11.第十一章 关系词(54-60).doc

11.第十一章 关系词（54-60）关系词关系代名词的种类关系代名词=连接词+代名词 (代名词就是代替名词，功能避免重复)We met a man. The man directed us to the factory.= We met a man and he directed us to the factory. and (连接词)+he(代名词)= who.= we met a man who directed us to the factory. (在关系代词前面的词是先行词，关系代词=先行词，who也是主词)一. 关系代名词的种类和格主格+(动词)I have a friend who (=that) likes music very much. (that是人,物,事物都可以用的关系词) Who (=that) likes music very much. 又是形容词子句;补充说明friend;Who 也是主词所有格+(名词)The student whose mother died yesterday is absent today. (whose是人,物,事物都可以用的)The student whose mother died yesterday, 整个句子是大主词.whose mother died yesterday.是形容词子句修饰friend.The student is absent today. 仍是主要字句受格+(主词+动词+)This is the man whom I spoke of. =This is the man that I spoke of.=This is the man I spoke of. (受格的关系代名词可以省略)二.关系代名词的用法 格 先行词主格+V所有格+N受格+S+V+(介词)人whowhosewhom1. I dont like people. They lost their tempers easily. 这句讲的是People. lost 是动词,动词前面用主格who=I dont like people who lose their tempers easily.2. I have a classmate. Her mother is a famous singer. = I have a classmate whose mother is a famous singer. mother是名词，名词前面用所有格whose.3. I met some friends. whom I hadnt seen them for ages. (是受格关代)= I met some friends whom I hadnt seen for ages. (受格关代还可以省略)注意：人称代名词的受格关代会在动词或介词的后面。 关系代名词的受格关代会在拿到主词，动词的前面，因为要紧跟先行词。4.不吃肉类的人称为素食主义者。People who dont eat meat are called vegetarian. 5.所有你所照顾的孩子都会喜爱游泳。（先行词是所有的孩子）All the children (whom) you take care of, will enjoy swimming. 重点句子 enjoy+Ving关代种类的表格 格 先行词主格+V所有格+N受格+S+V+(介词)事,物,动物whichWhoseOf whichWhich1. English is a language. It is spoken all over the world.= English is a language which is spoken all over the world. (language=it , it 是主词，关系代词用which.)2. He looked for a car. Its engine was in good condition. (car=its; engine 是名词，名词前面用所有格)= He looked for a car whose engine was in good condition. (whose用的最多)He looked for a car. The engine of the car was in good condition. = He looked for a car the engine of which was in good condition.= He looked for a car of which the engine was in good condition.3. Where is the parcel?We received it this morning. (it是动词后面的受格，所以用受格关代 which.并紧跟先行词parcel.)= Where is the parcel which we received this morning? (受格关代的which还可以省略)4.这是一份必须被更正的声明。This is a statement which must be corrected. (must be 是动词，动词前面用主格)关代种类的表格 格先行词主格+V所有格+N受格+S+V+(介词)人,事物,动物thatWhich1.他正在和一位红发女孩儿谈恋爱。He is in love with a girl who (=that) has red hair. (主格关代不可以省略)2.棒球是大多数男孩喜欢的运动。Baseball is the sport which (=that) most boys like. 重点：下列情形只能以that做为关系代名词先行词前有最高级,序数1.今天是我们经历过最寒冷的一天。Today is the coldest day (that) we have ever experienced. (the coldest 为最高级,因此关代用 that)2.头一件你需要做的事就是研读数学。The first thing that you have to do is (to) study mathematics.(first thing 是序数所以用that, that 又是受格关代，所以可以省略)先行词同时有人和事物The driver and the car that had fallen into the sea were quickly recovered.先行词中有疑问词who, which 避免重复Who that has common sense could believe such a thing?(疑问句Who 后面是has 动词，一次关代用that)Which is the picture Mary painted? (先行词是picture, 后面是主词+动词，受格关代应该用which避免重复所以用that)先行词为the only, the very, the same等He is the only man that I love.先行词为不定式名词 thingAll that said was not truth.My brother fired about anything that needed repairing.重点：关系代名词和介词 （受格+S+V+介词）1. Is that the man? You lent the money to him. (受格关代如果紧跟先行词，必须紧跟先行词。) = Is that the man whom (=that) you lent the money to. (whom(=that) 也可以省略掉。him 改成关代。= Is that the man to whom you lent the money? (如果介系词拿到受格关系代名词的前面，关代不能再用that 了。受格关系代名词也不能省略。)2.那班我正在等的火车现在已经晚了30 分钟了。The train which I am waiting for is half an hour late now.= The train for which I am waiting is half an hour late now.若为动词/ 形容词+介词，组成的片语时，介词只能放后面。This is the man whom I worked with.= This is the man with whom I worked.思考方式： I worked with the man. (with 解释为和.一起工作。这里的受格关代不可以省略，不可以用that)This is the habit which you must to do with. 戒掉习惯：do with the habit. (在这个例句里面，with 不能拿到which 的前面，因为do with 在这里是一个动词短语，具有独特意义，所以不能拿到前面去。)总结：如果后面的介词是单独的介词，可以放到受格关代的前面，如果它是一个介词短语或动词短语，不可以拆开，也不可以拿到受格关代的前面重点：关系代名词的省略受格关代可省略1.我们在街上遇见的女士是我们的老师The lady whom we met on the street is our teacher. (whom是受格关代可以省略)当补语的主格关代可省略She was a cheerful girl.She is not the cheerful girl. 2个句子：一个是现在式，一个是过去式，并且对象相同，要以现在式为主要字句，那么she was a cheerful girl是副词字句。副词字句里面的a cheerful girl可以省略。)She is not the cheerful girl (that) she was. (be 动词后面是补语，that代替了 a cheerful girl 所以that在这里是补语，补语的主格关代还可以省略。)There / Here Be V 的句型中，关代可省略有人想要见你. There is someone (who) wants to meet you.关代后有There / here be V 时，关代可省略1.这是这家店里唯一的一个蝴蝶领结。分析：This is the only bow tie.这是唯一的蝴蝶领结。 There is a bow tie in this store.这家店里的蝴蝶领结。This is the only bow tie (that) there is in this store. (因为先行词是the only,所以关代用的是that) 格先行词主格+V所有格+N受格+S+V+(介词)含先行词(what在这里没有中文释)what-WhatWhat=the thing(s) which All that Anything thatWhat 扮演者3 格角色：1.先行词 2. 代名词 3. 连接词1.我所要的是心灵平静。What I want is peace of mind. (What= The thing which I want) is peace of mind.2.她告诉侦探们他们想要知道的所有的事情。(所有 all 受格关代用 that)She told the detectives all (that) they wanted to know. （They (S)+ Wanted(V)）= She told the detectives all they wanted to know.= She told the detectives what they wanted to know.-what they wanted to know 也是补语I dont know what they were talking about. (What= all that, the things which, anything that)I dont know what he is.A: 我不知道他们谈论的事情。（关代）B: 我不知道他们在谈论什么。（疑问词）重点：含有what 的惯用表现What is called / what we (=you, they) Call所谓的1.他是所谓的活字典。He is what is called a walking-dictionary.2.她是所谓的音乐天才。She is what we call a musical genius.= She is what is called a musical genius.A is to what B is to A之于- 的关系正如B 之于-的关系空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。Air is to us what water is to fish. (what犹如)文化之于心犹如事物之于身体。Culture is to mind what food is to body. (what犹如)What A is (was / used to be)今日的A /昔日的A1.他不再是10年前的她。She is not what she was ten years ago.2.什么使得中国变成今天这种样子? What has made China what she is?What is+比较级-(更 的是)What is more (更好的是;而且 ;) 通常用在正面状况He is a bright boy, (and) what is more, he is kindhearted.What is worse= to make matters worse. (更糟糕的是) 通常用在负面状况They lost their way, and what was worse, night was coming on.What with and (what with) 则因; 则因 (在一个不好的原因之下，产生不好的结果) 通常用在负面状况What with overwork and (what with) poor meals, she fell ill. Fall-fell-fallen.三限度用法和非限度用法We have two daughters who became nurses. (限定) 我有2为成为护士的女儿。没有逗号 (who=that)（没有说明他们总共有几个女儿，但是在他们的女儿当中，其中两个成为了护士。）We have 2 daughter, and they became nurses.(非限定-补述) （and they = who）有逗号是补充叙述（说明他们总共有2个女儿，并且两个都成为了护士。） (who不可以以that 开代换)重点：非限定用法1. I called Brian, who had called me while I was out. Brian先打电话给我，我才回的他。注意时态讲解：who 就是指的是Brian。这里的who=because he, 因为连接词+代名词等于关系代名词2. I bought a hat, which was too big for me. 讲解：which指的是hat, which=but it)3. He bought some apples, two of which he gave her.讲解：which指的是some apples, two of which=and two of them.4. This poem, which everybody knows, is by Shelley. (主要子句: This poem is by Shelley.)讲解：which everybody knows是补述用法5. My mother expects me to become a doctor, which is not easy. (which 指的是成为医生的这件事。)6. He tore up my photo, which upset me. (which指的是撕掉我照片的这件事。) (tear当动词是撕掉的意思. tear up 动词短语：撕成碎片，过去式tore up.)四，关系副词关系副词=连接词+副词先行词场所时间理由无关系副词wherewhenwhyhow重点：Where （前面的先行词必须是场所，也就是地点）1. This is the place. There I first met my wife.= This is the place where I first met my wife.2. Heres a map of the town. There Aunt Sally lives.= Heres a map of the town where Aunt Sally lives.3.我们发现一家餐厅，那儿的事物精美可口。We found a restaurant where the food was delicious.重点：先行词为case, point, situation等,也可用where. (在这样的情况下)There are the cases where this rule does not apply.重点：When1. Sunday is the day. Then I have no school. （school也可以指抽象的求学） = Sunday is the day when I have no school.2. That was the time. Then Dinosaurs lived. Dinosaurs 恐龙= That was the time when Dinosaurs lived.3. The day when we can live in outer space will come. (outer space 外太空)=The day will come when we can live in outer space. 重点：Why1.他缺席的原因不明。The reason why he was absent wasnt clear. = The reason wasnt clear why he was absent.2.我真的很喜欢甜食，那就是我的牙齿不好的原因。美语：我喜欢吃甜食。 I have a sweet tooth.I really like sweets, thats the reason why my teeth are bad.重点：How (通常没有明确的先行词)1. This is how the riot happened. (没有明确的先行词，所以用how)Riot 暴动 2. This is the way that he solved the problem. (有明确的先行词the way,所以用that)= This is how he solved the problem。注意： 关系副词的先行词,通常可省略。1.星期二是垃圾车来的日子。Tuesday is (the day) when the garbage truck comes. The day 也是时间所有可以省略。2.晚春是这里雨季开始的时期。Late spring is (the time) when the rainy season begins here. the time 可以省略3.这里我早出发的理由。This is the reason why I left early. = This is (the reason) why I left early. = This is the reason I left early.重点: that 有时可做为关系副词来代替where, when, why 等。通常代替 when 的情形较多,此时that 可以省略。1.我几乎不记得跟她头一次见面的日子。思考：我几乎不记得日子。I remember the day little. Little 否定字。 Little do I remember the day that (=when) I first met her. 补充说明。2.我不喜欢他说话的样子。 I dont like the way (that) he talks. 先行词是the way 的时候,只能用that不能用how the way that 代替关系副词的how, that也可以省略掉重点: 关系副词 where 及 when 可以用于非限定用法。（非限定用法就是补充说明的意思）3. She moved to New York, where she opened a boutique. Boutique 精品店她搬到纽约去了，她在哪儿开了一家精品店。4. I was taking a shower, when the lights went out.五.复合关系词关系代名词+ever无论是谁：Whoever= anyone who / who (m) ever=anyonewho是主格关代后面加动词,Whom是受格关代，前面加 S+V 无论哪一个：Whichever= any one that / whatever= anything that Any one 代替是单数名词关系副词+everWhenever= at any time whenWherever=at any place where1.他设法帮助需要帮助的任何一个人。He tired to help anyone (that=who) was in need of help. 先行词是人anyone.后面是Be动词.主格关代用who或用that. Anyone that又等于whoever. 所以还可以说： He tired to help whoever was in need of help.2.自行取用任何你想要的东西。Help yourself to any one that you want. (Any one that= whichever)= Help yourself to whichever that you want.3.今天我请客。你可以点任何你喜欢的菜。Ill treat you today; you can order anything that you like. Anything that = whatever= Ill treat you today; you can order whatever you like.重点：符合关系词可表示“让步: 无论,不论，不管的意思”Whoever= no matter whoWhichever= no matter whichWhatever= no matter whatWhenever= no matter whenWherever= no matter whereHowever= no matter how1.无论是谁打电话来，我都不想接。Whoever is calling, I dont want to answer the phone.= No matter who is calling, I dont want to answer the phone.2.无论发现什么事，我将永远爱你。Whatever happens, I will always love you.= No matter what happens, I will always love you.3.无论我在哪里，我都会想起你。I will be thinking of you no matter where I am.= I will be thinking of you wherever I am.4.无论你能走的多块，天黑前还是无法达到。No matter how fast you may walk. You will not be able to arrive.= However fast you may walk, you will not be able to arrive.六关系形容词及as, but, than 关系形容词=连接词+形容词(+ Noun)1. I gave the child all the little money.I had all the little money then.分析：all the little money 用that 来代替。That 是have动词的受格，并且为了让它和先行词接近所以 that 提到前面，紧跟先行词。所以为：I gave the child all the little money that I had then. (all that 是形容词,that 连接词,可以用关系形容词what来代替) =I gave the child what little money I had then. （What 解释为所有的。）2. Nancy waited with all the patience.She could command all the patience.Nancy waited with all the patience that she could command. (all that是形容词,that连接词可用关系形容词what来代替)= Nancy waited with what patience she could command. （What