涉海英语读写教程课后答案unit_3.doc

Unit 3 Marine Pollution Text A Part IUnderstanding and LearningBackground information1. John KennedyJohn F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917 November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusettss 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43, the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president. Kennedy is the only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War.Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with the crime, but was shot and killed two days later by Jack Ruby before a trial could take place. The FBI, the Warren Commission, and the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, with the HSCA allowing for the possibility of conspiracy based on disputed acoustic evidence. Today, Kennedy continues to rank highly in public opinion ratings of former U.S. presidents.2. All of us have in our veins the exact same percentage of salt in our blood that exists in the ocean.And when we go back to the sea.we are going back from whence we came.The quotes above were remarks made by John Kennedy at the America Cup Dinner Given by the Australian Ambassador, September 14, 1962. The followings are extracted from his address:There is no question that this kind of national competition produces the greatest good will among nations. The most recent indication of that, of course, were the games held at Indonesia which produced a wonderful feeling of spirit in all of Asia, and I am confident that these games will produce the same kind of good will between Australia and the United States.I really dont know why it is that all of us are so committed to the sea, except I think it is because in addition to the fact that the sea changes and the light changes, and ships change, it is because we all came from the sea. And it is an interesting biological fact that all of us have, in our veins the exact same percentage of salt in our blood that exists in the ocean, and, therefore, we have salt in our blood, in our sweat, in our tears. We are tied to the ocean. And when we go back to the sea, whether it is to sail or to watch it we are going back from whence we came.Therefore, it is quite natural that the United States and Australia, separated by an ocean, but particularly those of us who regard the ocean as a friend, bound by an ocean, should be meeting today in Newport to begin this great sea competition. This is an old relationship between the United States and Australia, and particularly between Rhode Island and Australia.Detailed Study of the Text 1.All of us have in our veins the exact same percentage of salt in our blood that exists in the ocean.And when we go back to the sea.we are going back from whence we came.Meaning: The percentage of salt in the blood of our veins is exactly the same as that in the ocean. therefore, when we go back to the sea we are returning home.2. HUMAN beings no longer thrive under the water from which their ancestors emerged (Para.1)Meaning: Human life originated from the ocean, although modern people no longer rely on the ocean for survival and prosperity,3. On land at least, the sea delights the senses and excites the imagination. (Para. 1)Meaning: When we look at the sea on land, it gives much pleasure to our senses and creates many images in our mind. 4. These are not all as familiar as shrimps and lobsters, yet species like krill, tiny shrimp-like creatures, play a crucial part in the food chain: kill them off, and you may kill off their predators, whose predators may be the ones you enjoy served fried, grilled or with sauce tartare. Worse, you may destabilize an entire ecosystem. (Para. 3)Meaning: These marine organisms may not be as familiar to you as shrimps and lobsters, yet species like krill, tiny shrimp-like creatures, play a very important role in the food chain. If you kill them in large numbers, you may also wipe out the species that take them for food. Those larger ones that prey on these species may be what you enjoy at your dining table, served in different ways: fired, cooked over fire, or with sauce tartare. Whats worse, the whole ecosystem may become unstable as a result of such disruption. predator n.1) an animal that kills and eats other animalsWith no natural predators on the island, the herd increased rapidly.由于岛上没有天然食肉动物，牧群的数量迅速增加。2) people or organizations as predators Rumors of a takeover by Hanson are probably far-fetched, but the company is worried about other predators. 被汉森公司收购的谣言可能是捕风捉影，但公司仍担心其他觊觎者。destabilize: vt. become unstable, make unstableHe warned that the fighting in Lebanon could destabilize the Middle East. France is in favor of accommodating some Arab demands. 他警告说，黎巴嫩的战斗可能会造成中东地区的不稳定法国主张满足阿拉伯国家的一些要求。Any shortening of the food chain is likely to destabilize entire ecosystems, possibly leading to new ones in which just one or two species, such as jellyfish, predominate. 食物链的任何缩短都可能使整个生态系统不稳定，并可能导致出现新的食物链，其中仅有一两个物种（例如水母）占优势。5. The evidence abounds. (Para. 3)Meaning：There is plenty of evidence.abound : vi. be abundant or plentiful; exist in large quantities The book abounds with misprints.这本书中印刷错误很多。Not only do poetic thought and fancy abound, but the richness and variety of language and expression is also marvelous. 不仅饱含着诗一般的思想和丰富的想象力，华丽多彩的语言和表达也妙不可言。6. Countries like Bangladesh, with 150m inhabitants, will be inundated. (Para. 5)Meaning：Some countries will be covered with water, like Bangladesh, with a population of 150 million.Inundate: vt:1) become covered with water Their neighborhood is being inundated by the rising waters of the Colorado River.他们的临近区域正被科罗拉多河不断上涨的河水所淹没。2) receive so many letters, demands, or requests that you cannot deal with them allHer office was inundated with requests for tickets.她的办公室接到了铺天盖地的索票请求。7. All of these, too, seem to be associated with various stresses man inflicts on marine ecosystems. (Para. 6)Meaning: It seems that all the problems are also related to many different stresses man imposes on marine ecosystems.inflict : vt. make someone or something suffer (something unpleasant, esp. harm or damage) The recession inflicted great damage on industries. 经济衰退给工业造成的损失。One ought not to inflict ones problems on other people. 我们不应该把自己的问题强加于别人。8. The sea, the last part of the world where man acts as a hunter-gathereras well as bather, miner, dumper and general polluterneeds management, just as the land does. (Para. 9)Meaning: The sea is the last place where humans can hunt, gather, swim, exploit minerals, dump rubbish and pollute. We need to manage the sea effectively just as what we do to the land.9. Economics demands it as much as environmentalism, for the world squanders money through its poor stewardship of the oceans (Para. 9)Meaning: The study of oceans is not only related to environmentalism but also concerned with economics, since a large amount of money is wasted as a result of the poor management of the sea.squander: vt. spend thoughtlessly; wasteHobbs didnt squander his money on flashy cars or other vices.霍布斯没有把钱挥霍在奢华汽车或其他恶习上。Do you love life? Then do not squander time; for thats the stuff life is made of. 你热爱生命吗?那么，别浪费时间，因为时间是组成生命的材料。（美国总统富兰克林）stewardship: n. the position of a person who manages property or other affairs for someone elseUnder the stewardship of the UN since 2004, the country had made halting progress. 从2004年开始，在联合国的协助管理之下，这个国家艰难地发展。Although Mr Obama is still very popularhis approval rating is 67%Americans have doubts about his fiscal stewardship. 虽然奥巴马的支持率为67%，依然非常受欢迎，但是美国人怀疑其财政政策。10. Then governments need to look at ways of giving those who exploit the resources of the sea an interest in their conservation. (Para. 10)Meaning: The government should work out some ways of offering a subsidy to those who develop and use marine resources while protecting the sea. 11. Nothing did so much good for fish stocks in northern Europe in the past 150 years as the Second World War: by keeping trawlers in port, it let fisheries recover. (Para. 11)Meaning: In the past 150 years, when it comes to fish stocks conservation in northern Europe, no measure has worked so well as the one adopted in the second world war: the trawlers were kept in port and not allowed to go fishing, which helped fisheries recover well. 12. Politicians, however, are supine. Few of them, especially in Europe, are ready to stand up to potent lobbies, except in small countries where fishing is so important economically that the threat of mass extinctions cannot be ignored. (Para. 12)Meaning: However, politicians are reluctant to take action. Few of them, especially in Europe, are ready to face up to powerful lobbies, unless fishing plays a vital role in their economy and killing the fish on a large scale may threaten their economy, as it does in some small countries. supine: a. offering no resistanceCulpability in the credit crunch of 2008 was broadly apportioned among indulgent lenders, lax regulators, greedy borrowers and supine politicians. 2008年的信贷困难的责任被广泛地分摊于放纵的借贷者、马虎的管理者、贪婪的借贷者和懒散的政治家的头上。Even observers from a normally supine regional bloc, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), had said that the election could not be considered legitimate.甚至连那个一贯消极的区域性集团 “南部非洲发展共同体”（SADC）派出的观察员都说，这次选举是 “不合法的”。potent: a.very effective and powerful.Is monetary policy still a potent weapon against recession? 货币政策仍是对抗衰退的有力武器？The economic crisis has transformed this cultural suspicion into a much more potent political force. 经济危机使这种与文化有关的猜疑转变成一种更具有威力的政治力量。 Text BBackground information1. Castello Aragonese Castello Aragonese is on a volcanic island, connected to Ischia by a 220 meter bridge. As one of the most secure and charming small islands in the Mediterranean, it has been occupied since ancient times: by the Greeks, Romans, Visigoths, Vandals, Arabs, Normans, Swabians, Angevins and others. The English shelled the island in 1809, because it was held by the French, and caused much damage. By turns, it was a castle, a palace and a monastery. Today, the island has a hotel, a museum, a castle-monastery garden, fabulous views and a wonderful climate. As everywhere in Europe, the remains of its medieval gardens are more to do with the place than the planting but there are planted walks, an olive grove, vineyards and a strong sense of history.2. One Tree Island One Tree Island is located fifty miles off the coast of Australia. One Tree, which actually has several hundred trees, is shaped like a boomerang, with two arms that stretch out into the Coral Sea. In the crook of the boomerang theres a small research station run by the University of Sydney. The islands entire human population is 11. One tree island is part of the Great Barrier Reef, the worlds largest reef complex. The entire island is composed of bits of coral rubble, ranging from marble to basketball size, that began piling up after a peculiarly violent storm about 4,000 years ago. Even today, the island has nothing that could really be called dirt. The trees seem to rise up directly out of the rubble like flagpoles. 3. Coral reefs The reefs that corals maintain are crucial to an incredible diversity of organisms. Somewhere between one and nine million marine species live on or around coral reefs. These include not just the fancifully colored fish and enormous turtles that people visit reefs to see, but also sea squirts and shrimps, anemones and clams, sea cucumbers and wormsthe list goes on and on. The nooks and crevices on a reef provide homes for many species, which in turn provide resources for many others.Once a reef can no longer grow fast enough to keep up with erosion, this community will crumble. Coral reefs will lose their ecological functionality. They wont be able to maintain their framework. If you dont have a building, where are the tenants going to live? That moment could come by 2050. Under the business-as-usual emissions scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will be roughly double what they were in pre-industrial times. Many experiments suggest that coral reefs will then start to disintegrate.4. CalcifierCalcifiers are the species to form shells and stony skeletons of calcium carbonate. Corals, of course, are just one kind of calcifier. There are thousands of others. Crustaceans like barnacles are calcifiers, and so are echinoderms like sea stars and sea urchins and mollusks like clams and oysters. Coralline algaeminute organisms that produce what looks like a coating of pink or lilac paintare also calcifiers. Their calcium carbonate secretions help cement coral reefs together, but theyre also found elsewhereon sea grass at Castello Aragonese, for instance. It was their absence from the grass near the volcanic vents that made it look so green.Detailed Study of the Text 1. Owing to a quirk of geology, the sea around Castello Aragonese provides a window onto the oceans of 2050 and beyond. (Para. 2)Meaning: There are volcanic vents on the seafloor of Castello Aragonese. Bubbles of CO2 released from the vents dissolve to form carbonic acid and makes seawater corrosive. Such an unusual geological feature enables us to foresee the future state of the ocean in 2050 and beyond，since the acidification that has taken place off its shore is occurring more gradually across the worlds oceans. quirk n. 1) something unusual or interesting that happens by chance.By a tantalizing quirk of fate, the pair have been drawn to meet in the first round of the championship. 由于命运的捉弄，这对选手被抽中在锦标赛的第一轮相遇。2) a habit or aspect of a persons character which is odd or unusual. 怪癖; 古怪的性格Brown was always fascinated by the quirks and foibles of people in everyday situations.布朗总是着迷于日常环境中人们的古怪性格和怪癖。2. Castello Aragonese offers a natural analogue for an unnatural process (Para. 2)Meaning: The over-release of CO2 from volcanic vents on the seabed of Castello Aragonese is an unnatural process, but coincidently it provides a similar natural situation which may occur to the ocean in the future, i.e. what will happen to marine life in the worsening acid sea.analogue: n. something having the property of being analogous to something elseA vegetarian gets protein not from meat but from its analogues.素食者所摄取的蛋白质不是来自肉类而是来自近似肉类的食物。Munich was the nearest analogue to what was happening then. 当时事态用慕尼黑事件来做比拟最为恰当。3. We swam on. Beds of sea grass waved beneath us. The grass was a vivid green; the tiny organisms that usually coat the blades, dulling their color, were all missing. (Para. 3)Meaning: We went on swimming. Sea grass in large quantities moved from side to side under us. The fresh green of the grass was caused by disappearance of the tiny organisms which covered the surface of the grass and darken their color. bed: n.a bed of shellfish or plants is an area in the sea or in a lake where a particular type of shellfish or plant is found in large quantities. The whole lake was rimmed with thick beds of reeds.整个湖边长满了厚厚的芦苇丛。4. For life on land this process is a boon; every ton of CO2 the oceans remove from the atmosphere is a ton thats not contributing to global warming. But for life in the sea the picture looks different. (Para. 7)Meaning: The process of ocean absorbing CO2 from atmosphere makes life on land better and easier, since it helps to cool the earth and mitigate the effect of global warming. However, the process is not a blessing for marine life at all. boon: n.a desirable stateIt is for this reason that television proves such a boon to so many people.正是这个原因电视机成为这么多人的一大福音。Paper money is a boon, but when unsupported by bullion is all too easily devalued. 纸币提供了便利，但当得不到黄金的支持时，它太容易贬值。5.has called ocean acidification global warmings equally evil twin. (Para. 7)Meaning: The devastating effect of ocean acidification is no less than that of global warming.6. By favoring some marine microbes over others, it is likely to alter the availability of key nutrients like iron and nitrogen. (Para. 10)Meaning: Ocean acidification is more likely to affect some microbes than others, thus the availability of key nutrients like iron and nitrogen may have been changed. 7. By changing the basic chemistry of seawater, acidification is also expected to reduce the waters ability to absorb and muffle low-frequency sound by up to 40 percent, making some parts of the ocean noisier. (Para. 10)muffle : vt 1) deaden (a sound or noise), especially by wrappingBlake held his handkerchief over the mouthpiece to muffle his voice.布莱克用手帕遮住话筒来压低声音。You would hear loves faint murmur, but when love shouts you would muffle your ears. 你可以听见爱情的低吟，但当它咆哮时，你的耳中便一片模糊。2) conceal or hide He did his utmost to muffle his feelings.他竭力抑制自己的感情。8. “And so they get pushed beyond their limits. (Para. 13)Meaning: “And so they can no longer survive.”9. It undermines their basic, ancient structurethe stony skeleton thats secreted by millions