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托盘 升降 移栽 设计

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托盘烟垛升降移栽机的设计,托盘,升降,移栽,设计

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山东轻工业学院2012届本科生毕业设计（论文）本科毕业设计(论文)题目 托盘烟垛升降移栽机的设计 学院名称 机械与汽车工程学院 专业班级 机械08-3 学生姓名 王章坤 导师姓名 范维华 2012年 06月 08 日 目 录概述3第一章 概述51.1物流知识51.1.1物流的定义51.1.2物流系统的组成51.1.3常用输送机构及功能61.2托盘烟垛升降移栽机71.2.1升降移载机的分类与特点71.2.2 应用情况8第二章升降移栽机的总体设计方案82.1托盘烟垛升降移载机的工作原理82.1.1托盘烟垛升降移载机升降机构的工作原理82.1.2托盘烟垛升降移载机中转机构的设计和工作原理9第三章动力系统的设计与计算123.1.1电动机功率的选择123.1.2移栽机构链轮链条的设计计算133.2.1液压缸的选择153.2.2推力杆的校核18第四章轴的设计计算204.1.1最小直径204.1.2轴上各零件的布置方案204.1.3轴的校核214.2.1长轴的分布方案234.2.2长轴的校核23第五章轴承的选取与寿命的计算24链轮轴轴承的校核24第六章 总结25参考文献26 概述 物流机械设备不仅是现代化企业的主要作业工具之一，也是合理组织批量生产和机械化流水作业的基础。对第三方物流企业来说，物流设备还是组织物流活动的物质技术基础，它体现着一个企业物流能力的大小。物流设备是物流系统中的物质基础。伴随着物流的发展与进步，物流设备也不断的得到提升与发展。物流设备领域中许多新的设备不断涌现，例如托盘叠盘机、托盘拆盘机、四向托盘、高架叉车、自动分拣机、自动引导搬运车(AGV)、集装箱、升降移栽机等等。它们的出现不但极大的减轻了人们的劳动强度和降低了物流成本，而且提高了物流运作效率和服务质量。因此，它们对物流的快速发展起着重要作用。关键词： 物流机械 托盘 升降移栽机ABSTRACTLogistics equipment is not only the modernization enterprises main operation tools, and also one of reasonable organization batch production and mechanization flow operation foundation. For the third party logistics enterprise that, logistics equipment or organization logistics activity material and technical basis, it reflects the a enterprise logistics capability of size. Logistics equipment is logistics system of material base. With the development and progress of logistics, logistics equipment also constantly get promoted and development. Logistics equipment in the field of many new equipment constantly emerging, such as tray fold plate machine, tray open offer machine, four to tray, elevated forklift, Automatic sorting machine, Automated guided transport vehicles(AGV), container， Lifting transplanting machine and so on. These appeared not only greatly reduce the labor intensity of the people and reduces the logistics cost, but also improve the logistics operation efficiency and quality. Therefore, the rapid development of their logistics plays an important role.Key words：Logistics equipment ；Tray Stacked ；Lifting transplanting machine 第一章 概述1.1物流知识1.1.1物流的定义 “ 所谓物流，就是把完成品从生产线的终点有效地移动到消费者手里的广范围的活动，有时也包括从原材料的供给源到生产线的始点的移动”。美国物流管理协议会在下这个物流定义的同时还列举了物流活动的诸种要素。即货物运输、仓库保管、装卸、工业包装、库存管理、工厂和仓库选址、订货处理、市场预测和客户服务。现代物流系统是实施CIMS技术后在全面信息集成和高度自动化环境下，以用户的需求为中心以市场反馈的信息为依据快速安排和合理变更生产计划有效地实施了生产管理与控制强化了生产环节的物流管理系统。现代物流系统具有很强的时空性、技术性和经济性。从整体上讲它精简组织结构，减少纵向管理层次增加横向的管理范围，以灵活多变，基于项目的组织结构代替传统的阶梯式组织结构，并且尽可能缩小中央管理部门的功能，把更多的权限下放到业务部门。现代物流系统使技术资源、设备资源和人才资源等都能够得到最大程度的利用作业的敏捷性大大提高对市场需求变化的适应能力显著增强。1.1.2物流系统的组成立体仓库、各类缓冲站以及从事物料搬运任务的运输设备是物流系统的三大要素。整个物流系统的开发就是围绕它们展开的。物流系统的目标就是高效率、合理化地利用全部储运机械，对从毛坯采购入厂到成品销售出厂全过程中的物流进行控制和管理，满足生产各单元的需求，达到降低生产成本、降低物流故障率、提高生产效率、提高产品质量和优化生产的过程。对物流系统的要求是能够按准确的时间，将准确的物料，以准确的质量，运送到准确的地点。制造行业的物流系统主要包括以下三方面：毛坯、半成品、成品所构成的工件流；刀具、夹具所构成的工具流；货箱、托盘及辅助设施所构成的配套流。物料在流动过程中可以停留在加工机床、各类缓冲站以及立体仓库中，从事物料运输任务的机构是各种配套搬运设施，整个物流系统在计算机网络控制下配合生产作业协调运行。物流系统主要完成两种工作：一是将原材料、零件毛坯、工具等运入系统或立体仓库：二是把原材料、零件毛坯、工具等由系统或仓库内运出。CIMS集成后的现代物流系统，上述过程可以在计算机控制下自动完成。1.1.3常用输送机构及功能输送机构运送的物料有毛坯、工件、刀具、夹具、检具和切屑等储存物料的方法有平面布置的托盘库也有储存量较大的自动化立体仓库。物料输送系统的形式和种类比较多对不同的制造车间、工作环境和生产要求要采用不同的物料输送方式和输送装置。目前比较实用的主要有以下几种：输送系统：输送系统主要包括链式输送机、辊式输送机等，采用输送带、传送链等形式进行运输，在CIMS环境下输送线系统设有多个全自动工位，采用传感器、识别码等控制装置对物料或送料托盘进行精确到位传输，这些传感器与输送线一起采用计算机控制组成各种复杂功能的输送系统。输送系统使现代企业的工人综合劳动强度大大降低，提高工作效率所采用的重要输送装置，适用于装配批量大、工件庞大或细密的零件生产。工业机器人：世界上工业机器人产品虽然逐年增多，但是市场却是在螺旋式发展。由于工业机器人可以完成高度智能化的工作，也能够完成现代人不能完成的任务，因此，在物料输送系统中得到了广泛的应用；但是由于它价格昂贵和搬运重量有限，需要修改编程等创新工作，还不能完全取代运送小车，而常常与小车配套应用。在现代物流系统中，工业机器人多用于加工机床的装料和卸料而运送工作则是用小车来完成。在一些简单的系统中，运输路线短，零件重量小，则可用机器人完成大部分的物料搬运任务。工业机器人自动输送系统主要由搬运机器人、机器手、工件自动识别系统、自动启动装置、自动传输装置组成适合于工件自动搬运的场合尤其是现代物流系统中的自动化程度较高的流水线、联合工业等场合，极大地提高生产效率和自动化程度。自动小车：自动小车分为有轨和无轨两种所谓有轨是指有地面或空间的机械式导向轨道。地面有轨小车结构牢固，承载力大，造价低廉，技术成熟，可靠性好，定位精度高，多采用直线或环线双向运行：高架有轨小车（空间导轨）相对于地面有轨小车，车间利用率高，结构紧凑，速度高。有轨小车采用导轨或埋在地下的导线引导小车运行，速度快，机动性能好，停靠准确与加工设备的接合也比较容易有利于把人和输送装置的活动范围分开安全性好但承载能力小。无轨小车即自动导引车(AGV），是一种由计算机控制，能按照一定的程序沿规定的引导路径行驶，将货物送到规定的地方自动完成运输任务的运输工具，并具有停车选择装置、安全保护装置以及各种移载装置的输送小车。由于其控制性能好，系统很容易按其需要改变作业计划，灵活地调度小车的运行；由于没有机械轨道可方便地重新布置或扩大预定运行路径和运行范围以及增减运行的车辆数量，有极好的柔性，在现代物流运送中得到了广泛应用。堆垛机：它是立体仓库中主要完成输送搬运作业的机械，是随着立体仓库的应用而发展起来的专用起重机，通常一个巷道配备一台堆垛机，有时两个巷道或多个巷道共同使用一台堆垛机。堆垛机的纵向丫和垂向Z运行采用变频调速控制，使各机构高效运行、换速平稳，大大提高仓库的使用可靠性，缩短作业周期。堆垛机一般分为有轨和无轨两种。有轨堆垛机是在高层货架的窄巷道内作业的起重机可大大提高仓库的面积和空间利用率。按照用途的不同可分为单元型、拣选型、单元-拣选型三种；按照控制方式的不同可分为手动、半自动和全自动三种：按照转移巷道方法的不同可分为固定式、转移式和转移车式三种。在物料输送机构中大多应用条码自动识别技术条码技术是信息管理系统的一部分。应用条码的目的主要是为实时而准确地获取信息，可以极大地加快物资投送，节省工作时间，提高输送、搬运效率。物品的信息极多，除了品名、规格、数量、生产厂名等基本信息外，还可能有生产批号、流水号、生产日期、保质期、发运地点、到达地点、收货单位、承运单位、包装类型、运单号等。条码自动识别在物料输送机构中的应用则有很多突出的特点主要特点如下：认址速度快，效率高。存储信息量大，系统自动识别能力强操作准确。在物料输送机构中有时不仅需要对整个包装箱进行识别而且还需要识别包装箱内的物品。实际工作中经常不能确定条码标签方向和位置可以采用多路器传递多台扫描器来读入信息，提高可靠性。1.2托盘烟垛升降移栽机1.2.1升降移载机的分类与特点 升降移栽机机是用于设备及楼层之间的传送装置，广泛用于家电，食品，医药等行业的垂直输送工作。主要型式有托盘式升降机SZ和SC型。在不同的线体之间实现快速而平稳的传递。 SZ托盘式升降移载机是一种自动、连续垂直输送设备，具有输送率高、运行平稳、安全可靠、节能省工的特点。由于托盘式升降机具备自动、连续、垂直输送的特点，在电气控制上要求非常严格。 SC型升降移载机是一种靠齿轮条传动的电梯，主要用于建筑施工的人、货运输。以非常方便的进行安装和拆卸，并可以随着建筑物的增高而增高，及可靠的电器和机械安全系统,是建筑施工中安全高效的垂直运输设备。1.2.2 应用情况 托盘烟垛升降移载机主要应用于以标准托盘存取的集装化单元货物和货物体积、质量较大的场合。目前广泛应用于烟草行业，烟草行业也是物流系统应用最广泛和技术最成熟的行业。烟草行业货物的转移中转都必须依赖升降移载机。升降移载机的应用不但使货物的存取方便快捷，为烟草行业的迅速发展提供了技术保障。 第二章升降移栽机的总体设计方案2.1托盘烟垛升降移载机的工作原理2.1.1托盘烟垛升降移载机升降机构的工作原理 下图所示为有液压缸和杆机构组成的升降机构，如图所示杆机构与上面的移动箱体组成平行四边形在液压缸的带动下左右运动，来实现移动箱体的上下移动，起到货物中转的作用。图2.1.12.1.2托盘烟垛升降移载机中转机构的设计和工作原理1. 链传动的合理布置 在链传动中，两链轮的转动平面应在同一平面内，两轴线必须平行，最好成水平布置如图 a ，如需倾斜布置时，两链轮中心连线与水平线的夹角 j应小于 45 ，如图 b 。同时链传动应使紧边（即主动边）在上，松边在下，以便链节和链轮轮齿可以顺利地进入和退出啮合。如果松边在上，可能会因松边垂度过大而出现链条与轮齿的干扰，甚至会引起松边与紧边的碰撞。 图2.1.22. 链传动的张紧 为防止链条垂度过大造成啮合不良和松边的颤动，需用张紧装置。如中心距可以调节时，可用调节中心距来控制张紧程度；如中心距不可调节时，可用张紧轮。张紧轮应安装在链条松边靠近小链轮处，放在链条内、外侧均可，分别如图 c 、 d 所示。张紧轮可以是链轮，也可以是无齿的滚轮，其直径可比小链轮略小些。图2.1.33. 链传动的润滑 链传动良好的润滑将会减少磨损、缓和冲击，提高承载能力，延长使用寿命，因此链传动应合理地确定润滑方式和润滑剂种类。常用的润滑方式有几种： （1）人工定期润滑：用油壶或油刷给油，如下图 a，每班注油一次，适用于链速 v 4m /s 的不重要传动 （2）滴油润滑：用油杯通过油管向松边的内、外链板间隙处滴油，用于链速 v 10m /s 的传动，如下图b 。 （3）油浴润滑：链从密封的油池中通过，链条浸油深度以 612mm为宜，适用于链速 v=612m /s 的传动，如下图 c 。 （4）飞溅润滑：在密封容器中，用甩油盘将油甩起，经由壳体上的集油装置将油导流到链上。甩油盘速度应大于 3m /s ，浸油深度一般为 1215mm ，如下图 d 。 （5）压力油循环润滑用油泵将油喷到链上，喷口应设在链条进入啮合之处。适用于链速 v 8m /s 的大功率传动，如下图 e ，链传动常用的润滑油有 L-AN32 、 L-AN46 、 L-AN68 、 L-AN100 等全损耗系统用油。温度低时，粘度宜低；功率大时，粘度宜高。图2.1.4 有上述原理设计传动原理如下图所示，升降移载机的中转机构，有电机来提供动力，经减速箱进行减速达到要求速度，减速箱的输出轴上联有链轮再链条传动将托盘移送到另一个轨道。达到移载的目的，并且采用人工定期润滑。 图2.1.5 第三章动力系统的设计与计算3.1.1电动机功率的选择托盘烟垛一般装有十五箱烟，排列方式如图所示 图3.1.1 每箱烟大约15kg左右，一托盘香烟大约225kg至230kg，设计传动链的工作速度为0.6m|s，传动链的工作拉力约为1135.46N，所需功率P=FV=1135.46*0.6=715.3W,有机械设计手册可知选Y90S-4型电动机，功率1.5KW重22Kg。已知：输送链的速度V=1m/s,烟草和托盘总重约250Kg 。电机功率计算: 链条牵引力计算公式：F=(q0f0+qmfm)l+1.1q0f0l+Fj q0-输送链及其附件单位长度质量 qm-所输送物料在单位长度上的质量 f0-链条的滑动式滚动摩擦系数 fm-无聊在输送槽上的滑动摩擦系数，当物料直接载运到链条上fm = f0 Fj-附加阻力（输送机散装货物时计入）F=（1.5*0.44+172.4*0.44）*1.5*9.8+1.1*1.5*0.44*1.5*9.8=1135.46N故电机的计算功率 P= F * V (4-1-1) = F* V = 715.3W 由机械设计手册查得：滚动轴承选深沟球轴承其传动效率：0.99；电机减速器的效率：0.96；滚子链传动的效率：0.96；电动机的选用功率：Pe = (4-1-2) =816.65W综合各种因素电机选用参数如下：型号：Y90S-4 功率：1.1KW 电压：380V 频率：50Hz 额定转速：1400r/min3.1.2移栽机构链轮链条的设计计算 机械传功：链传动，滚子链效率0.96传动比小于等于6 链轮材料： 低速轻载-中碳钢 中速中载-中碳钢淬火 高速重载-低碳钢或低碳合金钢渗碳淬火，中碳钢或中碳合金钢表面淬火正多边形边长为链节距p，边数为链齿轮数z，链轮转一周链条转过的长度为zp，链传动的平均链速v和平均传动比i12为 V= i12=从动轮链条前进速度v=b=r2v2cosg链轮的工作寿命是链条的2至3倍。已知输送机速度为v=0.63m/s,即链轮的线速度为v=0.63m/s,传递的功率P=817W1. 确定链条型号和节距PPc=P0式中p0-额定功率，kw P-名义传动功率，kw Kz-小链轮齿数系数， Kp-多排链系数（单排取1）有机械设计课本图5.15知选链条型号为12A。链节距P=19.05，滚子外径11.91。2.计算当量的单排链的计算功率PcaPca= (4-4-1) 查表得KA=1.0,Kz=1.23,Kp=1.0 Pca=1.23*817=1005W (4-4-2)1. 计算链节数左端链轮中心距左端的距离为80mm,并且左右对称 ,左右悬臂轴之间的距离为1500mm，而链条绕链轮半个圆周，由公式d=200mm.由这些数据可计算链条长度L=1500+200*p*(157.95+154.61+82.83)/360+p*80*77.18/360+320.7+513.5+821=3850.67mm. 由链节距P=19.05mm,可计算链节数： Lp=3850.67/19.05=202.1节，链条节数圆整为204节。同样方法可知减速器链轮与从动轮之间链条长度L=1244.7mm，链条节数为66。2. 计算压轴力Fp有效圆周力Fe=1000=1000=1296.8N (4-4-6)链轮水平布置时的压轴系数KFp=1.15,则压轴力Fp=KFp*Fe=1.15*1296.8 =1491.3N (4-4-7)3. 链轮参数计算确定小链轮齿数（z常取奇数）从增加传动均匀性和减小动载荷考虑，小链轮的齿数适当多些。在动力传动中建议选取如下：V=0.6-3m/s， z17V=3-8m/s z21V8m/s z25是选择小链轮齿数为21齿，由于电机1400r/min，选用WPDA-SIZE80型减速器的传动比为10，小链轮的直径d=127.8mm圆整为128mm主动链轮链速公式v1=1m/s输送机传动链速v= v1/i=0.63m/s有传动比i可知传动链链轮齿数为z2=z1*i=33a.分度圆直径： d=200mm， (4-4-8)b.齿顶圆直径：da=p(0.54+cot) da= 19.05*(0.54+cot) =209.78mm 取齿顶圆直径da=210mmc.齿根圆直径:df=d-dr=210-12=198mm (4-4-11)径df=124mm3.2.1液压缸的选择已知托盘和烟箱总重约250kg，电机重22kg，减速器重22kg，估计移栽机满载总重为400kg，受力形式简化如图所示F2=FN1 F1=FN2 F2=FN1=300*9.8=2940N液压系统的设计方法载荷的组成与计算1. 液压缸的载荷组成与计算Fw是作用在活塞杆上的外部载荷Fm是活塞与缸壁一级活塞杆与导向套之间的密封阻力作用在活塞杆上的外部载荷包括工作载荷Fg导轨的摩擦力Ff和由于速度变化而产生的惯性力Faa. Fg=300kg.Nb. 导轨摩擦载荷Ff 平轨 Ff=m(G+FN) G-运动部件所受重力 FN-外载荷作用于导轨上的正压力 m-摩擦系数滑动导轨的摩擦系数：铸铁对铸铁 起动时低速 0.15-0.20 低速（V0.16m/s） 0.05-0.08惯性载荷Fa Fa=g-重力加速度；g=9.8m/s2，V-速度变化量（m/s）t-启动或制动时间，一般机械t=0.1-0.5s启动加速时 Fw=Fg+Ff+Fa稳态运动 Fw=Fg+Ff减速制动 Fw=Fg+FfFa除外载荷F外，作用于活塞上的载荷Fw还包括液压缸密封处的摩擦阻力FmFm=（1-m）Fm-液压缸的机械效率，一般取0.9-0.95F=选用10mm的钢板折成长方体作导轨，重10kg启动加速时Fw=Fg+Ff+Fa=2940+281.26+10=3231.26NFm=（1-m）F=359N计算液压缸的主要结构尺寸和液压马达的排量D=75.7mm取液压缸内径为80mm=0.5 d=40mm计算液压马达的排量液压马达的排量q=活塞长度为B=0.8D=64mm导向套长度A=（0.6-1.5）dA=d=40mm为了降低加工难度一般液压缸钢筒长度不应大于内径的20-30倍 根据设计图液压缸长度取L=350mm3.2.2推力杆的校核 推力杆为直径d=50mm的圆柱杆推力杆的受力分析图及其力矩图如下图挠曲线方程 端截面角度 =-最大挠度 wmax=-抗弯截面系数w=最大挠度 wmax=1.27*10-7端截面角度 =4.88*10-5smax=48Mpas=355Mpa所以推力杆满足设计要求。 第四章轴的设计计算4.1.1最小直径 D A0= 110 =22.7mm (5-1-1)A0的值取自机械设计表153，因为轴上有两个键槽，故将轴的最小直径提高至原来的1.15倍。圆整后 dmin =30mm.4.1.2轴上各零件的布置方案悬臂轴上安装着链轮和一对深沟球轴承6206。根据后面的应力计算分析可知轴的材料选为45号钢，调质处理。根据最小轴径，以及轴承的内径、链轮的内径确定轴上各段的径向尺寸，根据烟箱托盘确定轴的总长度。各段长度由安装在轴上的零件尺寸确定。 4.1.3轴的校核 已知：链轮的压轴力Fp=460N,链轮的转矩T=95.5*， (4-2-1)则T=95.5*=8.7*N.mm=Me1.求支反力:FA=610N2.计算弯矩AB段：Mmax=61000N.mm,BC段：M=61000N.mm3.计算扭矩AB段：T=0,BC段：T=Me=8.7*N.mm4.做弯矩图与扭矩图如下：5.应用第三强度理论校核有公式,其中=0.3；W=0.1=2700(d=12mm) = =26.05MPa (4-2-2)由表查得45钢的许用弯曲应力58.5MPa60Mpa,故上述轴的设计合理。4.2.1长轴的分布方案长轴上安装着两个从动链轮和一个主动链轮。根据后面的应力计算分析可知轴的材料选为45号钢，调质处理。根据最小轴径，以及链轮的内径确定轴上各段的径向尺寸，根据烟箱托盘确定轴的总长度。各段长度由安装在轴上的零件尺寸确定。确定布局如图所示4.2.2长轴的校核已知：长轴最小直径为30mm，材料是45钢，转速为90r/min,主要受扭转力矩，故主要校核扭转变形即可。消耗功率约820w，取需用应力t=40Mpa,w=1.5/m G=80Gpa验证轴在安全许可范围内即可。M=(9549*0.82/90)N.m=87.002N.m验证轴最小直径出满足要求即可，强度条件tmax=t 16*87.002/（p*）=16.4Mpa40Mpawmax=w wmax=0.7831.5故长轴满足设计要求。 第五章轴承的选取与寿命的计算链轮轴轴承的校核1.计算轴向力和径向力已知：链轮的压轴力Fp=610N,即径向力Fr=610N,轴向力Fa=0,即该轴只受径向力，不受轴向力。则P = fp Fr =1.2*610N = 732N (5-3-6)fp的取值见机械设计表1366206滚动轴承的基本额定动载荷C=13.2KNC的取值见机械设计课程设计手册表61。 Lh = (5-3-7) = =1.08*h 第六章 总结 升降移栽机顾名思义就是在物流系统中用来改变货物运输方式的机构，装设在两不同方向运输线的节点上。其升降机构可以弥补不同运输线见得高度差，用来抬高货物，或降低货物，以达到不同运输线间的转运，其移栽机构是将升降移栽机上的的货物，输送到另一个运输线上，为中转点上的货物提供动力。随着物流技术的发展与应用，提高了货物中转的效率，也相对地解放了劳动力，减少了安全事故的发生。现代物流技术飞速发展，为了适应现代物流技术的发展，与国际接轨，我国在物流的发展方面投入大量资金，各地物流设备的研发和制造速度如雨后春笋般。升降移栽机作为物流系统的中转设备，在物流系统中占有极其重要的地位。其研发制造难度大，它的设计就是堆垛机设计的难度之所在。如何提高其转运能力也是设计的重要方面，现在升降移栽机的设计方法主要有液压缸推动杆机构和电机驱动链传动方式。本次设计升降部分采用液压缸推动连杆机构，起重能力强，运动可靠，大大提高了物流系统转运效率，制造工艺简便，适于大范围的推广和使用。移栽机部分用传统的链传动，能使该设备与现有物流设备更好的兼容，并且传动可靠，转运货物能力强。升降移栽机的设计用到的主要知识是我们所熟知的基本的设计知识。设计过程中用到的知识大多为机械设计、机械制造、机械原理、液压的结论或定理。涉及到了杆机构的设计与计算，圆柱滚子链设计，轴的设计，箱体类零件的设计。电机的选择及电机功率的计算问题以及液压缸的选择与计算。同时应用材料力学中的第三强度理论对升降机部分轴进行推力杆的校核。在对轴的设计中还用到了轴承的相应知识，对轴承的寿命进行了计算。完成这次设计对大学所学知识有了进一步的回顾。同时理解到设计中应该注意的问题：机械设计工作要与生产工艺紧密结合，同时设计过程要有更多的软件参与，这样才能提高设计效率。机械制造设计的任何工作都不是那么简简单单就能够完成的，需要综合考虑各个方面的问题。所以，从事机械行业的工作人员不但要有丰富的专业知识和实践经验，而且还要善于观察，善于思考，善于从各行各业中寻找自己的创造灵感和设计思路。 参考文献1 冯爱兰，王国华主编. 物流技术设备M. 北京：人民交通出版社. 20032 濮良贵, 纪名刚主编. 机械设计M. 第八版. 北京：高等教育出版社. 19963 张福润主编. 机械制造基础M. 武汉：华中理工大学出版社. 19974 吴宗泽，罗圣国主编. 机械设计课程设计手册M. 北京： 高等教育出版社. 20065 侯珍秀主编. 机械系统设计M. 哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社. 20016 吴宗泽主编. 机械设计师（上下册）M. 北京：机械工业出版社.20017 美伯尔著.机械分析与机械设计M.汪一麟等译.北京：机械工业出版社.19888 PattonW.J.MechanicalPowerTranission.New Jersey:Printice-Hall.19939 章日晋等主编.机械零件的结构设计M.北京：机械工业出版社.198710 Rjput R K of Mechanical Engineering.Katson Publ.House.198511 苏列舍托夫著.机械零件M.西安交通大学机械原理与机械零件教研室. 北京：高等教育出版社.198812 Mechanical Drive（Reference Issue）.Machine Design.52(14).198013 吴一清主编. 中国物流装备与指南M. 北京： 机械工业出版社. 200314 刘昌祺物流配送中心设施及设备设计M北京：机械工业出版社200415 刘鸿文主编.材料力学.北京：高等教育出版社.2006 16 孙桓，陈作模，葛文杰主编.机械原理. 北京：高等教育出版社.200617 王伯平主编.互换性与测量技术基础. 北京：机械工业出版社200618 王运炎，叶尚川主编.机械工程材料. 北京：机械工业出版社2000 19 郑志峰，王义行，柴邦衡主编。链传动。 机械工业出版社。1984 20 周士昌主编，液压系统设计图集。 北京：机械工业出版社，2003 21 李靖华，王进戈，唐良宝主编，机械设计 重庆大学出版社，2002致谢经过两个月的努力，我终于完成了自己的设计任务。 我之所以可以完成这次设计，离不开老师的帮助，离不开自己的努力。我感谢学校能给我这次机会，也感谢学校为我提供的各种条件，使我可以顺利地完成任务。 在这里，我特别感谢我的指导老师范维华范老师。他是一个非常认真的老师，无论是从资料的提供上，还是在设计过程中难题的解答上，老师对我的帮助是很大的。由于这是我第一次自己设计产品，在没有足够的知识和实践经验的情况下。如果没有范老师，我要完成任务将是非常困难的！感谢老师的指导，感谢老师的关心。我虽然完成了我的设计任务，可是由于知识的短缺和经验的缺少，我的设计可能有很多的缺点和不足，希望各位老师能谅解！再一次向关心我、帮助我、指导我的老师们道一声谢谢！向母校道一声感谢！愿老师身体健康、工作顺利、桃李满天下！山东轻工业学院的明天有更好、更快的发展。29山东轻工业学院毕业设计（论文）中期进展报告表学 院机械工程学院专业班级机械08-3班学生姓名王章坤学 号200801011126 导师姓名范维华设计（论文）题 目 托盘烟垛升降移载机的设计根据设计要求和升降移栽机性能参数，在老师的指导下，前段时间主要完成了开题报告、英文翻译、实习报告的工作，并查阅相关的资料，拟定了设计方案。初步完成了升降移栽机中动力装置的选择，传动轴的设计，及其装配图。电动机的选择主要根据烟草托盘所承载货物的重量来估计，计算出传动链轮的牵引力。根据牵引力和设计要求的水平行走速度初步计算出电机功率。然后，根据各级传动机构的效率来确定电动机功率。电机输出的功率通过链轮，链轮通过链条将电动机功率输出来带动链条运动，完成货物的转移。链传动的设计参考了机械设计手册，根据电机输出转速以及传递功率计算出链轮的一系列参数。完成了电动机功率输出轴的设计，实现了链轮的定位，并对轴进行了应力校合。应力校合根据第三强度理论，对弯扭组合变形进行应力计算。完成了升降部分液压缸的选择，以及推力杆的设计与校核。在设计过程中，自己遇到的问题在老师和同学的帮助下，基本上都得到了解决。在以后的设计中将继续查阅相关资料，参考现有的设施对装配图进行优化。同时绘制零件图。根据设计要求，在老师的指导下，顺利完成各项工作。2012年05月22日指导教师评价意见1设计（论文）进展情况评价 （基本完成计划、部分完成计划、没有完成计划）2学生工作态度情况评价 （认真、一般、较差）3已完成设计（论文）质量评价 （较好、一般、较差）4设计（论文）不足之处及改进意见 指导教师签字： 年 月 日注：每名学生填写一份，并由指导教师填写意见、签字后，返还学生归档。 The development trend of the numerical control technology The engineering level of equipment industry and modernized intensity are determining the level of the whole national economy and modernized intensity , numerical control technology and equip , develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry To can make technology and basic equipment most (national defense industry industries , such as information technology and their industry , biotechnology , industry , aviation , spaceflight ,etc. ). Marx has ever said the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, lie in how produce, with what means of labor produce . Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology to equip most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts the technology of numerical control extensively; in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop ones own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in high-grade, precision and advanced key technology and equipment of numerical control. In a word, develop taking technology of numerical control as the core advanced manufacturing technology become world all developed country; accelerate economic development already in a more cost-effective manner, important route to improve the comprehensive national strength and national position. Numerical control technology to go on technology that control with digital information to mechanical movement and working course, numerical control equipment whether represented by technology of numerical control new technology make industry and new developing infiltration electromechanics integrated product that form of manufacturing industry to tradition, i.e. what is called digitization equip, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing , processing , transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Transducer technology; (6)Software engineering ,etc. 1 Development trend of a numerical control technology The application of the technology of numerical control has not only brought the revolutionary change to traditional manufacturing industry, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of the technology of numerical control and enlargement of application, the development of he some important trades (IT , car , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the peoples livelihood plays a more and more important role, because these trade necessary digitization that equipped has already been the main trend of modern development. According to the technology of numerical control and equipment development trend in the world at present, its main research focus has the following several respect 14. 1.1 A high-speed , high finish machining technology and new trend equipped Efficiency, quality are subjects of the advanced manufacturing technology. At a high speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly, quality and grade to raise product, shorten production cycle and improve the competitive power of market. Japan carry technological research association classify their as one of the 5 loud modern manufacturing technologies first for this reason, learn (CIRP ) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century to study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce 40 second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip one of the key problems that must be solved; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, its processings spare parts are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity very bad, material aluminum or aluminum alloy, in high to cut pace and cut strength very under the little situation only, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy blank method of pay empty make the wing recently, large-scale parts such as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection ways, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these requirement for processing and equipping and proposing high-speed , high and precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, the high-speed machining center enters for the pace to can reach 80m/min, even high; air transport competent pace can reach 100m/min about. A lot of car factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, adopt, substitute and make the lathe up with high-speed machining center production line part that make up already. HyperMach lathe of Company , CINCINNATI of U.S.A. , enter , give pace to be most loud to reach 60m/min, it is 100m/min to be fast, acceleration reach 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, process and need 8h with ordinary milling machine; The paces and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company reach 12* separately! 000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, in the past 10 years, ordinary progression has accused of the machining accuracy of the lathe to already improve from 10m to 5m, accurate grades of machining center from 3- 5m, raise to 1- 1.5m, and ultraprecision machining accuracy begin , enter getting nanometer already. In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe raise to 5m , from 3- 5m accurate grades of machining center from 10m already, improve to 1- 1.5m, and the ultraprecision machining accuracy has already begun to enter nanometer (0.01m )ly. In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . For realize at a high speed , high finish machining, related to it function part if electric main shaft , straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is further expanded . 1.2 5 axles link and process and compound and process the lathe to develop fast Adopt 5 axle link , to three-dimensional curved surface processing of part , can cut with the best geometirc form of the cutter, not only highly polished, but also efficiency is improved by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged , a 5 axle gear beds of efficiency can equal 2 3 axle gear beds , use cubic nitrogen boron wait ultra hard material milling cutter go on at a high speed milling , sharpening , quenching hard steel at the part, 5 axle link , process constant 3 axle link , process , give play to high benefit. But go over because 5 axles link the numerical control system , complicated reason of host computer structure, price its link numerical control to be lathe several times higher than 3 axle, in addition programming technological difficulty relatively heavy , have restricted 5 axle gear beds of development. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, make , realize 5 axle compound main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify, it make difficulty and cost reduce by a large margin , numerical control price disparity of systems shrink. So promote compound main shaft head type 5 axle gear bed and compound development to process lathe (process the lathe including 5 ). At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt compound main shaft hair, can realize 4 processing and arbitrary processing of angle of vertical plane, make 5 process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized at the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls . Company , DMG of Germany , exhibit DMUVoution series machining center , can put , insert , down 5 process and 5 axes link and process in one, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM controls directly or indirectly. 1.3 intellectualizations, open style, the network turns into for the contemporary numerical control system development mainly hastens The 21st century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized the system, the intellectualized content including in numerical control system each aspect: In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection convenient intellectualization, like the feed-forward control, the electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, the automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, is automatic entire grades; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, the intelligent monitoring aspect content, the convenience system diagnosis and the service and so on. In order to solve the traditional numerical control system seal and the numerical control application software industry production existence question. At present many countries conduct the research to the open style numerical control system, like USS NGC (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), European Economic Communitys OSACA (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), Japans OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller), Chinas ONC (Open Numerical Control System) and so on. The numerical control system will open already becomes the numerical control system road of the future. The so-called open style numerical control system is the numerical control system development may in the unified movement platform, face the engine bed factory and the end-user, through the change, the increase or the tailor structure object (numerical control function), forms the seriation, and may conveniently integrates users special application and the technical knack in the control system, the fast realization different variety, the different scale open style numerical control system, forms has the bright individuality famous brand goods. At present the open style numerical control system system structure standard, the correspondence standard, the disposition standard, the movement platform, the numerical control system function storehouse as well as the numerical control system function software development kit and so on is the current research core. The network numerical control equipment is a nearly two year international famous engine beds expositions new luminescent spot. The numerical control equipment network enormously will satisfy the production line, the manufacture system, the manufacture enterprise to the information integration demand, also will be realizes new manufacture pattern like agile manufacture, hypothesized enterprise, the global manufacture foundation unit. The domestic and foreign some famous numerical controls engine bed and the numerical control system manufacture company has all promoted the related new concept and the prototype in the nearly two years, if unfolds in EMO2001, Japanese Shan Qima Mazak the company displays CyberProduction Center (intelligence production control center, is called CPC); Japan is Okuma the engine bed company to display IT plaza (information technology square, is called the IT square); German Simens (Siemens) the company displays Open Manufacturing Environment (opening manufacture environment, is called OME) and so on, had reflected the numerical control engine bed processing the tendency which develops to the network direction 1.4 takes the new technical standard, the standard establishment 1.4.1 about numerical control system design development gauge As noted previously, there are better commonability , flexibility , adaptability , expanding in the open numerical control system, countries such as U.S.A. , European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on research and formulation of the systematic norm of structural numerical control of the open system (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ), 3 of world heavy economy carry on the same science plan and standardize formulation nearly in a short time most, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of the technology of numerical control. Our country started research and formulation which standardized the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000. 1.4.2 About the numerical control standard The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Numerical control technology information exchange of 50 year born , to based on ISO6983 standard, adopt G , M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he cant meet demands of high-speed development of the technology of modern numerical control more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC ) in the world, its purpose is offering a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system , can describe the unified data model in whole lifespan of the products , thus realize the whole manufacture process, and even the standardization of each industrial field product information.The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technical field of the numerical control, on development and even the whole manufacturing industry of the technology of numerical control , will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea , in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on single computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of technology of numerical control. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system also can reduce , process (about 75% ) drawing , process procedure work out (about 35% ) time and process (about 50% ) time greatly. At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1- 2001.12.3 ) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users , manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed and accused of the super model (Super Model ) of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS , FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present. 2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our countryThe technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, i.e. closed developing stage. In this stages, technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of the technology of numerical control is comparatively slow. During Sixth Five-Year Plan Period , the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period of the country in second stage and earlier stage in the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period , introduce technology , digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is that on the later stage in the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period of the country and during the Ninth Five-Year Plan Period , implement the research of industrialization , enter market competition stage. At this stage, made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In the Ninth Five-Year Plan latter stage, domestic numerical control domestic market share of lathe reach 50% , mix domestic numerical control system (popular ) to up to 10%. Review the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially pass the brainstorm of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements. a. Have establish the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has basically mastered the technology of modern numerical control. Our country know from numerical control system , servo urge , numerical control host computer , special plane and their basic of fittings basically already now, among them most technology have already possessed the foundation that is commercialized and developed , some technology has already, industrialization commercialized. a.Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize , set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity of batch such as numerical control of Central China , spaceflight numerical control etc. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, a batch of servo systems and first machine tool plant , first machine tool plant of Jinan of servo electrical machinery factory and Beijing ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories such as the numerical control in Central China. These factories have basically formed the numerical control industrial base of our country. b.Have set up research of a numerical control, development , managerial talents basic team . Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of the technology of numerical control, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, there is greater disparity between current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level especially in industrialization. Though very fast from longitudinal development to watch our country, horizontal until (contrast with foreign countries ) , the engineering level has disparity, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, i.e. the disparity of engineering level between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world , estimate roughly as follows about the numerical control engineering level of our country and industrialization level. a.On the engineering level, in probably backward 10- 1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology.b.At the industrialization level, the market share is low, the variety coverage rate is low, have not formed the large-scale production yet; Function part specialized level of production and form a complete set ability to be lower; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized intensity is insufficient; Not setting up ones own brand effect yet in domestic numerical control system, users have insufficient confidence. c.At the ability of sustainable development, to competition numerical control research and development of technology, engineered ability weaker; Numerical control technological application expand efforts to be better; The research , formulation that relevant standards are normal lags behind. It is analyzed that the main reason for having disparity described above has the following several respect. a.Realize the respect. Know to domestic numerical control industry process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic insufficiently; One that is to market unstandard, foreign blockade add strangle , system ,etc. underestimate while being difficult; It is not enough to analyze to technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country. b.System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue , consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one , industry chain in terms of technology; Set up intact related system , complete training , service network ,etc. of high quality support the system. c.Mechanism. The bad mechanism causes the brain drain , restraining technology and technological route from innovating again , products innovation, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning , has often planned the ideal , implement the difficulty. d.Technology. Enterprises are indifferent in autonomous innovation in technology, key technology is engineered and indifferent. Lathe standard lag behind, level relatively low, numerical control system new standard study enoughly. 3 strategic thinking until technology and industrialization of numerical control of our country develop 3.1 Strategic consideration Our country of strategic consideration makes the big country , should try hard to accept the front instead of the back transformation in the world industry shifts , should master and make key technology advancedly , otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, of our country manufacturing industry step forward the empty core . We regard resource , environment , market as cost, possibility got to exchange assemble the centre , but not master the status of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously.We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to the technology of numerical control and industrys question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the peoples living standard but also can relieve the pressure of employment of our country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen from security of national defence, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realize embargo and restriction to our country, Toshiba incident and Cox Report is the best illustration. 3.2 Development tactics Proceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of the national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose the support technology that the initial our country makes the key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and supports the development of industrialization in 21st century of leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump type development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development. Emphasize market demand is a direction, take terminal products of numerical control as the core , with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine , high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe , model digitized machinery , key industry key equipment ,etc. ) drive numerical control development of industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability in (digitized servo system and electrical machinery , electric main shaft system of high speed and new attachment that equip ,etc. ) and production scale question. There are no products without high dependability of scale ; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale ; Certainly, it is difficult finally to have the day to hold up head that there is no Chinese numerical control equipment of scale . In equipping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of end user, regard obtaining, using, selling as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country. The technology of numerical control, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the numerical control industry of our country , sustainable development of the equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry.中文译文数控技术的发展趋势 装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别，不在于生产什么，而在于怎样生产，用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料，而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最核心的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资，不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业，而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。总之，大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。 数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术，数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品，即所谓的数字化装备，其技术范围覆盖很多领域：(1)机械制造技术；(2)信息处理、加工、传输技术；(3)自动控制技术；(4)伺服驱动技术；(5)传感器技术；(6)软件技术等。 1数控技术的发展趋势 数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，他对国计民生的一些重要行业（IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等）的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看，其主要研究热点有以下几个方面14。 11 高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势 效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率，提高产品的质量和档次，缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一，国际生产工程学会（CIRP）将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。在轿车工业领域，年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆，而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域，其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋，刚度很差，材料为铝或铝合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下，才能对这些筋、壁进行加工。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装，使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。 从EMO2001展会情况来看，高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min，甚至更高，空运行速度可达100m/min左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂，包括我国的上海通用汽车公司，已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。美国CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach机床进给速度最大达60m/min，快速为100m/min，加速度达2g，主轴转速已达60000r/min。加工一薄壁飞机零件，只用30min，而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h，在普通铣床加工需8h；德国DMG公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达12*!000r/mm和1g。 在加工精度方面，近10年来，普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10m提高到5m，精密级加工中心则从35m，提高到11.5m，并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级(0.01m)。 在可靠性方面，国外数控装置的MTBF值已达6000h以上，伺服系统的MTBF值达到30000h以上，表现出非常高的可靠性。 为了实现高速、高精加工，与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展，应用领域进一步扩大。 1.25轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展 采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削，不仅光洁度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为，1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床，特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时，5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因