发展经济学Development Economics.docx

发展经济学Development EconomicsIn this course we mainly study the economic development of developing countries ,and the importance of capital accumulation; 1.Dual Sector model：Lewis put forword this theory in 1954,he use this theory analysis economic development of developing countries.he think developing countrys Economics have two department ,tradition department and modern department.(1)Tradition department :Agriculture and Simple business and services,low labor productivity ,the wages is low ,but have developing countrys most labor.(2)Modern department:mining industry, construction industry, modern commerce and service industry.have little labor ,higher labor productivity and wages.(1)advantage:1)opened up a new way , provides the basic framework for the structural analysis.It state the structural differences between the modern and traditional sectors. This difference is reflected in the technical level , the purpose of production and the level of income.2)The combination of economic growth and the transfer of labour force, which is consistent with the path of the developed countries, so the model is based on historical experience.This has important implications for the development of the developing countries.(2)disadvantage:1)Ignore the development of Agriculture2)It is assumed that the proportion of labor and capital in the modern industrial sector is always unchanged.3)Constant wage levels are not right.4)No attention to human capital constraintsThe constant expansion of the modern department and the shrinking of the traditional department.(3)the realtionship between tradition department and modern department.1. In the process of industrialization, the traditional department transport the surplus labor to the modern department, and create the profit for the modern department with the cheap labor force.2. When the surplus labor is not delivered, the labor productivity of the traditional sector is in a state of stagnation.3. The traditional department is passive, and the modern department is active.Through the cheaper labor force and the transfer of agricultural products, raw materials, concentrated force to achieve the development of the modern industry. 2. vicious circle of povertyNurkse put forword this theory in 1953, he use this theory to analysis the source of long-term poverty in developing countrieshe . He think the low level of per capita income in developing countries, capital supply (savings) and product demand (consumption) are not enough, which limits the formation of capital, so that the developing countries are in poverty in a long period of time.(1)the supply side low income, savings capacity, low capital formation, low productivity, low output, low income, low income, the vicious circle;(2) the demand side, low income, low purchasing power, inducement to invest lose, low capital formation, low productivity, low output, low income, low income, the vicious circle.Advantage :1.Capital formation is the source of long-term poverty in developing countries2. the supply cycle and the demand cycle two part together constitute, the two part influence and restriction.3. To break the vicious cycle of poverty, we must increase the savings, expand investment.Disadvantage :1. Poor countries lack the ability to save is not right.2. The savings rate in developing countries is not high, not only due to the income level, but also should think the social, political and other institutional factors.3. The theory ignores the possibility of using foreign capital.2 Human resource with development of Economics1. Human Capital Theory：Schultz put forward this in 1961,he think (1)the economic development is mainly determined by the quality of the people, rather than the natural resourcor capital amount(2).In fact, in the production activities, capital by the plant, machinery and equipment, raw materials and other elements of the production materials.(3)Human capital investment can effectively increase the skills of workers.(4)Some countries have rich land, but they are very poor. some countries land is poor , but it has been greatly improved by the use of modern agricultural technology. And some of the countrys land conditions are very good, through human capital, agricultural productivity has been very high.For example Company can use this theory to mangement the worker,Through reasonable management, to achieve human resources and efficient, and achieve the maximum use value;motivite worker ositivityandcreativity.3 Technological progress and economic development1. Innovation theory：Schumpete put forward innovation theory .he think (1) Innovation is endogenous in the process of production(2)Innovation is a revolutionary change.(3)Innovation also means destruction.(4)Innovation must be able to create new values.(5)The subject of innovation is entrepreneur 2. The way of innovation :(1)The introduction of new products (2) new production method (3) have new markets(4) a new source of materials(5) to realize the new form of enterprise organization3.influence:(1)Science and technology can promote economic development, and determine the development of future productivity.(2)Science and technology improve the way of life and livi