Unit3+Grammar--冠词++(14).doc

英语 科学案 序号 14 高三 年级11 班 教师 李月华 学生 Unit 3, M1Travel JournalPeriod 4-5 语法系统复习（三）冠词（一）不定冠词，定冠词，零冠词介绍Learning goals:1. 了解冠词基本用法2. 尝试应用于语法填空，改错题。Step 1 冠词了解高考考查重点1.不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法；定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法；2.冠词在固定搭配中的用法，包括零冠词（即不用冠词）表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法；3.不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法；4.冠词在比较级前的用法；5.冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法；6.用不用冠词意义大不相同的短语。专题一：不定冠词的重点用法不定冠词包括a和an,它们与one同源，在多数情况下译为“一”，“每一”，“某一”。用法口诀： 可数名词用单数，泛指概念加a/an; 单词音标元音头，只用an来不用a; 辅音音标开头时，“a”或礼貌头上戴。1. a用于半元音（辅音）_ university, _ uniform, _ usual thing, _unusual thing_umbrella, _ hour, _ honor, _ honest man 注意下列字母前用an：s, h, x, m, f, r There is _ “s” in the word skill. It took me half _ hour to finish the task. 2. 表示数量“一“的概念，相当于one. a thousand pound Rome was not built in a day. Speaking of Alex, he isnt my cousin. He is a friend of mine.3. 表示同类事物中的任何一个，相当于any. A lion can be very mild. 狮子有时可能很温顺。 Have you got a pen? I want to sign my name here. A teacher is a person who teaches someone else knowledge.4. 与表示单位的词连用，“每一”, 相当于each, every, per. The speed of cars in the city is limited to 50 kilometers an hour. In order to shape myself, I attend Yoga class twice a week. I get paid once a month, but not much.5. 表示泛指“某一个人或事物”，相当于some或certain. A Mr. Wang is waiting for you at the school gate. 一位王先生在校门口等你。 In a sense what you did is right. 从某种意义上说，你所做的是正确的。 A road is being built in front of the village. 村庄前面正在修建一条马路。6. 表示“某种身份、职业、地位、国籍”等。 此用法中，a(n)没有“一”的概念，只强调其身份、职业、地位、国籍，可不译出。 Mother is a nurse. She works in the Town Hospital. 妈妈是护士，她在镇医院工作。 Our English teacher is an American. 我们的英语老师是美国人。 My son wants to be a pilot. 我儿子想当飞行员。注意：独一无二的职位名词在句中做表语、补语和同位语时，一般不用冠词，但是如果做了句子的主语或是宾语时候，要在前面加冠词。 判断对错：He is the captain of the team. Zhang Fei, the monitor of their class, is good at English. The manager of the company is good at communication.7. 抽象名词具体化：success, surprise, pity, honor, smoke Its _ pity that you cannot come. You are _ success. What _ surprise to see you here! Its _ honor to be here to talk with you. 8. 不可数名词前表一份、一杯、一阵、一种：a coffee/tea/fog/rain/snow/wind There was a heavy rain during the night. Two teas, please. There is a wind shaking the window.9. 序数词前加不定冠词表示“又一”：a second, a third Do it _ second time, and Im sure you will succeed. 10. 用于部分动词短语中 具有动作意义的名词在于动词（短语）have, make, take, give, let out等一起构成短语时，名词前常用不定冠词，表示一种短暂性动作。 have a look/walk/break/try/bath/go/swim take a rest/ walk/ break/ bath give a whistle/ laugh/ smile/ shout make a choice/ decision/ plan/ study11.用于许多惯用短语中：构成时间、方式、数量等有关的短语a moment ago, twice a week, a day or two ago, for a time 暂时，一度 half an hour, in a moment 立刻， at a high speed, just a moment/ minute, once upon a time, all of a sudden, as a rule通常，as a result, as a matter of fact, in a special way, in a hurry 急匆匆地，in a loud voice, in a word, a bit of, a great many, a great deal of, a lot of, a kind of, a little, a number of专题二、定冠词the的重点用法定冠词是对后面的名词起限定作用，因此“特指”是定冠词的主要功能。1. 指前文已提到过的人或事物，即第二次出现的人或事物。 There is a pen on the desk and the pen belongs to my brother. I went to a university in New Zealand. The university was set up in the early twentieth century.2. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物或特指事物。 -Did you attend the wedding?(双方都知道) -No. I wish I had, though. Have you got the letter I sent you?(特指) Would you mind turning down the radio a little?(双方都知道) This is the shop my sister has just opened.(特指)3. 表示自然界独一无二的事物 The earth moves around the sun. Some birds dashed into air and disappeared into the blue sky.还有自然界现象：如：therain雨thewind风thefog雾thesnow雪theair空气thestorm风暴thesnowstorm暴风雪4. 用于单数可数名词，表示一类人。 The cat, like the dog, is liked by people. Do you know who invented the computer?5. 与某些名词连用表示整个民族、阶级、阶层等。 Most of the British are somewhat conservative. 大多数英国人都有点保守。 The world are seeking the fortune to fight against the financial crisis. 世界人民正在寻找应对金融危机的出路。6. 用于形容词的比较级和最高级及序数词前。 He lives in the larger of the two rooms. Of all the boys, Alan is the best student who speaks English. Purple Sun is the most moving film that I have ever seen.注意：副词最高级前的the 可省略。 Mary always talks (the) most and does (the) least. Of Hemingways works, I love For Whom the Bell Tolls (the) best. 在海明威的作品中，我最喜欢丧钟为谁而鸣。序数词、最高级前加a或the意义不同。a second time _ the second time _the most exciting story _ a most exciting story _7. 用于演奏的乐器前 the piano/ violin/ guitar/ drum/ flute8. 用于形容词或分词前表示一类人或事物 the young _ the old _ the elderly _ the rich/wealthy _9. 用在人名或地名前表示特定的含义。 The White youre looking for no longer lives here. 你找的那个怀特 The Beijing of today is not what it was 20 years ago. 今日之北京10. 用于某些表示江、河、海、洋、岛、山、国家、地区、组织、机构、建筑物、报刊等的专有名词前或由普通名词构成的专有名词前。 1) 普通名词构成的专有名词the Great Wall the Three Gorges the Analects 论语 the Silk Road 2) 表示江、河、海、洋the Yellow River the Changjiang River the West Lake the Mediterranean Sea the Pacific Ocean 3) 表示山、群岛 the Tianshan Mountains the Rocky Mountains the Philippines 4) 表示海峡、海湾 the English Channel the Taiwan Straits 5) 表示国家、地区、组织 the United States of America The Middle East The Security Community 安理会 the United Nations the World Health Organization 世界卫生组织 6) 表示机构、学校、建筑物等 the British Museum the University of Cambridge 7) 表示报刊、杂志 the New York Times the Times 泰晤士报 注意：个别杂志也不加the: Fortune 财富 Readers Digest 读者文摘 孤岛、孤山前不用定冠词：Mount Tai Tasmania Island11. 用于世纪前或表示年代的数词前 in the 19th century in the 1980s/ 1980s 12.用在表示方向、方位的名词前。Thebirdsareflyingtothenorth.Hestoodatthebackofthedoor.注意：方位词用作副词时前不用任何冠词，如flysouth;turnright；方位词成对使用构成平行结构时，不用定冠词。Theriveristwothousandkilometerslongfromwesttoeast.Theytraveledthroughthecountryfromsouthtonorth.13. 用于“by+the+计量单位名词”结构 by the pound 按磅 by the foot/yard 按英尺/码 by the hour/ day/week/ year 按小时/天/星期/年 by the thousand 按千 I pay the rent by the month. 我按月付房租。 Eggs are usually sold by the dozen. 鸡蛋通常按打出兽。注意：by+weight中的weight前不加任何冠词；另外，“in+复数名词”也可以表示按什么计量，bemeasuredinmeters（按米测量）14.动词(hit,pull,pat,strike,catch,hold,take,lead)+sb.+介词(in,on,by,across)+the+身体部位或衣着。Shetouchedhimontheshoulder.Hetookthegirlbythehand.Hehitheronthenose.注意：在这一句型中要注意两点：介词的选择；the不可以换为ones.15.用于固定搭配中1）表示一天中的时间：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in the night2）表场所：at the top/ bottom of, at the end/beginning of, at the foot of, in the middle of, in/on the street, in/on/to the east of, in the front of, on the right/left, on the way to, in the light在亮处，in the dark, in the sun在阳光下，in the shade, in the rain(wet)在雨中，in the ocean, in the distance3）表时间：at the age of, at the same time, at the beginning/end of, in the middle of, in the day in the end, in the 1990s, on the eve of 在的前夕， in the meantime, in the long run 从长远看，in the month of March, in the year of 1982, for the present, all the year round, the other day4) in the +形容词：in the wrong无理， in the right 有理， in the negative 否定，in the affirmative 肯定5) 其他：to the point 得理，on the other hand，on the contrary, on the whole, all the best一切顺利, all the same 完全一样，make the bed 铺床，tell the truth, take the place of, under the leadership of, with the help of下面几个短语前不加定冠词：atdawn在黎明；atnight在晚上；atnoon在正午；atdusk在黄昏专题三、零冠词的重点用法1. 物质名词表泛指时，不加冠词。 Water is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Money is not everything. Plastic is hard to break up. This sweater is made of pure wool.2. 抽象名词前一般不加冠词。 Knowledge begins with practice. Failure is the mother of success. Music is a universal language which can bring people pleasure. Animals and plants have life.3. 表泛指的复数可数名词前，不加冠词。 Threes can help clean the air. Teachers should encourage students to ask more questions.4. 表示人名、地名、国名、城市名的名词前不加冠词。 Beijing is the capital of China. Mary is looking forward to climbing Mount Emei. Kawabata is a famous Japanese writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1968.注意：专有名词表示某一个特定的人或物时，其前加定冠词： China is not the China that it was sixty years ago. 中国不再是60年前的中国了。 专有名词表示“某一”概念时，其前加不定冠词： Stephen Hawking is an Einstein of today. 史蒂芬霍金是当今爱因斯坦式的人物。 The earthquake broke out in a July in last century. 地震发生在上世纪的某个七月。5. 季节、月份、星期及有些节假日前不加冠词。 Spring is the best season of the year. Well go outing on Sunday. Christmas is a traditional festival in western countries. I have been working in the ABC company since January 2010.6. 名词前有指示代词，物主代词,不定代词或名词所有格修饰,不用冠词. I like this picture better. Is that your book？ As time went on, Einsteins theory proved to be correct. 7. turn用作系动词(变成)后的单数名词作表语时用零冠词，对比“become +a + n”。 His brother has turned writer. Did he become a scientist? 8.“零冠词+单数可数名词+as/though+主语+谓语，+主句”意为“虽然/尽管，但是”。 Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings. 9. 用于man泛指人类时 Man can conquer nature. Man can save the earth; man can destroy the earth.10. 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。 arm in arm手挽手； hand in hand手牵手；side by side肩对肩; day and day日日夜夜; young and old老老少少; from door to door挨门挨户; from beginning to end从头到尾; from morning till night从早到晚。11. 习惯用法 at night, at noon, at home, at table, at school, at college, at work, in space, at breakfast, after school, at first, at last, at war, by bus, by water, by air, by train, by hand, in fact, in ink, in pencil, for example, go to bed, go to school, go to college, in hospital, in danger, in time, in fight, in surprise, in town, in excitement, in silence, in fear, in trouble, in thought, on fire, on foot, on time, with pleasure, with anger, with envy, with fear, with pride, with satisfaction Step 2 Homework 1、 单句填空 用适当的冠词填空。1. Lets go to _ cinema! Thatll take your mind off the problem for _ while.2. The biggest whale is _ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters longthe height of _ 9-storey building.3. We can never expect _ bluer sky unless we create _ less polluted world.4. What _ pity that you couldnt be there to receive _ prize!5. In order to find _ better job, he decided to study _ second foreign language.6. Christmas is _ special holiday when _ whole family are supposed to get together.7. I looked under _ bed and found _ book I lost last week.8. I know you dont like _ music very much. But what do you think of _ music in the film we saw yesterday?9. I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over _ KEYBOARD. -You shouldnt put drinks near _ computer.10. Mrs. Taylor has _ 8yearold daughter who has _ gift for painting. She has won two national prizes.1. the, a 2. the, a 3. a, a 4. a, the 5. a, a 6. a, the 7. the, the 8. 不填；the 9. the, a 10. an, a二、大声地反复朗读下列短文，留意领悟划线黑体部分的冠词用法。 Tom, _classmate of mine, is _Lei Feng in our class, who is always ready to help others. Henry, whose father is _teacher, is considered to be_most diligent student in our class, who is the fir