(解读)大学英语作文题型分析.doc

大 学 英 语 作 文 题 型 分 析博思环球论文网讯：大学英语四、六级考试大纲规定，写作考试时间30分钟。要求考生写出一篇100120词的短文，写作的题型可分为如下几类：试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写，或给出关键词要求写出短文，要求能正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作内容包括日常生活和一般常识。”写作时间规定为30min，这30rain可做如下安排：17min，审题、构思；827min，组织词句和写作；2830min，修改、定稿。7min审题和构思是非常重要的。这里包括对题目的理解，确定主题思想，在心中或书面拟订一个提纲等。20min的写作时间，平均1min写56个词，这个速度不算快。但是，假如前面7win没有构思好，边构思边写作，或边写边改，就会远远低于这个速度。3min的修改、定稿时间，包括语法结构、单词拼写、标点符号、大、小写，都要一一认真仔细地去做。在卷面上作一些改动几乎是难免的，但要尽量保持卷面整洁、字迹清楚。文章的长度规定为100120个词，写的时候对句子的长度心中要有数。如每句10个词左右，就写1012句；如每句8个词上下，就大约可写1315句，这样可以避免写完后发现词数太多或太少，再去想办法增删。这段内容规定了写作内容、写作时间、文章长度、命题方式和写作要求。写作内容包括日常生活和一般常识，这样既可以避免偏向任何一个专业，影响考试结果的客观性，又可让学生在一定程度上重视日常英语。日常英语往往最能反映语言共性。此外，我们的学生也需要具备与外国人进行日常生活交流的能力。我们对于写作的要求就是要“意义连贯，无重大语法错误”，是让考生重视交流、重视表达，并适当地注意语法结构。所以，最值得我们注意的是命题方式。我们务必要熟悉这些命题方式，并根据这些方式作一定的练习，这样我们才能练出并且能更好地发挥我们的水平。根据大学英语四、六级考试大纲，写作题型可分以下几种类型： 第一节 段首句作文 所谓段首句作文，又称主题句作文。命题者一般在试卷上给出题目，同时给出每段的段首句，令考生根据每段第一句的思路写文章。这种作文，其段首句多数表达该段的中心思想，即为主题句那么准确地理解段首句的含义就成了写好文章的 因为主题句概括了全段的主题思想，段落必须以该段首句为中心去写，即重点突出、紧扣主题。而要领会段首句的含义，其关键是反复推敲，找出句中的关键词。然后，按照段首句所限定的主题思想围绕着关键词这个核心去扩展、深化主题句的内容+而各段的中心思想都分别从不同角度、不同层面去展开全篇的主题思想。同时，各段落之间或保持平列的横向关系，或保持纵向的平属关系。但有些作文，尤其是记叙文，段首句不一定是主题句，而可能只是文章或段落的提示句或开场白。因而审这种题型的第一步是看段首句究竟是不是主题句。还有些作文题给出段首句及结尾句，有的则给出了段首句及段首词，要求我们的考生根据所给作文题目、句子或词语续写文章。因为从题目和段首句上可以很容易地判断出文章的体裁和写作目的，所以它也是一种控制性作文。在写作时，要分清各段之间的逻辑关系，做好结构安排，避免各段在内容和语句上的重复。例1Dirctions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition abou Happiness in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph are required to develop the idea in completing the paragraph. Your part of the composition should be about 100 words, not including the words given. Remember to write clearly.Happiness What is happiness? Happiness is of great importance in everyones life. Happiness is related to health. 【范文】 HappinessWhat is happiness? To this question different people give different answers. Chil-dren usually think it happy to eat something delicious or play with interesting toys, whileparents consider it joyful to see their sons and daughters succeed. For a stamp collector, a rare stamp brings more delight than delicacies. For an inventor, a successful design more than anything else gives him greatest satisfaction. Although happiness varies fromperson to person in its meaning, it is the goal all people are pursuing.Happiness is of great importance in everyones life. This chief attracticharms people to work hard, making success still more successfui and helping the disap-pointed cheer up. It always promises hope by which some people go on living. Whenone has suffered a great deal and comes to the edge of despair, it is often happiness thathe imagines will come that gives him the courage and desire to struggle again.Happiness is related to health. A happy mind often makes a strong body. A gooddoctor who knows it notices whether his patient is happy or not. If his patient is not hap-py he tries to make the patient in good mood. In this way he can cure the disease soon-er. On the other hand, unhappiness itself is a kind of disease that hurts health and shortens life. It is well known that anxiety makes young people turn gray - haired and is appointment deprives the victim of ambition. Shakespeare said, One who is unhappy can never get a beneficial result. Lets remember his warning and keep a smile on ourface. 例2Dirctions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition abou Pollution in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph are required to develop the idea in completing the paragraph. Your part of the composition should be about 100 words, not including the words given. Remember to write clearly.Pollution is become more and more serious all over the world. People are showing a growing concern over the problem. Fortunately, measures have been taken to cope with the situation. 【范文】 PollutionPollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world.For example, the poisonous gas sent off by factories and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people to breath. For another example, waste water keeps pouring into rivers and lakes; as a result, many water lives are dying out. Furthermore, everywhere we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence.People are showing a growing concern over the problem.For example, there is an increasingly loud voice from the public calling for firm action against pollution. Scientists have warned that unless effective solutions are worked out, the problem of pollution will eventually get out of hand. Indeed, the earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our later generations.Fortunately, measures have been taken to cope with the situation.First, many new laws have been passed to place strict control over industrial pollution. Secondly, a large-scale program is now underway to educate people to be responsible citizens in fighting pollution. Finally, the plants and has encouraged scientists to work out more and better ways to reduce pollution. It is hoped that all these measures will be effective and bring back a healthful world. 第二节 提纲作文 提纲作文是各种英语考试的主要题型之一。它限题比较具体，对作文的立意、范围和体裁进行了较为明确的提示。博思环球论文网提示我们的考生应把重点放在如何紧扣文章题目、以提纲为线索发展组织文章上。这时要注意正确处理提纲材料中所给出的句子，不要只是生硬地把汉语提纲译为英文或把英语提纲直接套用，因为提纲材料中的句子只是提供各段的中心思想，并不一定都作为段首句。应该用自己的话，按照提纲材料的提示写出明确清晰的主题句，写出段与段之间内容统一、思想连贯的文章。例1Directions:For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition onthe topic My Favorite Form of Tranport in Traveling. You should write no less than 120 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below：有的人喜欢乘火车旅游。有的人则喜欢乘船旅游。比较起来，我更喜欢【范文】 My Favorite Form of Transport in TravelingWhenever we have decided on the place where we will spend a summer vacation, there are various forms of transport, trains are the most popular means, but I prefer to travel ship. Admittedly, traveling by train is much faster than by sea. But hardly anyone can positively enjoy sitting in a smoky, stuffy and crowded train compartment for more few hours. Stuck among human flesh, you either feel too uncomfortable to say anything or fall asleep most of the time to the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails. By comparison, traveling by ship is an interesting and rewarding experience. Low cost apart, it offers us a rare opportunity to enjoy the beautiful scenery at sea or along the banks of a river. And the trip itself is part of the holidy: during the journey, we can make new friends, meet interesting people, play games of different kinds ,or simply relax ourselves on the spacious decks.A ship is to me a place of refuge, a restful pause in life, and this is what I badly need: to relieve the strain of a whole years studies on the campus. 例2：Directions:For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of Population Problems. You should write no less than 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：Outline:Present state of population Some big problems of population How to control the rapid increase of population 【范文】 Population ProblemsAs world population becomes denser, we will feel greater pressure form the expanding number of people. If nations, both rich and poor, continue to grow, they will cause global problems.The most pressing problem of the over population is a shortage of natural resources, because population growth will certainly accompany reductions in resources which are limited. Another serious problem is a shortage of food. At present a large proportion of the population is not getting enough of the right kind of food. Population expansion is not a series of problems in housing, health care, transportation, education, employment an welfare, which have hindered rise in peoples living standard.To control the rapid increase of population, we must recognize that the situation today is that the worlds population is increasing faster than the supply of food and available resources, and the human habitat is in danger. Therefore, we should turn to compulsory birth control to prevent further expansion of population. Only by controlling it can the world have a bright future. 第三节 规定情景作文 规定情景作文就是不给主题句，用汉语或英语给出题目和一定的情景提示，有时还给出开篇段开头句的一种命题作文。由于这种命题作文提供了文章的主要思想、背景材料、信息等，也就将写作的内容、写作体裁(如是否用信件形式、议论文、说明文等)及写作意图的走向限制在某一个特定的范围内。因此，规定情景作文的写作内容不能由应试者自由发挥，只能根据提供的信息或思想，进行写作，其目的是检查考生能否用英语有效的表达思想、传递信息。这类文章虽然没有提纲作文和段首句作文对文章内容限定得那么明确具体，但写作审题时不能忽视任何一个提示细节。要认真研究提示，弄清文章的思路；要紧扣情景，避免随意性，找出情景里的关键词并加以充分利用，进而把提示和标题紧密结合起来；确立主题和体裁，考虑用什么表现手段来陈述和发挥提示内容，制定出条理清晰的提纲，最后组织语句并成文。例1Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about Youth in 10020 words. You may base your composition on the following instructions (given in Chinese). Remember to write clearly.青春是人生的一份珍贵礼物和黄金时期。一生中青春只有一回，所以我们不应荒废、蹉跎。假如我们认识到青春的珍贵，那我们在年轻时就应不断进取。【范文】 YouthYouth is a precious gift and a golden time in our life. When we are young, we are strong and healthy. It is the time for us to prepare ourselves to become responsible citizens.Youth comes only once in a lifetime; therefore, it is important that we should not waste those years in idleness and meaningless living. This is also the time when our memories are the best. We are able to learn more during this time than when we become older. During our younger years, we have the enthusiasm to set high goals for ourselves. We also try to overcome obstacles in our way.If we realize how precious youth is, we will be self-fulfilled when we are young as well as when we are older. If we waste our youth, we will spend the rest of our life wishing we could be young again.例2Directions:Suppose that you have got the news that the University of Science and Technology of China is offering a scholarship in chemistry and that you have just received an M.S. degree in chemistry and are eager to have the opportunity to have a personal interview. You are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter of application for the scholarship in no less than 120 words to the following addresses. Use your address for the heading.Dr. Zhang Xuezhang, ChairDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, Anhui 230026【范文】A Letter of Application92 Dazhi StreetHarbin Heilongjiang 150001July 5, 2002Dr.Zhang Xuezhang, ChairmanDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, Anhui 230026Dear Dr. Zhang:I have read the announcement of the scholarship in chemistry that the University of Science and Technology of China is offering, and I would like to submit my application.The enclosed application form for admission to the graduate school of you university will provide you with my educational history. However, I would like to point out that I have just received an M.S. degree in chemistry with high honors. For one semester I acted as teaching assistant in chemistry, working with Professor Zhao Guanghua. My thesis involves polymer chemistry, which I understand is a specialty at the University of Science and Technology of China. I would like to concentrate in the field for my advanced studies.If you should require further information, I shall be happy to provide it. I would welcome the opportunity to have a personal interview with you at your early convenience.Sincerely,Liu Yu 第四节 关键词作文 大学英语四级考试中，有一种给出题目和关键词的作文形式。试卷所提供的关键词是考生在写作时必须用上的词或词组，有时文题所提供的关键词不分类、不分组；有时，所提供的关键词进行了分组。给出的词语一般只给出原形，不要求按关键词出现的顺序组织文章。对于这种作文，考生不仅要注意时态的变化，同时还要注意，关键词作文不是简单地连词成句或造几个句子。在写作时要根据文章情节发展的需要或材料的安排，灵活地把所提供的词语全部用上(也可重复使用)。考生首先要做的是应该顺着关键词思考、组织材料，理解题旨，吃准题目要求写什么，怎么写。最好写出主题句，列出一个简单实用的提纲。然后据此把关键词组合成合乎题旨的句子，把这些句子组合成篇章。最后检查是否把所有的关键词都利用上了，是否恰当地表达了主题，文章是否做到了内容充实、有理有据。博思环球论文网 下面通过实例说明关键词作文的写作过程：例1Directions: Write a composition on the topic Energy. Your composition should be based on the following key words and expressions. You are not allowed to include all of them. Remember to write clearly and present your own idea.Key Words and expressions:make use of abilitydestroy common sourceemploy the law of conservationcreate do workcapable formapplication change经过分析，可把关键词划分三组，并拟定三段文章的提纲：第一段：definition: energy , the ability to do workclassification: different forms of energy-heat, light, solar energy .第二段：conservation of ( forms of )energy: not be created, not be destroyed; examples: electric energy into sound energy in a radio; or into light energy in the TV set第三段：uses of energy: some examples-electricity, heat from the sun, atomic energy根据上面的提纲，写出三段的首句，分别是：What is energy? By energy we mean the ability to do work.Energy can be changed from one form into another (form) in different ways.Energy has wide application everywhere and everyday.根据段首句所含的意思按写作要求行文，全文如下：【范文】 EnergyWhat is energy? By energy we mean the ability to do work. There are different forms of energy, such as heat energy, sound energy, light energy, mechanical energy, electrical energy, atomic energy, solar energy and so on. Energy exists in many forms, but comes from a common source-the sun.Energy can be changed from one form into another in different ways. For example, electric energy becomes sound energy in the radio set or becomes light in the TV set. But energy is capable of neither being created nor being destroyed. This is called the law of conservation of energy.Energy has wide application everywhere and everyday. But it cannot be used up. It can be stored as coal, oil, or gas. It can be felt as heat from the sun and can be controlled to serve us. And atomic en