建筑类英文翻译.doc

结构住宅的发展前景 钢结构住宅是十五期间我国将重点推广的项目，其具有强度高、结构尺寸小、自重轻、施工速度快，抗震性能好及工业化程度高的特点。本文首先介绍了钢结构住宅的发展现状及它的特点，然后对钢结构住宅的发展前景进行了分析和展望。 关键词：钢结构，钢结构住宅，发展前景1特殊的建筑及钢结构住宅发展现状1.1特殊的建筑的发展现状 改革开放以来，我国的钢产量有了很大的提高，特别是从 1997 年以后，我国的钢产量突破 1 亿吨，但我国的钢结构用钢量占总钢产量的比例仅为 3左右，而在钢结构用钢量中，建筑钢结构用钢量又仅占 10，这与我国作为产钢大国的地位是很不相称的，为此，国家外经贸委会同冶金部制定了在建筑工程中推广使用钢结构的一系列政策措施， 鼓励建筑工程采用钢结构形式，争取在 2010 年建筑钢结构的用量达到总钢产量的 6。2特殊的住宅相比传统结构形式住宅的优势分析2.1特殊的住 宅结构上的优势2.1.1 能合理布置功能区间 利用钢材强度高的特点，设计可采用大开间布置，使建筑平面能够合理分隔，灵活方便，创造开放式住宅。而传统结构（砖混结构、砼结构）由于材料性质限制了空 间布置的自由，如果开间过大，就会造成板厚、梁高、柱大，出现“肥梁胖柱”现象，不但影响美观，而且自重增大，增加造价，购房者在二次装饰时，经常由于自 行改变墙体位置，增加隐患。2.1.2特殊的住宅空间利用率高 在空间使用率上，钢结构的断面小，与钢筋混凝土结构相比可增加建筑有效面积 8左右。在建筑风格上，钢结构建筑也更显灵活丰富，户内空间可多方案分割，可以满足不同用户的需求。2.1.3 自重轻、抗震性能好 相同建筑面积的建筑楼层，钢结构自重轻，根据比较，六层轻钢结构住宅的重量，仅相当于四层砖混结构住宅的重量。而且钢材具有延性，能比较好的消耗地震带来的能量，所以抗震性能好，结构安全度高。2.2特殊的住宅经济性优势2.2.1 施工方便、工期短特殊的构件，可以实行工厂化生产，现场安装。由于现场作业量小，对周围环境污染少，同时，施工机械化程度高，加快了施工速度。根据统计，同样面积建筑物，钢结构比砼结构工期可缩短 1/3，而且可节省支模材料。2.2.2 综合造价低 由于自重轻，基础费用降低，总体用料减少，直接成本降低，建设工期短，间接费又可减少，所以综合造价低。2.2.3 符合住宅产业化和可持续发展的要求特殊的适宜工厂大批量生产，工业化程度高，并且能将节能、防水、隔热、门窗等先进成品集合于一体，成套应用，将设计、生产、施工一体化，提高住宅产业化的水平。 另外， 钢材报废后可实现 100废品再回收利用，所以称“钢结构建筑”为“绿色建筑”毫不为过，它是适应我们人类可持续发展战略的新型建筑形式。3特殊的住宅发展阻力（颈瓶）分析3.1 社会认可度特殊的住宅的发展面临的首要问题是整个社会对这种新住宅体系的接受需要一个过程。轻钢结构住宅体系是在国外尤其是北美地区木结构住宅的基础上发展起来的，这两种体系虽然在国外已经十分成熟和完善，但是对于我国来说却完全是新东西，因而各种困难几乎无处不在。中国的消费者由于长期以来住惯了砖混或钢筋混凝土结构的住宅，从慢慢开始接受到逐步喜欢轻钢结构住宅，也需要一个渐进的过程。3.2 发展钢结构住宅技术上还不够成熟特殊的体 系住宅成套技术，由于过去缺乏技术引导，市场需求没有达到产业化程度，因此，我国的相关产品功能性单一，工业化程度不高，产品质量还不能满足住宅产业化标 准的要求。目前，该技术零散而不系统，技术水平及标准参差不齐，不配套，需进一步研究创新并进行整合。 此外，在建材和部品方面，目前建造轻钢结构试验工程所需材料许多要从国外运来，甚至有些由外商在中国大陆委托加工的部件，往往也只能到国外去采购，在国内市场上一时还找不到。这也制约了钢结构住宅的发展和推广。3.3 专业技术人才缺乏 在人员方面，由于国内无论中等或是高等专业学校的教学内容中均少涉及轻钢结构住宅体系，因此我国建筑类专业的工程技术人员对这一体系知之甚少，而更加缺乏的是熟练技术工人，所以虽然这一体系单纯从技术层面上讲并无多少难度，但真正推行起来却往往缺乏得力的骨干。3.4 工程造价问题 目前轻钢结构住宅在我国大陆的报价大约是同条件传统混凝土结构住宅的 1.5 倍左右，国内消费者近期还难以接受。然而这种价格在国外比起其它结构形式住宅的造价来说， 却具有很强的竞争力，这也就是为什么轻钢结构住宅体系在国外能够蓬勃发展的原因。 任何新技术的产生与发展都是与所处社会的技术经济背景相联系、相适应的，目前美、日、欧等发达国家和地区，人均 GDP 约为我国的 40 至 50 倍，劳动力价格约为我国的 20 至 30 倍，因此，符合产业化生产方式的轻钢结构住宅在发达国家远比我国更易被市场接受。 而我国由于科技和生产力发展水平较低，劳动力价格便宜，尽管轻钢结构住宅的性能和舒适度较高，但其对于传统建筑形式住宅的竞争优势反倒不够明显。因而市场接受起来比较缓慢。3.5 缺乏有针对性的钢结构住宅规范及相应标准 我国的标准规范是针对几十年来大量使用的结构体系编制的，轻钢结构住宅体系此前在我国属于技术空白，所以不能满足我国现行强制性规范的某些条文。例如我国建国以后建造的建筑物多采用砖石和钢筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建筑材料，由此导致我国的建筑设计防火规范在材料选用方面似乎较国外苛刻，轻钢结构住宅难以满足其要求。这种与国内规范不衔接的状况，使轻钢结构住宅项目无论在工程报建阶段还是在工程验收阶段，都会遇到数不尽的障碍与麻烦。3.6特殊的住宅本身缺陷特殊的防火能力差。经过防火处理的钢结构的耐火时间也只有 23 个小时，远远逊色于砖石和钢筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建筑材料。3.7 缺乏相适应的建筑管理模式 在建筑管理方面，我国现行的建筑管理模式与轻钢结构住宅这种工业化生产方式也不适应，我国加入 WTO 以后，国外许多住宅生产企业希望进入中国大陆市场，但是他们搞不清自己来到中国后应当申领什么资质，属于什么身份-设计单位？施工单位？集成商？还是制造商？4特殊的住宅发展前景展望 按发达国家的最低水平推算，我国钢结构用钢量至少有 3600 万吨的发展空间。在近期内，国家将大力发展钢结构建筑，力争每年建筑钢结构用钢将占全国钢材总产量的 3以上，年均钢材消费量为 350 万吨至 400 万吨；到 2015 年，将再翻一番，全国建筑钢结构用钢材占钢材总产量的 6以上，由此可见，钢结构住 宅市场前景十分广阔。4.1 适合建筑用的特种钢将不断涌现 随着我国钢铁企业冶炼技术的提高，为适应市场的需求，适合建筑用的特种钢必将不断的涌现，例如宝钢、武钢等钢铁企业成功开发的耐火耐候钢，它是通过合适的 技术，使钢材含有特定的成分（如加钼等），使钢材的表观结构及金相组织发生变化，从而使钢材本身生成所需的耐火性和耐候性。多种新型建筑用钢的出现将大力 推动钢结构住宅的发展。4.2 国家将重点支持轻钢结构住宅的建设 轻钢结构住宅建设在我国才刚刚涉入，我国现在是一个产钢大国，年产量 3 亿多吨，发展钢结构住宅有很大的潜力。上世纪 90 年代，国家建设部和国家经贸委一致通过，将“轻型钢结构住宅建筑通用体系的开发和应用”作为我国建筑业用钢的突破点，并正式列入国家重点技术创新项目。这一举措为我国的钢结构发展奠定了基础。如今，由于国家的宏观调控作用，房市出现了前所未有的低迷，在这个时机推出钢结构住宅，利用钢结构住宅的优势来吸引市民目光，刺激消费，增加市场的购买力，有着事半功倍的作用。现在发展轻钢结构住宅正逢其时。4.3特殊的住宅建筑技术将不断发展 随着钢结构建筑的发展，钢结构住宅建筑技术也必将不断的成熟，大量的适合钢结构住宅的新材料也将不断的涌现，同时，钢结构行业建筑规范、建筑标准也将随之逐渐完善。相信不久的将来，钢结构住宅必然会给住宅产业和建筑行业带来了一场深层次的革命。4.4 发展钢结构住宅是我国住宅产业化的必由之路 住宅产业化是我国住宅业发展的必由之路，因为这将成为推动我国经济发展新的增长点。钢结构住宅体系易于实现工业化生产，标准化制作，而与之相配套的墙体材料可以采用节能、环保的新型材料，它属绿色环保性建筑，可再生重复利用，符合可持续发展的战略，因此钢结构体系住宅成套技术的研究成果必将大大促进住宅产业化的快速发展，直接影响着我国住宅产业的发展水平和前途。 5 结论 如果说钢筋混凝土结构的发展使施工从手工进入了机械化，那么钢结构的应用就将使住宅施工实现现代化，钢结构住宅将成为建筑现代化发展的一个重要标志。 “钢结构是环保住宅，钢结构符合可持续发展概念”21 世纪钢结构将占领广阔的建筑市场。在我国目前大力推广住宅产业化的时代背景下钢结构体系必将成为住宅结构体系的主流。The prospects of the steel structure houseDuringSteel structure houseDuring the 15 projects in China steel housing is will focus on the promotion of its high strengthstructure small size light weight construction speed seismic performance and the characteristicsof a high degree of industrialization. This paper describes the development of steel housingsituation and its characteristics then the future development of residential steel analysis andoutlook.Key words: steel steel housing development prospectsA steel construction and steel residential status1.1 Development of steel buildingSince the reform and opening up Chinas steel production has been greatly improved especiallyafter 1997 Chinas steel production exceeded 100 million tons but Chinas steel steel ratio of totalsteel production is only about 3 and in the amount of steel in the steel construction steelstructure steel volume is only 10 of steel production in China as a great power status is notcommensurate this the State Economic and Trade Commission in conjunction with the Ministryof Metallurgy has developed in promote the use of steel construction in a series of policy measuresto encourage the use of steel form construction steel structure in 2010 for the amount to 6 of thetotal steel output.2 Residential Steel structure compared to traditional advantages of home2.1 The advantages of steel residential structure2.1.1 The layout features a reasonable interval toUsing the characteristics of high strength steel the design layout of large bays can be used toseparate the construction plane to a reasonable flexible and easy to create an open house. Thetraditional structure brick concrete structure because of material property limits the spatialarrangement of the free if the bay is too large will result in thickness high beam column major aquotfat fat beam columnquot not only affect the appearance and weight increase increased costs homebuyers in the secondary decoration the frequent changes in the wall as their own position andincrease risks.2.1.2 Steel high utilization rate of residential spaceIn the space usage on a small section steel and construction of reinforced concrete structures canincrease the effective area compared to 8. In the architectural style the steel structure also ismore flexible and rich in indoor spaces can be divided over the program to meet the needs ofdifferent users.2.1.3 light weight good seismic performanceBuilding floor area of the same building steel structure light weight according to comparison sixlight weight steel structure house brick house is only equivalent to the weight of four. And steelductile better able to consume the energy of the earthquake the seismic performance structuralsafety is high.2.2 The economic advantages of residential steel2.2.1 Construction short time limitSteel structures factory production can be implemented on-site installation. Because a smallamount of field operations the surrounding environmental pollution at the same time constructionof the high degree of mechanization speed up the construction pace. According to statistics thesame area of the building steel structure concrete structure construction period can be shortenedmore than 1 / 3 and can save formwork materials.2.2.2 Integrated low costAs the light weight lower cost basis the overall material reduction in direct costs shortconstruction period and reduce indirect costs so an integrated low cost.2.2.3 meet the housing industry and the requirements of sustainable developmentSteel suitable for mass production factories the high degree of industrialization and is able energysaving waterproof heat insulation doors windows and other advanced product set in onecomplete applications will design manufacture construction and integration improve thehousing industry level.In addition steel scrap would be achieved in 100 of waste recycled so called quotsteel buildingquot asa quotgreen buildingquot is not too much it is to adapt our strategy of sustainable human development ofnew architectural forms.3 steel residential development resistance neck bottle analysis3.1 Social acceptanceSteel housing is the major problem facing the development of society as a whole to accept the newhousing system needs a process. Light steel housing system is in a foreign country especially inNorth America timber structure Jichu developed on which two kinds of system while in foreigncountries has been very matured and improved but for our country is totally a new thingYinergezhong difficulties almost everywhere. As Chinese consumers have long used to the brickor reinforced concrete structure house slowly began to receive progressively from light steelstructure like residential also requires a gradual process.3.2 rise steel technologies are not matureComplete steel structure system of residential technology the past lack of technical guidancemarket demand did not meet the level of industry Thus our functional single-related productslow level of industrialization product quality can not meet the requirements of domestic industryHua standards. Currently the technology rather than fragmented systems varying skill levels andstandards not complete but needs further research and innovation and integration.In addition building materials and parts the current pilot project will require the construction oflight steel structure in many materials shipped from abroad and even some foreign investors inmainland China commissioned by the processing of parts often can only go abroad to purchasein the domestic market Can not find a time. This also restricts the development and promotion ofdomestic steel.3.3 Lack of professional and technical personnelIn terms of personnel the domestic secondary or higher professional schools regardless of theteaching contents are less involved in light steel structure house so my architectural professionalengineers know little about this system but more the lack of a skilled workers so although thesystem is not purely a technical level how much difficulty but the real lack of effectiveimplementation of them is often the backbone.3.4 Cost issuesLight steel structure housing the current offer in the mainland of China is about the traditionalconcrete structure with conditions 1.5 times residential domestic consumers in the near termunacceptable. However this price structure in foreign countries other than the cost of housing is itis highly competitive which is why the light steel structure house abroad the reason can flourish.Any new technology and the emergence and development of both technical and economic contextin which society is linked adapt and now the United States Japan Europe and other developedcountries and regions Chinas per capita GDP of about 40 to 50 times labor cost is about for our20 to 30 times thereforeMeet the industrial production of light steel structure house than in developed countries moreeasily accepted by the market in China. In China the development in technology and lowproductivity low labor costs despite the light steel structure residential high performance andcomfort but for the traditional forms of residential building competitive advantage Fandaovisibility. Therefore market acceptance up slow.3.5 lack of targeted domestic norms and the corresponding standard steelOur standards are widely used for decades prepared the structural system light steel structurehouse had a technical gap in China so China can not meet certain provisions of the existingmandatory standard. For example the construction of buildings in China after the founding ofmasonry and reinforced concrete multi-use properties such as good fire-resistant constructionmaterials which led to Chinas quotarchitectural design code for fire protectionquot in the materialselection appears to be more foreign harsh light steel structure housing can not meet theirrequirements . This specification does not converge with the domestic situation so that light steelstructure resid