江苏大学研究生英语课程讲义整理

Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation1. Definition of LiteratureLiterature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.2. Classification of Literature1) Textbooks(教科书)：In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning.2) Monographs(专著)：A monograph is an artide or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply.3) Papers(论文)：A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc.4) Encyclopedias(百科全书)：An encyclopedia is a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order.5) Periodicals(期刊)：A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals.6) Special Documentation(特别文件)：Special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals. 3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature1) Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing.2) Syntactically(在语句构成上), scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary.3) Morphologically(在词法上), scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word.4) Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc.4. Discussion1. What is your opinion on the importance of translation? Can you cite some examples to support your idea?As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. for example , in the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC; while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC).A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds. For example ,the ordinary word “menu”. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals. However, when it is used in computer science, its meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.”2. What is translation? Do you agree with the authors point of view? Why or why not?If the word “translation” refers to a subject, it is a science. If it refers to some specific pieces of translation, it is more like an art. If it refers to a process, we may regard it as a craft or skill.Yes, because the answer depends on how we understand or interpret the word “translation”.3. How is translation generally categorized? Which categories are you familiar with?In terms of languages, translation can be divided into two categories: from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa.In terms of the mode, it can be divided into oral interpretation and written translation.In terms of materials to be translated, there are translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works, etc.In terms of disposal, it can be either full-text translation, abridged translation or adapted translation.4. How do you understand Mr. Yans three-word guide xin, da, ya? Whats your opinion on the principles or criteria of translation?Xin, da, ya namely, “faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅)”. The principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same coin. On the part of the translator, he or she should follow them while translating; whereas on the part of the reader or critic, he or she may use the principles and criteria to evaluate translation works.Accuracy (准确) and smoothness (流畅).5. What are literal translation（直译） and free translation（意译）? And what principles should a translator abide by in applying them?Literal translation means not to alter the original words and sentences.Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.In the application of literal translation, we should endeavor to rid ourselves of stiff patterns and rigid adherence to translation rules, trying to be flexible; while in the practice of free translation, we should be cautious of subjectivity, avoiding groundless affirmation or arbitrary fabrication.6. What do you know about translation techniques in general? And scientific literature translation in particular?Generally speaking, the basic translation techniques include: (1) Diction (选词用字); (2) Amplification (增益); (3) Omission (省略); (4) Repetition (重复); (5) Conversion (转换); (6) Rearrangement (词译调整); (7) Negation (正说反译，反说正译); (8) Division (长句拆译).Scientific materials stress their preciseness.Unit 2 Professional Papers1. Definition of professional papers A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.2. Classification of professional papers 1) Report Paper：The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject.2) Research paper：A research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.3) Course Paper：Course papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term, also called “term paper”.4) Thesis Paper：Unlike report papers, the thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend.3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers1) Formal Style（正式性）：A professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. Generally speaking, formal writing sets an unusually high value on objectivity, meticulousness, accuracy, and restraint.2) Specialized Terms（专业性）：The terms in professional papers are typically specialized.3) Rigid Sentence Structure（严谨的句式结构）：The arguments in professional papers will be concisely and concretely.4) Formatted Elements（固定的内容格式）：A complete professional paper usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.4. Discussion1. How is a professional paper defined? What is your understanding of a professional paper?A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.The task of the author of a paper is to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it. A professional paper must conform to a special format. A professional paper involves the use of library sources from which facts, quotations, and the opinions of others are drawn to explain , support , or authenticate ideas in the paper.2. How are papers classified? What are the similarities and differences between/among them?Report Paper, Research Paper, Course Paper, Thesis Paper.3. What are the linguistic features of professional papers?Formal Style, Specialized Terms, Rigid Sentence Structure, Formatted Elements.4. Where can you search for different kinds of papers from various sources?Journals（期刊）/Acta（学报）/ Bulletins, Circulars or Gazettes（公告，通告）/ Rapid Communications/ Reviews/ Proceedings/ Dissertation Abstract International/ Comprehensive Dissertation Index (CDI)（综合报告索引）/ On line Access to Dissertation.5. Dictionstory(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.（event）这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。(2) It is quite another story now. （situation）现在的情况完全不同了。(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. （inside information）有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。(4) Hell be very happy if that story holds up. （statement）如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。(5) The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest. （experience）丽泰海华丝的遭遇算是最惨的了。(6) A young man came to Scottis office with a story. （law case）一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。书(1) 申请书Letter of Application(2) 报告书 Report(3) 协议书 Agreement(4) 成绩通知书Grade Report(5) (使用)说明书Directions(6) 旅行委托书Booking Form(7) 成交确认书 Sales Confirmation(8) 电视机使用说明书Television Operation Guide(9) 白皮书WhiteBook(10) 家书Letter from Homedevelop(1) His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发动机)(2) Modem aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (产生)(3) Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. (发明)(4) A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.（提出）(5) Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success. (丰富)(6) To develop the capabilities of geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. (提高)(7) Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. (培育新品种)(8) As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. (患上结核病)(9) We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich. (开发资源)(10) Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.(开采矿床)(11) In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science. (进行设计)base(1) The lathe should be set on a firm base.车床应安装在坚实的底座上。(机械)(2) As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。(化学)(3) A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.晶体管有三个电极，即发射极，基极和集电极。(电子)(4) Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.AB 线是三角形ABC的底边。 (数学)(5) He is on the second base.他在二垒。(体育)Unit Three Reports1. Definition of ReportA report is a form of communication in which the writer gives information to some person or organization because it is his/her responsibility to do so.2. Content of ReportReports are usually expected to include the following:1) Information or the data that the writer has been able to collect, which may be general or detailed.2) Calculations which the writer has been able to work out after considering all the data that he/she has been able to collect.3) Conclusions at the end of the report in addition to those referred to above.4) A recommended course of action, with the recommendations clearly based on the conclusions that the author has previously mentioned.3. Classification of Reports1) Informal Reports：Informal reports are short. Often they are issued in a memorandum or letter form.2) Semiformal Reports：Semiformal reports refer to reports of the following kinds: test and laboratory reports, investigation or evaluation reports and suggestions and proposals, etc.3) Formal Reports：Formal reports have a much more commanding presence than informal or even semiformal reports.4. Linguistic Features of Reports1) Various Patterns(多种类型)：Letter form report（文字式）Schematic form report（图表式）Short report (or Summary report)（简短扼要式）Mixed form report（混合式）2) Self-sufficient(自圆其说)：Anyone who is likely to read it should be able to do so without having to rely on his/her memory or consult his/her files for extra information.3) More Active Voice(多主观)：The pronoun “I” is readily evident in the informal memo reports.4) Clear Citation(引用要清楚)：When the material is quoted directly, quotation marks must be used. If words are omitted from a quotation, ellipses (.) should be substituted.5) Standard Language：The language used is normally not complex but straightforward. It is brief yet fully informative. Present facts clearly and in logical sequence. The conclusion should be general and not too abrupt, and it should follow logically from what has preceded it.Unit 4 Abstracts1. Definition of Abstracts An abstract is a brief and self-contained summary and an accurate representation of the contents of a document such as a research paper, a journal article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, and other academic documents.The purpose of an abstract is to provide prospective readers the opportunity to judge the relevance of the longer work of their projects.2. Classification of Abstracts Depending on which information they contain, abstracts can be classified into major types: indicative (or descriptive) abstracts, informative abstracts, indicative - informative abstracts and author abstracts.descriptive abstract把问题进行了概述但对研究结果未提及，而在informational abstract中提供了主要研究结果。因此，信息型文摘提供的信息比叙述型文摘要多。1) Indicative (or descriptive) abstracts（指示性摘要）：An indicative abstract or descriptive abstract is one that describes the type and nature of the work abstracted, indicating the principal subjects covered and providing a brief description of the way the facts are treated and the methods or techniques that are being reported.2) Informative abstracts（信息类摘要）：An informative abstract summarizes as much as the essential elements of the document as possible, presenting and explaining all the main material contents in the complete article/paper/book.3) indicative / informative abstracts (综合性摘要)：It presents a summary of the essential arguments and findings of the original, whilst those aspects of the document those are of minor significance are treated indicatively.4) Author abstract：Author abstracts are abstracts prepared by authors of the document that has been subjected to abstracting.5) Slanted abstract（专业性摘要）6) Telegraphic abstract 7) Mini-abstract 8) Mission-oriented abstract 9) Finding-oriented abstract：A finding-oriented abstract is most often used when:(1).applying for research grants(2).completing the Ph.D dissertation or M.A. thesis(3).writing a proposal for a conference paper10) Highlight abstract3Linguistic Features of Abstracts 1) Using Topic, Supporting, and Concluding Sentences：An abstract often starts with a “topic” or “lead” sentence. A topic sentence is usually followed by a number of supporting sentences and finally the concluding sentences.2) Using Brief but Informative Sentences：The abstractor must resist the temptation to use long sentences in striving to avoid repetition. 3) Arranging in One Paragraph：All abstracts, barring possibly those of exceptional length, should consist of one paragraph only.4) Being Concise：Conciseness is paramount.4. Terminology and Institutions Concerned with Abstracts1. Institution of Electrical Engineers (英) 电气工程师学地2. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (美) 电气与电子工程学会3. Plenum Publishing Corporation Plenum 出版公司4. Xerox 指Xerox Corporation 塞罗克斯公司， 5. University Microfilms (美)大学缩微胶卷出版公司6. Microfilm Abstracts缩微胶卷文摘7. Dissertation Abstracts 学位论文文摘8. Humanities and Social Sciences人文和社会科学9. Doctoral dissertations 博土论文5. Discussion1. What is an abstract? What are the purposes of abstracts?2. Do you know how many kinds of abstracts there are? Could you mention their names?3. Have you gained some experience in searching for abstracts?Science Abstract is published by Institution of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Science Research Abstracts Journal is attached to Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. Information Science Abstract is published by Plenum Publishing Corporation, issued bimonthly. Dissertation Abstracts International is published by Xerox, University Microfilms monthly. 6. Translation1) Affixation（附加）miniultrasonicprober = mini + ultra +sonic +prober 微型超声波金属探伤仪macrospacetransship = macro +space + trans + ship 巨型空间转运飞teletypesetter = tele + type + setter 电传排字机bathythermograph = bathy +thermo +graph 海水测温仪barothermograph = baro + thermo +graph 气压温度记录器deoxyribonucleic = de + oxy + ribo + nucleic 脱氧核糖核酸photomorphogenesis = photo +morpho + genesis 光形态发生2) Compounding（组合）spaceplatform = space + platform 空间站、宇宙站rocketdrome = rocket + drome 火箭发射场bus architecture 总线体系结构content-addressable memory 相联存储器network service access point 网络服务存取点3) Blending（混合）telex = teleprinter + exchange 电传gravisphere = gravity + sphere 引力范围medicare = medical + care 医疗保健biorhythm = biological +rhythm 生理节奏copytron = copy + electron 电子复写 (技术)4) Acronyms（首字母缩写）ADP automatic data processing 自动数据处理AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 艾滋病DEPM electronic data processing machine 电子数据处理机GSV guided space vehicle 制导宇宙飞船Laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation 激光RAM random access memory 随机存取存储器Sometimes, an acronym happens to be a meaningful word itself, or it may possess more than one meaning. In this case, special attention is needed to pick out the proper one.MOUSE minimum orbital unmanned satellite of the earth (仪表载重50kg以下的)不载人的最小人造地球卫星SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 限制战略武器会谈SNAP subsystem for nuclear auxiliary power (原子)核辅助动力子系统space nuclear auxiliary power 空间核辅助能源systems for nuclear auxiliary power 核辅助能(电)源系统AS air scoop空气收集器air seasoned风干的(木材)air speed 空速、气流速率air station 航空站，飞机场American Standard 美国标准atmosphere and space 大气层与宇宙空间automatic sprinkler 自动洒水车automatic synchronizer 自动同步器5) Proper Nouns（专有名词）Xerox 静电复制IBM System IBM 系统Kuru 库鲁病Alfven wa