your grandmother _ pale. Whats wrong with her?4. Our English teachers voice _ like my mothers.5. It often rains in this season and the trees _ fast.6. The pizza your mother makes _ delicious. 7. Everyone _ very excited at the evening party.8. The flowers in your garden _ sweet.9. Vegetables can _ fresh in the fridge.10. It is _ late and dark. Lets hurry.11. In the old days, some poor people often _ hungry.12. For me, English is _ more and more interesting.13. The soup that Mike made _ terrible.14. When little Tom lied to his teacher, she _ extremely angry.15. We all _ tired after the picnic last night.2. 选择括号中的正确答案填空1. I_ (received; accepted) a present but I didnt _ (receive; accept) it.2. Her mother _ (allowed; agreed) her to go to the party.3. I agree _ (with; to) you and I agree _ (with; to) the plan.4. _ (Work; Working) hard and you will succeed.5. Great changes _ (have taken; have been taken) place in our country in the past 30 years.6. I have finished _ (reading; to read) the novel.7. I didnt go to your party because he forgot _ (to tell; telling) me.8. I forgot _ (pos