教学成果“高级英语课语料库的使用’.doc

提高高年级英语课程教学质量- 把语料库应用于高级英语课程词汇教学中摘要：词汇在英语学习中有着非常重要的地位。本文拟在此基础上探讨如何利用语料库来促进高级英语课程中词汇的教与学关键词：词汇 ; 语料库; 教学On the Role of Corpus in English Majors Advanced English Vocabulary Teaching and LearningAbstract: Vocabulary has a significant role in language learning and teaching. On this premise, this paper intends to discuss how to incorporate corpus into vocabulary learning and teaching in Advanced EnglishKey words: vocabulary; corpus; teaching作者简介：聂龙 （1964-），副教授，硕士，研究方向：话语分析，外语教学，语法。 浙江大学城市学院外语学院 ，杭州 310015提高高年级英语课程教学质量- 把语料库应用于高级英语课程词汇教学中*浙江大学城市学院教师2004科研基金资助项目中的一个相关课题一、序言词汇在英语专业尤其高段教学中有着非常重要的地位（见聂龙外语界2001第3期）。在该文中本人探讨了词汇教学重要性，同时就如何加强词汇教学提供了若干建议。在注重学习者个人需求的今天，来探讨数据驱动方法下的外语教学与学习更加有意义。因此，本文打算在如何利用语料库上进一步探讨高级英语课程中词汇教学，从而达到在教学中“授人以渔”,而不仅仅是“授人以鱼”的目的。二、语料库用语料库研究语言是基于数据驱动的（data-driven）研究方法，那么利用语料库指导教学和学习便是数据驱动的教学与学习。学生可以自己到语料库中查询词的用法、词的搭配、词义的细微差别等等。数据驱动的学习不但为学生提供真实的是语境，而且为学生提供了一种探索语言的手段。语料库则是作为信息载体的大量语言资料的集合,是由语言学家与计算机专家们基于语料库语言学所建立的人类自然语言数据的汇集。利用语料库进行语言研究已成为一种主流。目前国外有BNC(British national Corpus)语料库，ICE-GB(Internal Corpus of English-Great Britain)等语料库。个人也可以自建小型语料库。网络上也能找到免费的语料库如：BNC Online service和The Collins WordbanksOnline等。也有若干免费检索软件可供下载，如ConcApp，Concordance,wordpilot (专为英语教学和学习而设计的软件，自带语料库，可免费使用一段时间)。三、如何将语料库用于高级英语教学/学习？3.1利用相关的检索软件和语料库，可以检索出：1）反映英语词汇在实际使用中的词频2)以英语某种句法，语义或词性为检索单位的分类信息3）在英语中反复出现的习语或惯用法搭配模式4）与某些语义场相关的词汇结构）反映某类语篇特征的词汇，语法结构和语篇结构词的使用特征检索软件的一大重要功能是其强大的检索能力。特点是能够呈现出目标词前后（或左右）出现的词汇，以及检索词的频率等信息。有的软件可以根据需要调整出现的词数，所以从横向来说，可以分析词汇的前后搭配情况。搭配是检索的核心功能。“学习一门外语，在掌握了基础语法进入高级阶段以后，语言是不是地道，可以说主要看搭配。”（杨惠中2002：27）例如， raise capital, 而不说collect capital,这里是动词和名词搭配的问题，make a determined effort而不是do a determined effort，以handsome为例，下面是Wordsmith对该词检索的部分结果： beat Redbridge and Ilford by the handsome score of 4–1 in the., currently manager of Dillons handsome new store in Kingston, will sion of annoyance on his wide, handsome face. Just thea sour grin appeared on his handsome face. &bquo;Ow we 5awoken inside her by meeting the handsome young man. He had 60s, MITIs strategy was paying handsome dividends in a wide range 7. Although he was paid a handsome salary by GE to be a m 8t 11 runs, made with three handsome and businesslike shots in a L 9, commentators and groupies, with handsome illustrations. 10note, Timm Ulrichs contributed a handsome set of &bquo;records&equo; 11 catalogue), who provide three handsome slipcases for purchasers of the 12is oyster&equo;. As a handsome young man anxious to better h 13the Tate Gallery, looks particularly handsome in the museums New Displays 14has rented several floors in a handsome six-storey brick building original 151935–55. Accompanied by a handsome catalogue with an essay by Da d, which finally resulted in a handsome level of funding for building print chests. It is a handsome conversion and gives a catholic 18smaller artworks alike. The handsome installation design by María 可以看出handsome后基本和名词搭配，构成ADJ+NP结构，而且名词意义不限于人，意义很广。所以通过对某个词的检索可以得到与它相邻词语义语法信息，也可以发现该词后的语法结构特征，这清楚地说明了语法和词汇的不可分割的密切关系。高级英语课文大多选自英美文学作品，语言精练，用词讲究，堪称是语言精品。课文中使用的词语，仅靠词典里的解释、例句无法满足教学的需要，一 例句有限、不全； 二用法不全。所以 数据驱动能使学生接触到大量的真实语言事实。例如handsome语料使学生明白这个词可以和那些词语搭配。任何字典都无法将其搭配用法一一列入。 3.2下面从这五个方面讨论如何利用语料库来提高词汇使用的能力。1）反映英语词汇在实际使用中的词频词频有哪些用途呢？ 1）可以影响教学内容，教学词汇项目(也含语法项目)的学习教学次序2)对语言使用的可接受性提供依据。换句话说，教学与学习中应该注意哪些频率高的词汇的用法，高频率词更值得花时间去教、去学。高频率词或高频率搭配、用法等在教学推广、运用中可接受更强。例如：under discussion 和in discussion的区别问题，通过语料库我们发现下列语言是事实：英语中大多数情况下使用under discussion（BNC中205个,in discussion 165个），in discussion用于名词后作定语频率很低，如，它一般和with搭配使用，如，也就是说作表语为多。也可作状语；而under discussion的常规用法是定语、表语和补足语，如（5）。没有一例是作状语的。Under discussion是常规用法， in discussion是新出现的用法。这个用法之所以出现是因为说话人表达意义的需要。under discussion相当于being discussed; in discussion相当于 in the process of being discussed6 3此问题本人曾向浙江大学任绍曾教授请教，得益于他的帮助，特表感谢。The main area under discussion seems to have been Venezia Giulia and Trieste.The state of the finances was under discussion for some time2026, but there was no doubt about the serious financial condition of the establishment.It is not easy to engage in discussion with someone who regards other opinions as no more than symptomatic of the way a bourgeois intellectual thinks under late capitalism.The instant the matter in discussion was decided （5）high heels appeared to be deep in discussion in the middle of the vegetable（The Collins WordbanksOnline 7本文中未注明的语料来自BNC或Wordpilot） 由此可知，我们既要掌握under discussion的用法，也要注意in discussion作定语也是可接受的。2)以英语某种句法，语义或词性为检索单位的分类信息高级英语（巫漪云，黄关福 (I)主编复旦大学出版社1994：89）有这么一个常用句型，语法学家称之为“形容词外位分句”( Adjective Extraposed Clause):It will be clear enough by now that the styles of Dickens is very different from the style of Jane Austin.该结构是：It +Be ADJ+ that-从句那些形容词可以落入这个结构呢？语料库能提供详细的答案，在BNC中共有633个句例。限于篇幅现只提供前20个。NConcordance1enlightenment from the text. It is probable that this will have 2more or less Bellinesque. It is obvious that Bellini had assist 3for current art is unprecedented; it is evident that the turnover of 4n 1866 was so generally considered to be unfair that the rejected pictures 5o not know her name, though it is unlikely that the sculptor did 6a show of suspension, though it is clear that the theories of F 7 some other writers. And it is apparent that Ackroyd has found 8his own soul&equo;. It is plain that there are many wa 9g but calm black water. It was true that the water might r 10s infidelities: but it may also be true that the rudeness and a 11ch. To imagine this is to be aware that the aggressive term 12considered seasoned disapprovers, and it is probable that Amis shares the 13 brought into play. But it is likely that the professionals who 14power within the alliance. It is likely that the inner core o 15the British state ambiguously. It is clear that in the past many 16of the official unionists. It is likely that a good many prot 17because of this matter of fact. It is true that the constitution was 18the boundary between the two, it was likely that the church would 19. But by March 1951, it was clear that even this reform 20public disrepute. Again, it was clear that the ministers and 通过对语料库中所有句例的分析得出下面的结果。能用于这类结构的形容词以“肯定”类居最高。类别频数肯定类382重要性类116情感、评价类135合计633在同一课文（90页）出现了这样一个句子：but there is no mistaking his meaning.There is no V-ing结构表“不可能做某事或做某事有困难”，哪些动词可以放在V-ing处呢？举几个例子来说明这个问题。reversed&equo; in the jargon) and so there is no going back and taking another pe There is no knowing what he would have made of Cardenals reading of Matthew, somewhat further on.There was no arguing with that and Jenna had visions of Alain simply giving her the ride and leaving her to . From then on there was no looking back.Now, there is no denying that past controversies were rooted in circumstances that were peculiar to the age in which they occurred.（1-5 BNC中的例子） 5 .chines. Therefore it would be fatuous of me to warn against every conceivable use of a computer. But there is no denying that the most prominent uses of computers have to do with information. When people talk abou.6.Confucius, Isaiah, Jesus, Mohammed, the Buddha, Spinoza and Shakespeare told us. It is all the same: There is no escaping from ourselves. The human dilemma is as it has always been, and we solve nothing fundamenta.7.oking remains. It is useless to remain aboard her longer, remarked the ape-man to the mate. There is no telling but there may be other explosions, and as we cannot hope to save her, the safest thing whi.8.-repartee. Flash is the right word. It is out instantly. There is no time to arrange the words. There is no thinking, no reflecting. Where there is a wit-mechanism it is automatic in its action and needs no.9. after all those disgraceful familiarities. But even it could have been improved. Do what one may, there is no getting an air of variety into a court circular, I acknowledge that. There is a profound monotonou.（5-9 Wordpilot中的例子）3）在英语中反复出现的习语或惯用法或词与词的搭配fulfill和satisfy, meet都有“满足”之义。那么，它后面与那些名词搭配的呢？fulfill搭配语料:fulfill his criteria quite easily.fulfill the wish of their first and last king guided by innate love and respect for their fulfill the need.fulfill all safety conditions.manages to fulfill its own fantasiesfulfill its commitments fulfill their true potential.fulfill three strategic aims forfulfill other criteria before they can be placed under a higher classification. fulfill the demandfulfill my plan.fulfill the promise of independence fulfill these responsibilities.fulfilled none of my expectation.Satisfy搭配语料satisfy certain standards of workmanship and quality, However, to satisfy the requirements satisfy the new criteria.satisfy current demands.satisfy his idea of Stavrogin.satisfy any possible requirement.satisfy their needs, asatisfy that curiosity, satisfy the markets reasonable expectations?satisfy the obligationsmeet搭配语料：meet the needs of clients.meet the strictest safety standardsmeet necessary standardsmeet wider educational needs.meet the criteria of psychological realism meet our requirements exactly.（上述语料综合了BNC和Wordpilot中的例子）从这三个词后的搭配项可以看出只有meet，satisfy可跟standard搭配。Fulfill和satisfy可跟criteria搭配，三个词都可与demand，need搭配。又如disposed to/towards NP再BNC中disposed towards NP共32个， 而口语中只有1个disposed to NP共143个，口语中只有1个可搭配的副词： Better,negatively,well, kindly,favourably, least, agreeably sympathetically, agreeably, benevolently. 搭配频率最高的是favourably.所以，disposed to NP结构更常用。又如The style of a work is not a sort of veneer glued over the outside.（高级英语 (I) 巫漪云，黄关福 主编 复旦大学出版社1994：P84），veneer有 (a thin layer of) decorative wood or plastic glued to the surface of cheaper wood (for furniture etc) 之义，其比喻义是superficial appearance (of politeness, etc) covering or disguising the true nature of sb/sth牛津高级英汉双解字典第四版1997：1683) ，veneer前可以有什么词修饰，veneer of后又可跟那些名词？ BNC中veneer出现69次，现只选取几例以说明问题。1You still havent told me the purpose of this call,2019 Alyssia pointed out, deciding to put an end to this surface veneer of politeness.2Earlier in the day shed allowed Rune to get beneath her skin, disturb her customary veneer of being in control.3Second, it will probe beyond the superficial veneer of economic growth and prosperity by examining the impact of recent economic trends on the changing types of jobs available to workers in the city-region.4What dyou want?2019 said Ramsbums voice, his normal veneer of deference a thing of the past.5His voice had been soft, his manner bland, but beneath the velvet veneer of politeness lay the cold steel of determination. 6Unwillingly she watched as he got to his feet, strangely unable to tear her eyes away, fascinated all over again by the power of the man, the sheer pagan strength contained beneath the civilised veneer of a dark, elegant suit. 7Among the terrestrial channels, Channel 4 has in any case taken on the mantle of the senator for adult-intelligent viewing: in other words, the place where you can watch randily beneath a thinnish veneer of knowledge and a deeper understanding of self. 下面是veneer在BNC中与其他词的搭配频率和搭配力(MI)的情况： 搭配词 频率 搭配力civility 2 27.6politeness 4 27.0toughness 2 26.4respectability 2 25.5sediments 3 25.5sophistication3 25.5civilization 4 25.4civilisation 2 24.6thin 12 24.4underneath 2 23.1beneath 2 21.7dark 2 20.3knowledge 2 20.1通过上面的频率表，veneer前后搭配的词项以及频率高低，搭配力的大小一目了然。学生不仅学到了该词的比喻用法，更重要的是他们可以在实际运用中如何使用它有更多的选择，从而提高语言的表达力。因为在任何字典中所列出的例句都极其有限。例如，牛津高级英汉双解字典第四版1997：1683)例句仅1例：a thin veneer of Western civilization柯林斯Cobuild英语词典（上海外语教育出版社2000：1859）2例1.He was able to fool the world with his veneer of education2.They made him acting president, hoping to give their actions a veneer of constitutional authority.4）与某些语义场相关的词汇结构例一、infested with 后跟贬义词(如害虫，危险的动物)或根据语境临时充当的贬义词（如holiday homes）。 1 We have recently moved to an area of Norfolk that is infested with holiday homes: our village is rendered lifeless for half the year, and local people find it impossible to afford homes because prices have been forced up by the greater buying power of outsiders.2Infested with tourists and mosquitoes2019 2014 the verdict of some friends who had spent a weekend in 2018the Venice of the North2019 earlier in the summer flashed through my mind.3The crowding of nests varied with the vegetation, being generally most dense in the more protected sites in tall grass, over water, or in trees infested with fierce ants.4A FAMILY fled from their new council home yesterday 2014 because it is infested with snakes.例二、spontaneous后的名词语义特征。这可从spontaneous右一搭配的名词语义特征中得出这结论，检索软件一般可以提供节点词左右一定跨距的搭配词，请看图1。另外，从语料检索的结果来看，spontaneous主要用于ADJ+N结构中，名词一般具有动作意义 ,即名词化，其他的结构有ADJ+N, DET+ADJV+N+ADJ结构ADJ+N: and then everyone raised their glasses in a spontaneous salute to the happy couple, the whole effect was electric, and the audience broke into spontaneous applause. . he rose and kissed her with spontaneous pleasure. the waiter brought best malt whisky straight awayBE+ADJ: the verb is spontaneous, fluid and not repeatable; the adjective is calculated, static and repeatable.DET+ADJ: abstract yourself from it and you thereby abstract yourself both from the plan and from the development of the spontaneous into cognized laws, V+N+ADJ: keep it spontaneous however, you should not work out the entire mock interview beforehand or you will lose the element of spontaneity. 在课堂上我便把这些信息提供给学生。）反映某类语篇特征的词汇，语法结构和语篇结构词的使用特征教师和学生可以自建各类体裁语料库，比如：口语体，书面体，儿童故事，报刊新闻等，可以通过扫描仪将于语料输入电脑，以文本文档保存以便检索软件检索。甚至可以分析某作家的作品中的语言使用问题。这其实是语体分析了。如新闻语体中V(动词)+that-从句出现的频率非常高。A pair of在对话，小说、新闻和学术体中都使用，可a couple of非常显著地没在学术体中出现，在另三个语体中出现的频率出现的频率大大高于a pair of的频率。（Douglas Biber Stig Johansson 2000: 255）图1四、基于语料库的练习、测试1、词语与词语的搭配，例如：例一、请提供10个可与下例词语搭配的名词：handsome，increase, expand,stale例二、Choose from these words four that make strong word partnerships in business English with each of the verb below.Bill presentation invoice discount debt lunchDeal calculation mistake service message expensesPAY MAKE GIVE(James Coady and Thomas Huckin 1997: 261)2、词语与语法结构搭配例如：1)请根据所提供的语料，说明decide, hope后面一般接什么语法结构：decide:Decide whether the pest is a serious threat or merely a nuisance. If you decide to use an insecticide, choose the most appropriate one for the affected plant and the pest concerned to avoid injuring beneficial insects.In fighting cancer, the most critical point is when you decide that you are going to survive.It sounded a pleasant, civilised household to settle in until he had time to look around him and decide about the future.She said to me that the partners in the firm couldna decide what to give the lass for her wedding and had asked her, as wife of the senior partner, to have a wee word.hope:By working co-operatively, long-term, with the people around me, I hope to continue for some time yet.I hope that you might be able to continue to help our patients in this manner.Well, however it struck you, its a slice of life and I hope you found it interesting enough just for that.We hope we will give a voice to the authors of the 90s.2019I hope not.I hope so.2)下列哪些形容词后可跟that-补足语(X is ADJ that-clause)clear,confident,aware,happy,hypothetical3、与某些语义场相关的词汇结构例如：1请从搭配词的语义特点角度说明big和large的区别。4、语篇(类)层面例如：Below are concordance lines from two registers of English - conversation and academic writing. In this activity, you will investigate patterns in the use of that-clauses as verb complements in these two registers.1. First, make a list of all the verbs that are followed by that-clauses in the conversation concordance listings below. Then, do the same for academic writing.2. Categorize the verbs in each list by their functions. What do the verbs do -report what people said, present evidence, etc.?3. Write down the patterns that you see in the use of that-clauses in conversation and academic writing. What are the similarities? What are the differences?Concordance lines from conversation:to cut down on your eggs. I think 0 thats the o the hospital. I know that hes afraid obviously cause going no I dont mean that hes gonna light you or I thought 0 that was harder though cos you had to He said that youll say that Im his sister I can see that this ones still not on his feet, yeah, she thinks 0 shes so cool though she doesnt Oh that reminds me. did you say 0 you rang David this morning? a bit of a reputation. I suppose 0 everyone has but She knows 0 we love the pink champagne. Well I suppose 0 a game of tennis doesnt last as longConcordance lines from academic writing: Laboratory s