Journal_Abstracts_期刊摘要写作.doc

Journal AbstractsTopics: 1. The two distinct types of abstracts2.What are the linguistic specifications of an abstract? 3. How to write a journal abstract?4. Examples1The two distinct types of abstracts:l A descriptive abstract（描述性摘要） merely identifies the areas to be covered in the report. It is an extended statement of purpose or scope. Such an abstract is only useful for very long review-style papers or monographs (专著；专论), because it demonstrates only their organization, not the content. It merely describes what the report is about. It does not give any specific information about the problem, method, results, or conclusions. Such an abstract is not very useful to many readers since it lacks the specific information they need to know about the article and the results.例1Comparison of different soil reconstruction methods for reclaiming contaminated lands in Geevor MineAbstract: This paper evaluates the three land reclamation methods applied to the reconstruction of contaminated lands in Geevor Mine, Cornwall in recent years. Methods of evaluation are discussed and the results of the three land reclamation methods are compared and contrasted. Conclusions as to the effectiveness of the three methods are given, together with suggested recommendations for further studies. 读者看完描述性的摘要后知道研究的步骤、实验的程序，也可能了解作者在研究、实验中干了些什么，但对作者的发现、见解、结论却往往一无所知。因此描述性摘要对期刊论文、会议论文不宜，只偶尔出现在描述程序的文章和长篇文献评论之中。l An informative abstract（信息性摘要） is the most common type of abstract. It summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the paper, and provides the key facts and conclusions from the body of the paper. 例题目说明论文主题研究的背景研究方法研究结果结论Comparison of different soil reconstruction methods for reclaiming contaminated lands in Geevor MineABSTRACT: This paper evaluates the three land reclamation(开垦, 改造) methods applied to the reconstruction of contaminated lands in Geevor Mine, Cornwall in recent years. With 3871 ha of land associated with metalliferous mining and processing in Cornwall, high contents of heavy metals always exist in the land. Thus land reclamation has been an important task in Cornwall. For the investigation, three differently remedied plots and one comparison plot were selected and the main physical and chemical properties of the soils were tested. The plot with the topsoil removed was still of high contaminants and low pH value. The plot remedied by using industrial mineral amendments (改良土壤的物质) showed a reduction in contaminants and a buffering of pH, but it still had a high level of metals. The subsoil covered plot showed the lowest content of contaminants, which was less than the threshold value.It is concluded that remedies with industrial minerals and subsoil are effective for reclaiming contaminated lands in Cornwall. 摘要是文章内容的浓缩，所以其重点、结论应同正文一致。信息性的摘要是提供与主题有关的方法、结果、结论等方面的信息，读者看完信息性的摘要后基本上就能获取整篇文章的全部主要信息。因此摘要通常应该是信息性的。描述性兼信息性摘要另外还有一种将描绘性、信息性合为一体的摘要。如：例题目导言研究内容评估的参数评估基础结论之一结论之二An evaluation of parameters for predictingfretting fatigue (磨蚀疲劳) crack initiationAbstract: There are numerous fatigue（腐朽）parameters that can be used to determine the onset of crack initiation in a component subjected to constant amplitude plain fatigue. This study evaluates how well some of these parameters predict fretting fatigue crack initiation in titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4v. Included in the evaluation are the following crack initiation parameters: the strain-life parameter, the maximum strain corrected for strain ratio effects, the maximum principal strain corrected for principal strain ratio effects, the Smith-Watson-Toper (SWT) parameter, the critical plane SWT parameter and the Fatemi and Socie (F-S) parameter. The Ruiz parameters, which are specific to fretting fatigue condition, were also evaluated. The evaluation was based on the parameters ability to predict the number of cycles to initiation and location for crack initiation. The results indicated that the maximum strain amplitude at the contact interface was an important parameter for fretting fatigue crack initiation. Furthermore, the results indicated that when the applied loading was corrected for the effects of contact and mean stress or strain ratio, titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V exposed to the fretting fatigue condition behaved in a manner similar to the plain fatigue condition.学位论文比较适合采用这种描述性兼信息性的摘要。这种摘要结论应该陈述清楚，要注意控制摘要的长度，各种支撑信息不宜太多，否则篇幅容易很长。Sample 1The purpose of this program is to provide generalized crack growth tracking procedures for transport bomber aircraft. A study and tests were conducted on crack growth rate characteristics, analysis schemes were developed, and tracking procedures were evaluated.Sample 2Transient (瞬时的) adaptation refers to the rapid fluctuations in sensitivity of the eye that result from sudden changes in luminance level. The research reported here examines the effects of transient adaptation and resultant losses in visibility by using luminance levels comparable to nighttime highway lighting conditions. Research has been initiated on the problem of non-uniformities in roadway luminances in the motorists visual environment. Experiments to examine multiple nonuniformities and the effect of nonuniformities at various distances from the line of sight on transient adaptation are planned.Sample 3This report presents an analysis of the principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air conditioning. A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle devices is presented. Conclusions concerning the applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made.2. Linguistic specifications of abstracts: 1) the use of the past tense when describing what was done; 2) the use of impersonal passive;3) the avoidance of excessive use of abbreviations, jargons, symbols and other language shortcuts that might lead to ambiguity;4) containing all your key words (for the searchable databases);5) Short abstracts (100-300 words for articles and papers) are usually a single unified paragraph; longer abstracts for theses and reports may be paragraphed. The abstract itself should be a mini-essay.3. How to write a journal abstract:The length of the abstract should be restricted to the limit set by the journal or relevant academic regulation, often about 250 words. The abstract consists of 5 linked parts: background, problem, methods/approaches, results, and implications/significance. The proportion of the abstract taken by each part varies considerably. Background/introduction: Briefly set up the background and context to the study, its rationale (基本原理) and significance. Within this background, you need to couch the problem. Problem: Here you need to identify the particular research problem under investigation, the purpose of the study, and any specific research objectives or hypotheses.Methods: Outline the approach you took and the methods you used to investigate the problem. Describe the extent of the study, what you did or measured, and how you did it. Specify the location of the study and when it was performed.Results: give any important data. Be specific, not vague. Quantify if possible; avoid terms such as most or some if you have the specific numbers. State the major interpretations and findings, how the findings relate to the original research problem, and any limitations/caveats(告诫) on the results.Implications/conclusion: Finish by stating the contribution of the work and its implications. There may be implications for associated problems, or for previous studies, e.g., reinterpretation of a previous model may be necessary in the light of your findings. Do your results have general or specific application or relevance?/significance4. Examples: 1. The following abstract, from an article titled “Are Green Lots Worth More Than Brown Lots? An Economic Incentive For Erosion Control On Residential Developments,” was published in Soil and Water Conservation. In 147 words, this abstract clearly and concisely conveys the main points from the seven- page article that follows it. Abstract: Construction sites are major contributors to nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. However, a lack of personnel to enforce erosion control regulations and limited voluntary compliance means that few developers apply effective erosion control./ New approaches are needed to increase erosion control on construction sites if this source of NPS pollution is to be significantly reduced. /This study tests whether an economic advantage exists for developers who use vegetative cover for erosion control, independent of advantages gained in addressing environmental or regulatory concerns. /Improving residential lot appearance from muddy brown to green grass may increase the appeal of the lot to buyers. /A market survey shows that homebuyers and realtors perceive vegetated lots to be worth more than unvegetated lots, and this increased value exceeds the cost of seeding. /Thus, developers can now be encouraged to invest in vegetative cover because of the potentially high return on the investment.Format: Background /Research Problem/Body/Results/Conclusion/2：The following is an abstract about English teaching.Abstract: The author holds that for adult Chinese English learners, no single textbook or teaching methodology can guarantee successful language learning. Therefore, classroom teaching should be geared to the needs of the students and the situation. /Based on her teaching practice, the author proposed that Translation Method, Audio-lingual Method, Functional Method, etc. can give full play in the appropriate teaching context. /It is therefore concluded that no single teaching method is perfect and successful. Language teaching in the classroom lies to a great extent in adjusting the teaching to the individual groups of students and their needs as well as the creative use of the combined teaching methods.(Research Problem/Results/ Conclusion)5. A model for journal abstract writing:This paper discusses _. By using _, the results which show _ are obtained. These results will be significant for _.6.Useful sentence structures for abstract writing.Beginning: l This paper discusses (describes, establishes, presents, reports, etc.) the design (an investigation, experimental results, analysis, method, model, characteristics, principles, approaches, problem, phenomenon, etc.) of .l An analysis of . is described (presented, etc.) in this paper.l This author reviews (holds/insist/maintain/think/believe, touches upon) something.l This article has been prepared (designed, written) to .l The aim of this article is to determine (explore, review).l This paper is aimed atBody:l The method(theory) is adopted/use/apply in and the data (experimental results, model, etc.) are (is ) derived (obtained, found, revealed, developed, etc.).l The experiment (investigation, technique, method) was made, (conducted, applied, used, etc.) to . Concluding:l The results show (indicate, suggest, etc.) that .l It is found (observed, suggested, etc.) that. l The article (author) finds (considers, deems) it necessary (advisable) to .7.EI (美国工程信息公司) 中国信息部对信息性摘要写作的基本要求。(PDF文件)Examples: 1. （From Materials Protection, Vol. 36, Jan., 2003)铁基合金在KCI盐膜下的腐蚀摘要：利用热重分析法对几种工程材料在KCI盐膜下于750-800C空气中的腐蚀进行了研究。结果表明材料在固体/熔融态的KCL盐膜下均发生了加速腐蚀，合金的耐蚀性与Cr含量的增加没有直接关系。由热力学方面讨论了材料的腐蚀机制及合金化元素的作用。关键词：热腐蚀；铁基合金；盐膜；热重分析法。KCL Induced Corrosion of Fe-Base Engineering MaterialsAbstract: The corrosion behaviors of Fe-base engineering materials with different Cr contents beneath KCL salt film were examined at 750-800C in air by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the corrosion of materials were accelerated beneath the solid/melt state salt films, and there were not direct relation between the corrosion resistance of alloy and the increasing of Cr contents. The corrosion mechanism and the effects of alloy elements were discussed from the thermodynamic aspects.Key words: hot corrosion; carbon steel; salt film; thermogravimetric analysis.2. (From Materials Protection, Vol. 36, Jan., 2003)纳米氧化铈颗粒对电沉积锌层耐蚀性的影响摘要：研究了纳米氧化铈颗粒对电沉积锌层耐蚀性的影响。结果表明，纳米氧化铈颗粒能显著提高锌镀层的耐蚀性；能促使锌镀层晶面产生择优取向，并使锌镀层更致密，更均匀；在一定范围内增加镀锌液中纳米氧化铈颗粒含量，锌镀层的耐蚀性可随之提高；此外，纳米氧化铈颗粒的分散方法对镀锌层的耐蚀性也有影响。关键词：电积层；纳米复合镀层；锌镀层；耐蚀性；纳米氧化铈颗粒Effect of Ceria Nanoparticles on Corrosion Resistance of Electrondeposited Zinc CoatingAbstract: The effect of Ceria nanoparticles on electrondeposited zinc coatings had been investigated. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of zinc coatings with ceria nanoparticles increased obviously. Ceria nanoparticles promoted preferred orientation of zinc matrix and made the crystal particles of zinc coatings more uniform（well-proportioned） and dense. The corrosion resistance of zinc coatings was also depended on the disperse methods of ceria nanoparticles.Key words: electrondepositing; nano-composite coating; zinc coatings; corrosion resistance; ceria nanoparticles3. （From PPG Technology Journal, Volume 5, April, 1999）Modeling Transmitted Color and So