先行词为模糊地点用什么关系词.doc

关系副词Where在定语从句中的用法关系副词where在定语从句中的用法是定语从句中常考的一个难点。笔者将在接下来的文章中和大家一起探讨关系副词where的用法,帮助大家正确理解和使用关系副词where。先行词表示地点,不一定都用Where引导定语从句一般来说,英语学习者的脑海中会形成这样一个概念:在定语从句中,如果先行词是表示地点的名词(如place等),就用关系副词where引导定语从句。这种理解有一定的道理,比如下面这个句子:1. If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.如果还有人对美国是否是一个一切皆有可能的国家心存怀疑,还有人怀疑美国奠基者的梦想在我们所处的时代是否依然鲜活,还有人质疑我们的民主制度的力量,那么今晚,这些问题都有了答案。这句话节选自美国总统奥巴马的胜选演说。我们看到,这里的place后面的定语从句是由关系副词where来引导。但是,如果认为只要先行词是表示地点的名词,则一定要用where来引导定语从句,那就大错特错了。比如,在2006年上海高考英语中有这样一道选择题:2. In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. A. where B. when C. which D. what我们看到,places在这里表示地点,但如果据此就认为空格处应填入where,那就错了。原因是什么呢?因为空格后接的是谓语would have taken,所以空格处待填入的关系词在从句中充当的应该是主语成分,而关系副词where不能作主语,因此,此处不能填入where。其实,该空格处应该填入which来充当主语,正确选项为C。由此可见,“当先行词是表示地点的名词时,要用where来引导定语从句”的说法是片面的,它忽略了一个大前提关系副词where在定语从句中必须作状语。也就是说,用关系副词where引导定语从句需要满足两个前提条件:一是先行词是表示地点的名词;二是关系词在定语从句中作状语。因此,“先行词是表示地点的名词”与“用where引导定语从句”不可以互推,它们之间的关系如下图所示:先行词表示地点,如何判断是否使用Where引导定语从句当先行词表示地点时,如何判断是否应该使用where来引导定语从句呢?这就得分析定语从句的句法结构了。如果定语从句不缺少主语或宾语,而是缺少地点状语,便用where来引导;如果定语从句不缺少状语,而是缺少主语或宾语,则要用关系代词(which或that)来引导,以补足定语从句中所缺失的主语或宾语。请比较下例中的两个句子:3. a. This is the town which I wanted to visit most. 这就是我曾经最想参观的城镇。 b. This is the town where I was born. 这就是我出生的城镇。在a和b两个句子里,尽管先行词都是表示地点的名词town,但引导定语从句的关系词却不同。在a句中,由于定语从句中谓语部分的动词visit缺少宾语,因此填入的关系词要充当它的宾语,故用关系代词which。在b句中,定语从句“I was born”不缺少主语和宾语,而是缺少地点状语,故用关系副词where,这里where充当地点状语,修饰was born。我们也可以用另一种方法来判断是否应该使用where引导定语从句:将包含定语从句的复合句还原成两个简单句,然后通过分析句子成分来进行判断。例如,我们把上面的a句与b句还原成两个简单句,得到的是: a. This is the town and I wanted to visit it most. b. This is the town and I was born there.在a句中,town被代词it替代后在visit后边充当宾语,所以改成定语从句时要用关系代词which来替换it,以充当定语从句的宾语;而在b句中,town变成了副词there,充当地点状语,修饰was born,所以改成定语从句时自然要用关系副词where来替换there,以充当地点状语。我们再来看其他相关例句,以便更加深入地理解where的用法:4. Literature is the place where the past meets the present to contemplate the future.在文学作品里,过去与现实交汇,以思考未来。这里,先行词place表示地点,而且定语从句中不缺少主语和宾语,需要的是一个地点状语修饰meets,因而,此处用where来引导定语从句。5. In fact, there are now so many deer that some are being sent to places which would like to return this kind of deer to the wild.事实上,现在鹿群数量过多,以至于有些鹿被送到能使其回到野外的一些地方。这句话中,先行词places是表示地点的名词,但是由于定语从句中缺少主语,所以我们用关系代词which来引导,而不使用关系副词where来引导。因此,在先行词是表示地点的名词的前提下,需要分析定语从句的句子成分才能断定是用什么关系词来引导。当定语从句缺乏状语时,用关系副词where来引导;如果从句缺少的是主语或宾语,则用which、that等关系代词引导。根据上文讲述的判断原理,在解这一类与定语从句相关的题目时,我们可以首先看先行词是否是表示地点的名词,然后再根据定语从句中缺少的成分来选择合适的引导词。为了让大家更加熟练地掌握这一考点,笔者再列一道例题,供大家实战演练。请看下面这道题:6. Ive never been to Beijing, but its the place _. A. where Id like to visit B. in which Id like to visit C. I most want to visitD. that I want to visit it most本题考查定语从句的关系词选择。首先我们先看先行词。先行词是表示地点的名词place,初步确定引导词在关系副词where和关系代词(which或that)中选择。然后我们再看从句所缺少的成分。这道题的从句“Id like to visit/I most want to visit”所缺少的成分应该是宾语,因而不能使用关系副词where引导,需要用关系代词which或that引导。所以,首先排除A。B选项的in which是“介词+关系代词”的形式,其用法与关系副词一样,因而排除B。而D选项的that与it都是指代place,二者意义重复,因而也不正确。正确选项是C,这里相当于省略了关系词that或which。该句要表达的意思是:我从未到过北京,但北京却是我最想去的地方。用Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表示地点按照通常的理解,当where引导定语从句时,它的先行词就是表示地点的名词,但事实并不是我们想象的那么简单。很多情况下,where所指代的先行词并不表示地点。请看以下几个例句:1. Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other.请记住,最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。点评:这里where引导的定语从句修饰先行词one,也就是relationship (此处one指代的是relationship)。Relationship不是地点名词,但此处却用了where来引导,where在这里表示“在这样的感情关系下”。从定语从句的结构来看,定语从句不缺主语和宾语,引导词where在从句中充当的是状语。2. Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low.欺诈行为在这种情况下最有可能发生:利益重大,而且欺诈行为被发现的可能性小。点评:句中的先行词是situations,表示“情形,情况”,引导词依然用的是where,表示“在这种情况之下”。这里的定语从句也是不缺主语或宾语的,where在从句中充当的是状语。3. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.除非人类能够意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度使地球能为所有人提供足够的食物,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。点评:这里的先行词是point,表示“某种程度,某种状况”,引导词where指代point,表示“在这种程度之下”。这里定语从句也是不缺主语和宾语的,where在从句中充当的仍然是状语。从上面四个例句中,我们可以发现以下两点:第一,即使先行词不是表示地点的词,定语从句也能够使用关系副词where来引导;第二,上面三个例句中,where分别指代relationship、situation和point,分别表示“在关系中”“在情况下”“达到程度”,这些词虽然不是表示地点的名词,但在从句中表达的是“某个点或状态”的含义。我们可以把这类名词解释成“含有抽象地点意义的名词”,此类词也能用关系副词where来进行引导。先行词不表示地点时,如何判断是否使用Where引导定语从句当先行词不是表示地点的名词时,该如何判断是否使用where引导定语从句呢?由上文给出的例句可知,含有抽象地点意义的名词能用关系副词where来引导,并且在每个例句的点评中笔者都反复强调“定语从句不缺主语和宾语,where在从句中充当的是状语”。由此,我们可以大胆地进行引申和归纳,提出“当先行词不表示地点时,使用where引导定语从句”的判断方法。首先,判断定语从句的结构:定语从句应该不缺少主语和宾语,而是缺少状语。其次,观察先行词:先行词是除了时间名词(在这种情况下会用when)和原因名词(在这种情况下会用why)以外的其他任何名词。第二个条件之所以成立,是因为定语从句中的状语成分一般就是由when、where和why等三个引导词来引导的。为了更深刻地理解这种判断方法,请看以下几个例句:4. English is a “fixed-word-order” language where each phrase has a fixed position.英语是一种“词序固定”的语言,这种语言的特点就是每个短语都有固定的位置。点评:首先,我们来判断定语从句“each phrase has a fixed position”的结构:该从句并不缺少主语和宾语,但是缺少状语。其次,我们来看先行词:先行词是fixed-word-order language, 它既不表示时间,也不表示原因。由此可知,此处用where来指代先行词,表示“在词序固定这样的语言中”。5. At the Academy, Plato taught the students through the use of debates, where two or more people took different ideas of an argument.在学院里,柏拉图采用的教学方法是组织辩论,在辩论中,两个或多个学生各持一方观点。点评:首先,我们来判断定语从句“two or more people took different ideas of an argument”的句子结构:该从句不缺少主语和宾语,但是缺少状语。其次,我们来看先行词:先行词是debates,它既不是时间名词,也不是原因名词。由此可知,此处应用where引导定语从句,表示“在辩论中”。6. However, being enthusiastic isnt for everyone and no one likes false enthusiasm, where a person pretends to be excited even about the most trivial points.然而,热情并非适合每一个人,而且也没有人喜欢那种连区区小事都假装兴奋不已的虚假热情。点评:首先,我们判断定语从句“a person pretends to be excited even about the most trivial points”的句子结构:该从句不缺少主语和宾语,但是缺少状语。其次,我们来看先行词:先行词是false enthusiasm,它既不是时间名词,也不是原因名词。因而,此处用where来引导定语从句,表示“在虚假的热情这种状态下”。通过对上面三个例句的点评,相信读者已经能够掌握在先行词不表示地点的情况下,如何判断是否使用where来引导定语从句了。此外,我们需要仔细体会例句中where指代先行词时所表达的含义,分别是“在样的语言中”“在中”“在样的状态下”,这些含义与第一节所举的例子类似,都带有抽象的地点意义。因而,我们在日后的学习和考试中应当谨记:用where引导的定语从句,先行词不一定是表示地点的名词,因为先行词也可能是含有抽象地点意义的名词。由此,我们需要对上一期中所讨论的“先行词是表示地点的名词”与“用where引导定语从句”的关系进行修正,修正后的图示如下:stage作先行词引发的问题和探讨不久前，下面这道题引发了我们对stage作先行词之后的定语从句引导词的问题以及其它类似定于从句的探讨，先看一道题:the conflict had developed into a stage _ the two countries were gathering big troops on the border.（2009学年第二学期浙东北（zdb）三校期中联考高二英语试卷（2010.05）a. where b. when c. which d. that本题到底是选a还是选b？关键问题在于对先行词stage的理解，根据牛津高阶英汉双解词典（第七版）简作（oald）的解析：stage: a period of state that sb./sth. passes through while developing or making progress. 既可以理解为事件“(进展或进展的)阶段， 状态”; 又可以理解为“时期”。而上题中作“阶段”或“时期”都理解的通。再看stage的用法;*stage名词 n. c1.舞台some girls are dancing on the stage. 一些女孩在舞台上跳舞。2.注意中心,活动舞台,场所3.(进展的)阶段;时期a caterpillar must pass through the cocoon stage to become a butterfly.表示这些意思时，当stage作先行词后有定语从句时，。例句：1.表地点:the stage where the girls are going to dance is in the gym. 2.表时期: the stage when he is preparing for his study is really important.不同的叙述：当先行词为case，condition，situation，position，point，stage等名词，表示情况、方面、处境时用关系副词where.当先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage等名词时，表示情况、方面、处境时，用关系副词where.但先行词是occasion时，用关系副词when.当situation, condition, stage, point，scenes做先行词时，用where引导定语从句先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词时其后的定语从句用when引导.事实上,当先行词occasion, point, stage等名词是表示时间节点的时候，其后的定语从句就用when引导，在从句中作时间状语.例如：1. i can remember very fewoccasions whenhe had to cancel because of ill health.（oald）我记得他因健康不佳而被迫取消的情况绝无仅有。when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语.2.（2008山东26） occasions are quite rare _i have the time to spend a day with my kids.a. who b. which c. why d. when答案选d。考查定语从句。此题关键是要根据句意判定是定语从句。句意为：我有时间和孩子们一起度过一天的机会很少。occasions 是先行词, 所选关系词在定语从句中要作时间状语, 故选d项3. we had reached thepoint whenthere was no money. 我们那时已到了没有一分钱的时刻。point表示“某一阶段,关头”， 所以其后用when 引导定语从句。4. there comes apointin your lifewhenyou realize: who matters, who never did, who wont anymore5. china is now at astageof accelerated industrialization and urbanizationwhenthe contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection is particularly prominent.中国目前正处于工业化和城市化加速发展的阶段,此时经济增长和环境保护之间的矛盾十分突出。source: hard times call for green economy/by hu shaowei (china daily 03/24/2010 page8)但更多情况是：position，situation, stage, case等，作先行词时，其后的定语从句应用where引导定语从句。如：1.oxford dictionary onlinemore examples introducing a clause with when can be found but it is hard to find an example with where after occasion.2.it is the same with longman dictionaryunder theseconditions,wherewe see so much uncertainty with leadership succession, possible instability, we see no arms control, we see no confidence building measures, we see no disarmament, we see north korea refusing to return to the six-party talks, we see the sinking of the cheonan and potential clashes in the west sea around the northern limit line. so a lot of people are just saying this is just not the right time, pinkston said. voa news.it is the same with situation.it moves from asituation whereonly those items on the permitted list can come into gaza to asituation wherethings come into gaza as a matter of course unless they are on the prohibited list. it allows us to facilitate the united nations projects for reconstruction in things like schools and hospital and water sanitation and so on.bbc news新闻 201006213.we were put in aposition in which(=where) we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government.(人教版新课标高中英语必修1 line25.p34)我们被置于这样一种境地，或者是被迫承认我们低人一等，或者是与政府作斗争。这是一个主从复合句，in which引导定语从句，修饰先行词position。4. can you think of asituation whereyou once felt embarrassed?你能设想起你曾经有过感到很窘迫的场合吗?5.he is the boss of therestaurant where（= in which） we often have lunch.6. the last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress until today we have reached astage wherewe have almost no rights at all.(人教版新课标高中英语必修1 line19-20 p34)注意：近年来高考对关系副词where的考查趋于复杂化，从先行词为明显的“地点”发展为“模糊的地点化”。事实上，当先行词表示某事物发展的某个situation“情景”、stage“阶段”或某种程度时都可以用where引导定语从句。所以文章开头那道题答案为a.更多的列子如：1.（2009福建24） its helpful to put children in a situation _they can see themselves differently.a. that b. when c. which d. where2.（2009浙江14）i have reached a point in my life _i am supposed to make decisions of my own.a. which b. where c. how d. why3. an iraqi reporter during a news conference _threw his shoes at bush and called him a dog in arabic shocked the world.a. who b. where c. whom d. which1.【解析】选d。考查定语从句。句意为：把孩子放在一个能使他们从另外一个角度认识自己的环境中对他们有益。当先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage等名词表示“情况, 方面, 处境”时, 关系副词用where。2. 【解析】选b。考查定语从句。句意为：我已经到了应该自己作决定的那个人生阶段。先行词point和定语从句被介词短语in my life隔开。当先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage等名词表示“情况、方面、处境”时, 定语从句用关系副词where引导。how不能用来引导定语从句; which在定语从句中作主语或宾语; why引导定语从句时先行词应为reason; 因此可排除选项a、c和d。3. 【解析】选d。考查定语从句。此题关键是要根据句意判定是定语从句。句意为：我有时间和孩子们一起度过一天的机会很少。occasions 是先行词, 所选关系词在定语从句中要作时间状语, 故选d项。类似的还有如：4.thosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivity_sightmattersmorethanhearing.a. when b. whose c. which d. where这道题中的activity做地点状语。选d4.【解析】选d：本题考查对定语从句的掌握和运用能力。句意为“那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。”据句子结构判断，空白处缺一引导定语从句的关联词，由于先行词activity在从句中担任地点状语故应该选择关系副词where，因此正确答案为d项。所以大部分的语法解析中提到当situation stage case point这四个词在定语从句中作先行词表示抽象的地点时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用where例如：1. themedia can draw attention tosituationwherehelp is needed.2. wehave reached astagewherewe have almost no rights.3. today, well discuss a number ofcaseswherebeginners of english fail to use the languageproperly.4. we are just trying to reach apointwhereboth sides will sit down together and talk.5. their youngest child is at thestage whereshe can say individual words but not full sentences.练习：用适当的关系副词填空1. today, well discuss a number of cases_ beginners of english fail to use the language properly. awhich bas cwhy dwhere2. those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity_ sight matters more than hearing. awhen bwhose cwhich dwhere3. after graduation she reached a point in her career_ she needed to decide what to do.athat bwhat cwhich dwhere4. can you think out a situation _ this word can be used? awhere bwhose cwhich dwhen5. her illness has developed to the point _ nobody can cure her. athat bwhere cwhich dwhat6. were just trying to reaching a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk.a. when b. that c. where d. which答案及解释：1. 答案d。解析：考查定语从句。先行词是cases，意思是：情况，状态，关系词在从句中作状语，先行词指地点，用where。2. 答案d。解析：考查的是定语从句。dancing is an activity后面是一个定语从句，修饰an activity，在定语从句中缺少状语，所以用where或in which。3. 答案d。解析： 本题考查定语从句的引导词。在定语从句中，当先行词为point, case, situation等时，通常用关系副词where引导。4. 答案a。解析：本题考查定语从句的引导词。在定语从句中，当先行词为point, case, situation等时，通常用关系副词where引导.你能设想出这个单词被使用的场合吗?5. 答案b。解析：本题考查定语从句的引导词。在定语从句中，当先行词为point, case, situation等时，通常用关系副词where引导. 她的病发展到没人能治的地步。6.答案c。解析：本题考查定语从句的引导词。在定语从句中，当先行词为point, case, situation等时，通常用关系副词where引导.定语从句中的“异度空间”作者:王晓玲 郭多海纵观近年来全国各省市高考题，我们不难发现，定语从句一直是高考英语考查的重点、难点和热点。其中由where引导的定语从句这一知识点在每年各地的高考英语试卷中都占有一定比重。然而，很多同学只是根据先行词的词义做判断，若先行词是明确表示地点的名词，就下意识地选用关系副词where；若不是则会有些不知所措，分析失误，从而导致失分。下面笔者就从一些高考题入手，来解析定语从句中的“异度空间”。例1 A bank is the place_they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. （2011浙江卷）A. when B. thatC. where D. there解析 C 主句为主系表结构，先行词place是表示具体地点的名词，被定语从句修饰。定语从句主、谓、宾齐全，故排除that；there不能引导定语从句，也应排除；句末when it begins to rain充当从句时间状语，可排除关系副词when；从修饰关系看，定语从句缺少地点状语，因此用关系副词where或in which来引导。例2 Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut？You should try the barbers_I go. Its only 15. （2010天津卷）A. as B. whichC. where D. that解析 C 句中I go是定语从句，修饰先行词the barbers 。the barbers = the barbers house 是表具体地点的名词，且从句不缺少主语和宾语，可排除which和that；但不及物动词go后缺少地点状语，所以排除选项中的关系代词as。故应选择关系副词where在从句中作状语。一般情况下，关系副词where引导定语从句时，其先行词多为表示具体地点的名词或代词，如street， house， office， family等， 且关系词又在从句中充当地点状语。值得注意的是，有的先行词虽不是表地点的名词，但定语从句同样用关系副词where来引导。如：例3 Its helpful to put children in a situation_they can see themselves differently. （2009福建卷）A. that B. whenC. which D. where解析 D 本句中，定语从句they can see themselves differently修饰先行词situation。situation并不是表示具体地点的名词，译作“环境，境遇”，却是用于表示地点的抽象名词，且在从句中充当地点状语，意为“在的情况下”，可以排除A、B、C，故应选关系副词 where。考生往往会因不能辨识出situation的准确含义而误选其他选项。像例3这种情况很多，并成为了近年来高考的一个难点，本文就此进行了一些总结。一、一些抽象地点的名词后的定语从句常用关系副词where引导近些年高考试题考查where/in which引导的定语从句，大多数采用先行词为抽象名词或用表示地点名词的特殊形式，以此增加考题的难度。这样的名词常见的有：point，“达到程度”； case，“在情形之下”； activity，“在活动范围中”； situation， “在境地”； position，“在情况下或在境地”； relationship，“在关系中” 等等。另外，还要注意下面一些词汇： condition，“在状况中”； environment，“在环境中”； atmosphere，“在氛围中”； surroundings，“在环境中”等。例4 Were just trying to reach a point_both sides will sit down together and talk. （2006山东卷）A. where B. thatC. when D. which解析 A 先行词为point，可译作“目标，目的”，属表地点的抽象名词，从句中不缺少成分，可排除B、D两项。定语从句可还原为both sides will sit down together and talk at the point，point在从句中作地点状语，又可排除when，故应选关系副词where。例5 What do you think of teaching， Bob？ I find it fun and challenging. It is a job_you are doing something serious but interesting. （2009北京卷）A. where B. whichC. when D. that解析 A 从句中先行词为job，表示抽象地点，又因为从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where引导定语从句。很多考生往往单纯地认为先行词job在从句中作宾语，而误选B、D两项。例6 Those successful deaf dancers think that d