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轻型载货汽车底盘设计【优秀汽车底盘全套课程毕业设计含2张CAD图纸】

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关键词：: 轻型载货汽车底盘底盘设计课程毕业设计轻型载货汽车底盘设计

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轻型载货汽车设计（底盘设计）

轻型载货汽车底盘设计【优秀汽车底盘全套课程毕业设计含2张CAD图纸】

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拖拉机的分类--中英文翻译.doc

轻型载货汽车底盘设计.doc

轻型载货汽车设计（底盘设计）

摘要

本次设计的对象是轻型卡车的总体设计，要求该车有良好的动力性和经济性。总体设计的目的是将各分总成协调地组装在一起，避免各总成之间出现干涉现象，从而实现汽车总成的运动准确性及行驶平顺性。驾驶室总成设计要满足客户对舒适性的要求；货厢总成要有足够的尺寸来保证额定装载质量，但也要考虑汽车的最小转弯半径及机动性；底盘总成要避免转向纵拉杆和前悬架钢板弹簧的干涉，保证各总成固定的刚度，使之在行驶中不产生共振。

设计中做了以下工作：总体布置，其中包括汽车主要技术参数的确定，发动机和轮胎的选择等；稳定性的计算，涉及纵向、横向行驶稳定性的计算，最小转向半径的计算等；汽车的动力性计算，包括各挡车速的计算，爬坡度的计算，加速性能的计算，驱动力和行驶阻力的平衡，功率的平衡；汽车燃油经济性的计算。

综合分析、计算、验证得知，本次设计基本满足了设计任务书的要求。

关键字：货车，底盘，总体布置，转向纵拉杆，前悬架，驱动力

THE OVERALL DESIGN OF LIGHT TRUCK

ABSTRACT

This light truck must have adequate hauling power and high working efficiency. The purpose of the overall design is to coordinate the subassemblies got together to avoid interfering between them. And then making the truck’s movement is veracity, and to ensure the ride comfort. The design of the cab must make the driver feel comfortable. The pay cube should be big enough to fulfill the rating carrying ability, but we have to consider the tightest turning radius and flexibility as well. There shouldn’t be interfere among steering drag rod and road spring of front suspension in the chassis. The subassemblies must be fixed to the chassis firmly to prevent syntony in the driving.

Main work is as following in this design: the General arrangement, including selecting the main technology parameters, the engine, the tires and so on; the Calculating of Stability , involving portrait stability and landscape orientation stability while driving, the tightest turning radius; the Power performance calculation, including the calculating of speeds on all gear ratios, gradability, acceleration characteristic, the balance between driving force and running resistance, as well as the power; the Calculation of Fuel Economy.

Through the generalized analysis, computation, confirmation, we confirm that this design has on the whole satisfied the description requirements.

KEY WORDS: Truck, Chassis, General arrangement plan, Steering drag rod, Front suspension, Driving force

第一章前言

从1886年德国人卡尔奔驰和戈特利布载姆勒用四冲程汽油机制成汽车以来，已有一百多年的历史。一百多年来，汽车的发展给人类带来了巨大而深刻的变化。汽车以其惊人的产量、卓越的性能和多种用途渗透到人类活动的各个领域，并以它完美的造型艺术和舒适的内部设施而深受人们的喜爱。汽车已成为各国国民经济和社会生活中不可缺少的运输工具，成为二十世纪改造世界的机器和现代文明的标志。

目前，计算机技术在汽车设计、试验和生产制造中被广泛地应用。现在普遍用计算机进行汽车的总体布置方案设计，确定整车性能并进行动态模拟试验。生产用图已用计算机绘制，且只需几个星期或稍长的时间，就能将设计意图加以实现，并提供多种生产用图纸。对汽车车身全盘实现计算机辅助设计和制造，即所谓的CAD/CAM，大大缩短了计算、绘图时间，提高了设计速度和质量。

参考文献

[1]陈家瑞.汽车构造（上、下册）.北京：机械工业出版社，1993

[2]蔡春源.机械零件设计手册（3版）上、下册.北京：冶金工业出版社，1996

[3]王望予.汽车设计（3版）.北京：机械工业出版社，1995

[4]余志生.汽车理论（3版）.北京：机械工业出版社，1981

[5]黄金陵.汽车车身结构与设计.吉林：吉林工业大学，1985

[6]刘鸿文.材料力学（上、下册）.北京：高等教育出版社，1998

[7]张义民闻邦春.汽车技术.1997，第九期，p7-20

[8]刘惟信.汽车设计.北京：清华大学出版社，2000

[9]王昆何小柏等.机械设计.北京：高等教育出版社，1995

[10]吉林工业大学汽车教研室.汽车设计，北京：机械工业出版社，1981

[11]张洪欣.汽车设计.北京：机械工业出版社，1989

[12]机械设计手册（第3卷）. 北京：机械工业出版社，1991

[13]郭竹亭.汽车车身设计.吉林：吉林科学技术出版社，1994

[14]程正，马芳.汽车造型.吉林：吉林科学技术出版社，1992

[15]温吾凡.汽车人体工程学. 吉林：吉林科学技术出版社，1991

[16]（德）阿达姆.汽车行驶性能.北京：科学技术出版社，1992

[17]刘惟信.驱动桥.北京：人民交通出版社，1987

[18]黄天泽、黄金陵.汽车车身结构与设计.北京：机械工业出版社，2003

[19]吴宗泽.机械设计使用手册.北京：化学工业出版社，1999

[20]《汽车百科全书》编纂委员会编.汽车百科全书（上册）.北京：机械工业出版社，1992

[21]魏鑫，张迅，田景崎编.最新国外汽车车型手册.北京：机械工业出版社，1991

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地盘俯视图.gif

内容简介：: 1 Classification of Tractors The tractor is a wheeled or tracked self-propelled vehicle used as a power means for moving agricult ural, road building, and other machines equipped with special tools, and also for towing trailers. The tractor engine can be used as a prime mover for active moving tools or starting farm machinery through the intermediary of the power takeoff shaft or belt pulley. The uses of the tractor in agriculture are many, and so different types of tractors are needed to do different types of farm work. Farm tractors are classified as follows. AS TO PUR POS E, modern farm tractors are classed in three groups: general-purpose tractors (land utility), universal-row-crop (row-crop utility) tractors, and special-purpose tractors. Land utility tracto rs are used for major farm operations common to the cultivation of most crops, such as tillage, digging, general cultivations, harrowing, sowing, and harvesting. The tractors are characterized by a low ground clearance, increased engine power, and good tra ction. Thanking to their wide tires or tracks enabling them to develop a high pull. Universal-row-crop tractors are intended for row-crop work, as well as for many other field tasks. For this purpose, some row-crop utility tractors are provided with replac eable driving wheels of different tread widths-wide for general far m work and narrow for row-drop work, in order not to damage plants, the tractors have a high ground clearance and a wide wheel track that can be adjusted to suit the particular inter-tow distance. Special-purpose tractors are modifications of standard land or row-crop utilit y tractor models and are used for definite jobs, and under nts 2 certain condit ions. Thus, special tractors used to mechanize the cultivation of cotton have a single front whee l, swamp tractors are equipped with w ide tracks enabling them to operate on marshy soils, and hills ide tractors are designed to work on hills ides sloping at up to 16. AS TO THE D ES IGN OF THE R UNNIN G GEAR， tractors are divided into crawler (track- laying) and wheeled types. Crawler tractors are distinguished by a large ground contact area and therefore have a good track adhesion; they crush and compact the soil ins ignificantly. S uch tractors show a high cros s-country power and are capable of developing a high pull. Wheeled tractors are more versatile and can be used for both field and transport work, but their traction is lower than that of crawler tractors. Main Compone nt Parts of tractor The tractor is comp lex self-propelled machine consisting of separate interacting mechanisms and units that can be combined into certain groups. Irrespective of particular design features, all tractors consist of engine, drive line, running fear, steering mechanis m, working attachments, and auxiliary equipments. THE ENGINE converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. THE DR IVE LIN E comprises a set of mechanis ms which transmit the torque developed by the engine to the driving wheels or tracks and change the driving torque bo th in magnitude and direction. The drive line inc ludes the clutch, flexible coupling, transmission (gearbox) and rear axle. The clutch serves to disconnect the engine shaft from the transmission for a short period of time while the driver is shift ing gears nts 3 and also to connect smoothly the flow of power from the engine to the driving wheels or tracks when starting the tractor from rest. The flexib le coupling incorporates elastic elements allow ing to connect the clutch shaft and the transmission drive shaft w ith a slight misalignment. The transmission makes it possible to change the driving torque and the running speed of the tractor by engaging different pairs of gears. With the direction of rotation of the engine shaft remaining the same, the transmission enables the tractor to be put in reveres. The rear- axle mechanisms increase the driving torque and transmit it to the driving wheels or tracks at right angles to the drive shaft. In most tractors, the rear axle also comprises brakes. In the wheeled tractor, as dist inct from its crawler counterpart the drive line inc ludes the differential which enables the driving wheels to revolve with different speeds when making turns of running over a ragged terrain, at which time the left -and right- hand wheels must travel different distances during one and the same time. THE RUNN IN G GEAR is needed for the tractor to move. The rotation of the driving wheels (or the movement of the tracks) in contact with the ground is converted into translatory motion of the tractor. THE S TEERIN G M ECHAN ISM serves to change the direction of movement of the tractor by turning its front wheels (in wheeled tractors) or by varying the speed of one of the tracks (in crawler tractors). THE WORKIN G ATTACHM EN TS of the tractor are used to utilize the useful power of the tractor engine for various farm tasks. They include the power takeoff shaft, drawbar (hitch device), implement-attaching (mounting) system, and belt pulley. THE TR ACTOR AUXILIAR IES inc lude the driver s cab with a spring- mounted seat a nd heating and ventilation equipment, hood, lighting equipment, tell tales (indicators), horns, etc. nts 4 The Clutch The clutch is located in the power train between the engine and the transmission. The clutch allows the driver to couple the engine or to uncouple the engine from the transmiss ion while he is shift ing gears or starting the tractor moving from rest. Modern tractors use fr iction clutches, ones employing fr iction forces to transmit power. The friction sur faces in such clutches are provided by discs, whose number depends on the magnit ude of torque to single- and double- disc clutches. C lutch driving disc (pressure plate) is connected to the engine flywheel, while driven disc is mounted on transmission clutch ( input) shaft. The driven disc has splines in its hub that match splines on the input shaft. The disc is tight ly c lamped between the pressure plate and the flywheel by a series of coil springs, called the pressure springs held between the clutch cover and the pressure plate. O wing to the frict ion forces arising between the fr iction surfaces of the flywheel, driven disc, and pressure plate , torque transmission input shaft. In this position, the clutch is engaged. The clutch is operated by the clutch linkage which passes on the movement of clutch pedal to clutch release (throw-out) bearing. When the driver steps on the pedal, the clutch linkage, which includes an operating rod and a release fork, forces the release bearing inward (to the left). As the release bearing moves left, it pushes against the inner ends of three release levers. When the inner ends of three release levers are pushed in by the release bearing, the outer ends of the levers move the pressure plate to the right, compressing pressure springs. With the spring pressure off the driven d isc, spaces appear between the disc, the flywheel, and the pressure plate. Now the clutch is disengaged (released), and the flywheel can rotate without sending power through the driven disc. When the clutch pedal is released, the pressure springs nts 5 force the pressure plate to the left. The driven disc is again clamped tight ly between the flyw heel and the pressure plate. The driven disc must again rotate with the flywheel. In this position, the clutch is engaged. The init ial s lipping of the driven disc, which occurs unt il the disc is fully cla mped between the flywheel and the pressure plate, tends to make the engagement smooth. The clutch described above is known as the spring- loaded dry friction type. Propelle r Shaft and Universal Joint The propeller shaft is a drive shaft to carry the power from the transmission to the rear- wheel axels. It connects the transmission ma in, or output shaft to the differential at the rear axels. Rotary motion of the transmission main shaft is carried by the propeller shaft to the differential, causing the rear wheels to rotate. The propeller-shaft design must take two facts into consideration. F irst, the engine and transmission are more or less rigidly attached to the car frame. S econd, the rear-axle housing (with wheels and differentia l) is attached to the frame by springs. As the rear wheels encounter irregularit ies in the road, the springs are compressed or expanded. These change the angle of drive and the distance between the transmission and the differentia l, and the propeller shaft should take care of these two changes. That is to say, as the rear axle housing, with differentia l and wheels, moves up and down, the angle between the transmission output shaft and propeller shaft changes. The reason why the angle increases is that the rear axle and differential move in a shorter than the propeller shaft. The center pointer of the axle- housing is rear-spring or control-arm attachment to the frame. In order that the propeller shaft may take care of these two changes, it must incorpora te two universal joints to permit variations in the angle of drive. There must be a set of slip joint to make the propeller shaft change. nts 6 The propeller shaft may be solid or hollow, protected by an outer tube or exposed. Some applications inc lude bearings at or near the center of the propellers which are supported by a center bearing and coupled together by universal joints. A universal joint

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