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SectionFive TheEnglishCivilWar BackgroundoftheCivilWar TheWarsoftheRoses weakenedthefeudalnobleclassPeasantUprising theEnclosures newworkingclass proletariat TheReformation deprivedthechurchmuchofitslandandwealthDiscoveryoftheNewWorld developeditsforeigntradeandexpansion JamesI JamesVIofScotlandsucceedElizabethIandbecameJamesIofEngland Thereappearedatemporaryunionofthetwocountries RelationsbetweenthePuritansandtheKingdeteriorated PuritanspurifytheChurchofEnglandstopnominatingchurchofficialssuspectedthekingaseceretCatholicKingnobishop nokingpro Spanishforeignpolicyhisson sSpanishmarriageallianceCatholicsopposedking sstaunchsupportoftheChurchofEngland TheGunpowderPlotof1605 RadicalCatholicsplacedgunpowderinacellaroftheParliamentHouseGuyFawkesNovember5 nightbonfirefestivalRemindthedangerofCatholicrestoration JamesI thewisestfool DefenderoftheChurchofEnglandAnewtranslationoftheBibleintoEnglish JamesVersion1611 Nonconformists不信奉国教sailedtoAmerica1620byMayflowerDivineRightofKings天赋神权 CharlesI 1625 1649 JamesIdiedin1625CharlesI sonofJamesI becamethekingCharlesIthoughtofhisruleasGod givenFollowedapro Catholicismpolicy opposedbythePuritansPuritanismvsRomanCatholisim Puritanism Becameamassmovenmentnotedforsimpledress highmoralstandardsandveryegalitarian平等attitudes ThefirstParliament1625VotethekingtheimportdutiesOneyearnotforlifeDissolvedparliamentAnotherparliament1628ShortageofmoneyForcedtoacceptthePetitionofRights SecondMagnaCatar TheShortParliament1640 Toraisemoneyforasuddenwar heforcedtheScotsaccepttheEnglishreligioustextbook BookofCommonPrayer LastedtwoweeksbeforeKingdissolveditFurtherstrainedtherelationshipbetweentheKingandtheParliament TheLongParliament1640 1660 DefeatedbytheScottishrebels Nomoneytopaytheindemnity the5thParliamentContinuedtoexistfor20yearswithoutbeingdissolved Measurestolimittheauthorityofthekingthepowerofthebishops TheTwoCivilWars Thefirst 1642 1646 Directcause problemofsupremacyFundamentalreason economicinterestsKing smenwerecalledCavaliers保皇党 madeupofnoblesandgentry ThesupportersofParliament Therightwing acompromiseagreementwiththekingTheleftwing arevolution Roundheads OliverCromwell Beginning bymoderates rightwing almostruinLeftwing OliverCromwellbecamegeneraloftheNewModelArmy InJune 1645 hedestroyedtheRoyalistarmy Byautumn1646 theParliamentheldmostofEngland InJanuary1647 kepttheKinginprison TheSecondCivilWar1648 Rightwing restorethekingtothethroneCharlesIwasbeheadedin1649 Significance EnglishCivilWaralsocalledPuritanRevolution becausetheKing sopponentsweremainlyPuritan ItwasaconflictbetweenParliamentandtheKing OverthrewfeudalsysteminEnglandshookthefoundationofthefeudalruleinEurope pavedthewayfordevelopmentofcapitalistproduction regardedasthebeginningofthemodernworldhistory TheCommonwealth1649 1660 EstablishedtheRepublicangovernment Commonwealth withoutkingandtheHouseofLords OliverCromwellbecamelordprotectorandwassucceededbyhisson whoresignedtheCommonwealthin1659 Theregime政体beganimmediatelytocollapse withtherestorationofCharlesII TheRestoration1660 OneofCromwell sgenerals GeorgeMonck occupiedLondonandarrangedfornewparliamentaryelections TheParliamentresolvedthecrisisbyaskingthelateKing ssontoreturnfromhislongexileinFranceasKingCharlesII 1660 1685 Britainprospered繁荣underCharles TookoverManhattanIslandfromtheDutch nameditNewYork CharlesIIdiedin1685HisbrotherJamesII 1685 1688 kingHewasaCatholic rejectedbythepoliticians whileappealedtoaProtestantKing WilliamofOrange James DutchnephewandhusbandofMary James daughtertoinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone TheGloriousRevolution1688 RevolutionwithoutbloodshedNoexecutionofthekingJameswentintoexile放逐 Thebeginningofconstitutionalmonarchy WilliamandMaryjointlyacceptedtheBillofRights1689 whichexcluded排除anyRomanCatholicfromsuccession confirmedtheprincipleofparliamentarysupremacyandguaranteedfreespeechwithinbothHouses TheywerecrownedjointlyinWestminsterAbbey Theageofconstitutionmonarchy amonarchywithpowerslimitedbyParliamentbegan Anne sReign In1702 Mary ssister Anne tookthethrone ThenthenameGreatBritaincame
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