论美国电影中的人道主义（本科毕业论文定稿）.doc

本科毕业论文Real American Humanism in US War Films论美国战争电影中的美式人道作 者 院 系 外 语 系 专 业 英 语 翻 译 年 级 级 学 号 指导教师 答辩日期 论美国战争电影中的美式人道学生： 指导教师： 摘 要:在美国电影史上，战争片一直是最重要的类型片之一。越战结束后，战争英雄主义已经彻底取代反战情绪，成为了好莱坞新的风向标。在好莱坞电影人看来，美国对别国在政治，经济甚至文化领域的肆意干涉，控制甚至侵略是英雄主义，救世情怀以及人道精神的体现！本文将剥开美式人道的躯壳，揭露战争电影背后的霸权主义与强权政治的本质。第一章简述美国战争电影的现实背景：美国二战后对外侵略性军事行动及战争。第二章简述美国战争电影发展及其主题思想变化及原因，并简述黑鹰坠落太阳之泪两部典型美国式人道主义战争电影主要内容及其在国内的影响并评论，进而对现实与电影中的近年美国对外军事行动以及美式人道主义做出对比并阐述其反差的具体原因。第三章得出结论，通过分析战争电影中的美式人道，我们进一步认清了美国的霸权主义与强权政治以及战争的残酷与无情。 关键词：战争电影人道霸权主义强权政治 Real American Humanitarianism in US War FilmsAbstract:War films have always be one of the most important film genres. After the Vietnam War, heroism totally has replaced anti-war sentiment and become a new trend of Hollywood. The cineastes regard American interference, control and aggressionagainst other countries as the spirit of heroism and humanism. The essay attempts to expose hegemonism and power politics of America. In Chapter One, it gives a brief introduction to realistic background of US war films: American aggressive military operations and wars after World War Two. In Chapter Two, it describes history of US war films and gradually changed themes of films. Through Black Hawk Down, Tears of the Sun, it contrasts US humanism in films and in reality and analyzes the reason. In Chapter Three, it reaches a conclusion that war is cruel, hegemonism and power politics is the essence of American humanism. Key words: War Films; Humanism; Hegemonism; Power PoliticsContentsChapter Introduction to US Aggressive Wars.11.1Brief Introduction to US Aggressive Military Operations and Wars.11.2 US Aggression against Vietnam.11.3 US Aggression against Iraq.2Chapter Analysis of American Humanitarianism in War Films.42.1 General Commentary on American War Films.42.1.1 Overview of US War Films.42.1.2 American Humanism Ruins the Real Spirit of War Films.42.2 True American Humanitarianism Reflected in War Films.62.2.1 Brief Introduction to Black Hawk Down, Tears of the Sun.62.2.2 Deceptive Humanitarianism in the Two Films.82.2.3 The Real Meaning of Humanitarianism.92.3 American Humanitarianism in Reality.102.3.1 Humanitarian Interference.102.3.2 Hegemonism and Power Politics.11Conclusion.12Bibliography.13Chapter Introduction to US Aggressive Wars1.1 Brief Introduction to US Aggressive Military Operations and WarsAmerica, whose comprehensive national strength is the strongest in the world, has always acted as the world police. In recent decades, the U.S Army claims to safeguard world peace while waging aggressive military operation and even war in several countries. According to American official statistics, during the Cold War from 1946 to 1989, approximately 125 military operations in relatively larger scale have been waged by America，rising to 2.8 times per year.After the Cold War from 1990, America used force in large scale for more than 40 times in the global scope, 1 time per week, reaching the highest frequency in the past 50 years. There are 13 times of direct use of force, 5 times of saber-rattling, 3 times of air exclusive, 3 times of naval blockade, 2 times of ground-to-air missile Corp defense, 11 times of “peace-keeping” operation, 6 times of “humanitarian aid” and “disaster relief operation”, 4 times of anti-narcotics operation. Among them, there are 18 times in Asia, 14 times in Europe, 5 times in Latin America, 8 times in Africa.However, such a series of atrocities made by US government is under the slogan “Give the local people democracy and freedom and overthrow the dictatorship”. But the intention is obvious. On the one hand, it intends to impose American values on colonies which can facilitate control; and on the other, the local economic foundation can be monopolized due to aggression of large quantities of US companies. In one word, the root of invasive war is just to search for more resources and expand American power.1.2 US Aggression against Vietnam Vietnam War is both the war of U.S aggression against Vietnam and the Vietnamese against U.S. for national liberation. After 1945年日本投降以后，胡志明宣布越南独立Japanese surrender in 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam independent. 法国不甘心失去昔日的殖民地越南、老挝和柬埔寨，就卷土重来。France could not reconcile to the loss of its former colonies including Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. 1954年，中、美、英、法和印度支那三国达成日内瓦协议，在法国承认印度支那三国民族权利的基础上，恢复印度支那和平。In 1954, China, the United States, Britain, France and the three Indo-China reached an agreement in Geneva on the basis that France concede the national rights of the three indo-China, to restore independence in Indochina. 法国撤走后，美国乘机插手，在越南南方扶植了它的傀儡政府吴庭艳政权，并向南越提供军事援助，派遗顾问，为南越建立起拥有三十万人After the withdrawal of France, the United States flagrantly intervened in South Vietnam and supported its puppet government - Wu Tingyan regime, providing military assistance and advisers to South Vietnam. Then in a short term, a 300,000-strong army had been established. 1961年5月，美国破坏了“日内瓦协议”，发动了反对越南人民的“特种战争”。 In May 1961, the United States destroyed the “Geneva agreement” and launched “special war” against the Vietnamese. “”Special war” was a new form of invasive war in which imperialism could adapt to the new colonialism. 它在经济上利用傀儡政府去剥削人民，而更主要的是帝国主义用提供武器和金钱，派遗“顾问”，指挥傀儡政府的军队去屠杀和镇压革命人民，并在一定程度上投入帝国主义自己的军队参加战斗，以达到殖民掠夺的目的。It was the economic exploitation of the puppet government to deprive the local people, but the main thing is imperialism by providing arms, money and “consultants” to the puppet army to massacre and suppress the revolutionary, and even sending U.S armed forces to participate in the fighting in order to achieve the purpose of colonial plunder. However, under 在越南南方人民的顽强反击下，美国的“特种战争”惨the South Vietnamese strong counterattack, “special war” of the United States finally failed. Then 美国于1964年8月又制造了北部湾事件，把侵略战火扩大到北方。in August 1964, the United States created Northern Gulf Event and extended the war-flame to the north. 1965年3月美国在岘港登陆，从而把侵略战争升级为以美军为主的“局部战争”。In March 1965, the U.S army landed on Da-Nang, so the war upgraded to the U.S.-based “local war”. 越南人民奋起抵抗，使“局部战争”遭到1969年起，美国开始推行“战争越南化”政策Starting in 1969, the United States practiced the “Vietnamization” policy. 结果，美伪集团在战场上遭到更加惨重的失败，被迫于1973年1月27日在巴黎签订关于越南结束战争、恢复和平的协定（简称巴黎协定）。As a result, the United States and the pseudo-authority had been more disastrous defeat on battlefield, so America was forced to sign Peace Treaty of Paris which is about to end Vietnam War and resume peace on January 27, 1973. After the 美国撤出越南南方以后，阮文绍政权破坏巴黎协定，拒绝实现民族和睦，蚕食越南南方解U.S. withdrawal from South Vietnam, Nguyen Van Thieu regime undermined the “Paris Agreement”, refused to achieve national harmony and occupied the liberated areas of the South Vietnamese. In 1975年春，越南军民发动春季攻势，4月30日解放西贡，5月1日，解放整个越南南方，彻底摧毁南越伪政权。Inispring of 1975, Vietnamese soldiers and civilians launched spring offensive on April 30 and liberated Saigon. On May 1, revolutionary liberated the whole of Southern Vietnam completely destroying the pseudo-authority. Thus, 14 years War to Resist US Aggression ended, Vietnamese got the final victory.1.3 US Aggression against Iraq 至此，越南人民坚持十四年之久的抗美救国战争胜利结束。Thus After 9.11 terrorist attacks, U.S. President George W. Bush announced to start war on terrorism. Iraq and some other countries were included in the “Axis of Evil”. 2002年伊拉克危机爆发，联合国通过1441号决议，联合国武器检查团重返伊拉克检查伊拉克拥有的大规模杀伤性武器。The main reason of Iraq War is the Saddam regime possessed weapons of mass destruction and the Iraqi government abused human rights. Under the slogan “Eradicate Saddam Husseins dictatorship, and help the Iraqi people establish an autonomous government”, on March 20, 2003, US-British coalition force launched large-scale air raid and ground offensive code-named “decapitation” and “shock and awe” operation. Bush delivered televised address to the nation to announce that the war to overthrow Saddam Husseins regime had began, emphasized that the war would be “quick”. At this stage, the US-British coalition forces dropped all kinds of precision-guided bombs more than 2000 pieces, including 500 Tomahawk cruise missiles to Baghdad, Basra, Najaf, Mosul, Kirkuk, Umm Qasr and the port city of Shi Yuzuo. At the same time, Saddam also made a speech to the nation, called on the Iraqi people to fight against U.S. aggression and defeat the coalition forces. As the long supply lines and Iraqi resistance, “quick-fix” plan of U.S. and British coalition forces failed to achieve the goal, the ground offensive had also been blocked. Iraqi troops in Karbala in central Iraq, Hilla, Hindiyah and other places had a fierce fighting with coalition forces. At the same time, almost everyday, several hundreds of Iraqis from Jordan and other countries returned to Iraq to join the ranks to resist the US-British coalition. However, turning point in the phase of the war came soon. With the help of air superiority and ground mechanized units, coalition forces organized overwhelming offensive in different ways. Basra in southern Iraq, and other major cities and some strategic points were occupied. Then, capital Baghdad was encircled soon, making the war lopsided. April 8, the U.S. military moved forward to Baghdad from north and south and captured the Rashid military airport in south-east of Bagdad. Later U.S. tanks entered Baghdad and occupied the Saddam city. Facing the overwhelming offensive at Tikrit and Baghdad, Iraqi authority called on all the leaders of the armed forces and all the people to take die-style attacks and defend their motherland to the last drop of their blood. The US military on April 15 announced that major military operation in Iraq was over, coalition forces have controlled Iraq.Undoubtedly, this is an illegal war, since the United States waged a flagrant attack on a sovereign state without the authorization of United Nations, just under the banner that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. Obviously, America intended to control the oil of Iraq and then control entire Middle East. The operation of America was not anti-terrorism, but another terror produced by America.Chapter Analysis of US Humanitarianism in War Films2.1 General Commentary on American War films2.1.1 Overview of US War Films What is the war? In film We were Soldiers, Mel Gibson once said to his daughter, “The wars are just some guys kill some other guys.” The war is a mirror of human nature, the more people want to know about humanity and to prevent tragedy, the more people need to research wars. In the history of US films, war film has always been one of the most important types. Nearly every war in American history has a relevant war film. There are two major kinds of war films. One is eulogy of war, while the other is opposition. Generally speaking, the former is mainly the description about the just war which America got the final victory. It eulogizes the courage and devotion of US army and emphasizes the accomplishment and peace that America brings to the world. The latter is about unsuccessful war. However, in current war films from Hollywood, heroism and American humanitarianism become the mainstream. In current American War Films hardly can we find further reflection on wars, mostare declaration of American humanitarianism and eulogy of U.S soldiers. The fact of So-called “American Humanitarianism” is that just the Americans regard their interference, control and aggressionof other countries as the heroism, saviourism and spirit of humanism, which is absolutely hypocrisy. Undoubtedly, American war films have totally become into the cultural tools of US authority to practice hegemonism and power politics.2.1.2 American Humanism Ruins the Real Spirit of War FilmsUnilateralism of the United States completely destroyed expectable realistic significance of war film. Unilateralism makes movie full of American humanism.Firstly, true history can be falsified. In general, movie reflecting war should be loyal to historical events. 但是，现在人们所看到的美国战争片多数是以现代的观点来描写过去的战争的。But now people have seen most of the U.S. war films are based on modern views to describe the past wars. 如今的美国战争片所反映的并不是当时战争的情况如何，而是看观众的认可程度。Now the U.S. war films do not reflect the current situation regarding the war at that time, the only concern is the level of recognition of audience. 在美国，电影完全是商业行为和艺术行为的结合。In the United States, the film is combination of business conduct and treatment of the arts. As far as the movie producers are concerned, tttt he first thing to consider is the economic benefits, so most people do not want to take political risks to reflect the truth. 我们可以在许多影片中看到，美国人为了突出个人英雄主义，都将原有的历史事实加以改造或者说是美化。 In order to highlight the personal heroism we can see in many movies of America in which the original historical fact always be transformed and even glorified. 以好莱坞著名导演雷德利斯科特去年的黑鹰计划来说，影片上映之后曾引起美国明尼苏达州“索马里维持和平中心”的强烈抗议，表示黑鹰计划的内容严重诬蔑索马里人民，并声称该片已经激起当地人民的反美情绪。Take well-known Black Hawk Down by director Ridley Scott a few years ago for instance, after the film has been released, it caused a strong protest from “Peace-keeping Center for Somalia” at Minnesota, saying that the contents of Black Hawk Down is a serious slander for Somalia People, claiming that the film has aroused local peoples anti-American sentiment. 黑鹰计划根据年美军特种部队于索马里执行秘密任务时被敌军围困的真实战役改编，片长两小时的影片全是枪战场面，其中有大量索马里民兵向美军围剿及乱枪扫射的场面，极度血腥残暴。Black Hawk Down is in accordance with the real battle that 1993 U.S. special forces in Somalia has been besieged by the enemy when they implemented a secret mission. The two-hour long film is full of shooting scene in which a large number of Somali militia machine-gunned the U.S. military and the civilian, extremely bloody and violent. T“索马里维持和平中心”的主席奥玛加玛尔说：“在这部影片中索马里人变成了凶残的野人，甚至根本不是人类。”他强调说：“索马里人在这次战役中，有将近千人阵亡，但片中完全没提到这回事！我不知道美国人看完影片后，会怎样看待索马里人。”现在单是美国明尼苏达州便有万索马里侨民，奥玛加玛尔称黑鹰计划很有可能令他们为维持两国和平所做的努力毁于一旦。TT he chairman of “Somalia peace-keeping center” Orma Garman said: “Somali people in the film turned out to be brutal savages, are not even human beings.” He also emphasized: “1,000 Somalis has been killed in the battle, but the movie did not mention such a thing at all! I do not know how the Americans will think about Somalis after watching the film.” Now at Minnesota alone, there are 25,000 Somali immigrants, Black Hawk Down is likely to make the peace-keeping efforts of the two countries in vain. Secondly, lives of the American seem much more valuable than others in these movies. U.S. government itself has always declaimed importance of human rights and respects for life, but if the human rights of the people from other states and nations are equally treated? Of course, not. In 1998, Steven Spielberg released the Saving Private Ryan, which told a story about American soldiers went to front line to save the only survivor of four brothers. However, Saving Private Ryan is not only committed to the performance of the natural risk and the destructive impact of war, audience also be shown that US army only by “sparing no effort” to slaughter German soldiers can complete the task of saving Ryan. Ryans life is more valuable than a few hundred or even tens thousands of German soldiers lives. Similar examples are infinite in number. After 9.11, movie Enemy was on, and the most impressive plot is that General Ryan Gate will send more soldiers into Chris rescue action. A French NATO general worried about this kind of action would affect the delicate situation of the peace process, so he blamed Ryan Gate, You Americans are only concerned about the lives of the Americans, so-called humanism is just applied to US, never considered the potential consequences. This part showed America character likes resolving disputes through force and also showed their prejudice and naive attitude toward world affairs.Thirdly, unilateralism foreign policy is obvious after Cold War. Whether the war in Iraq, or the war in Afghanistan, both implies that US “unilateralism” foreign policy become increasingly serious after Cold War, and often bypassed the international community and separately took military action. There are a lot of embodiments of these ideas in recent years movies Black Hawk Down describes the Battle of Mogadishu which is the longest ground war since Vietnam War of America and the casualties of which are the worst. In this operation, although part of U.S. military came into Mogadishu as the United Nations peacekeeping force for the completion of the humanitarian mission, the majority was to implement US interference policy, capture Somalia senior military generals, weaken the strength of the military government, and eventually overthrow the local authority. This was why the U.S. army had been under the siege, but the United Nations could not send rescue units in time, leading to heavy casualties on both sides of the confrontation. The tragic incident prompted many Americans to reflect on the outcome of interference policy since the first Gulf War, at the same time, it also attracted the attention of Hollywood film producers. But surprisingly, the U.S. military in recent years often put pressure on the film side through “co-operation”, they want to show personal heroism and humanism of US soldiers, and hope to make use of movie to publicize military and even to conscript.2.2 True American Humanism Reflected in Movies2.2.1 Brief Introduction to Tears of the Sun, Black Hawk DownTears of the Sun is mainly about a rescue mission in Africa. Navy SEAL Lieutenant A.K. Waters and