GMAT_SC_语法笔记.doc

GMAT语法笔记目 录一、句子结构51.准确使用标点符号52.副词不能代替连词53.介词不能代替连词54.主语从句55.宾语从句66.表语从句67.强调结构68.倒装结构69.as结构710.同位结构711.独立主格结构812.省略结构813.否定结构9二、主谓一致101.代词的指代一致102.定语从句中的主谓一致103.倒装结构中的主谓一致104.主语从句做主语时的主谓一致105.each相关的主谓一致106.物质名词的主谓一致107.数词相关的主谓一致108.学科名词的主谓一致109.以-s结尾名称的主谓一致1110.or、but、either、neither等连接主语的主谓一致1111.with、including、as well as、besides等修饰主语的主谓一致1112.主语中有插入成分的主谓一致1113.no修饰主语时的主谓一致1114.part、most、all、some、分数相关的主谓一致1115.a body/collection/array/series相关的主谓一致1116.a/the total/number/average相关的主谓一致1117.neither做主语时的主谓一致1118.不定式和分词做主语时的主谓一致1119.几分之一做主语时的主谓一致11三、动词形式111.过去完成时112.现在完成时113.将来时124.被动语态的构成125.被动语态的选择126.不使用被动语态的词语127.主动形式表示被动含义128.主动与被动都可以的词语129.虚拟语气的表达1210.后置主语从句的虚拟语气1311.宾语从句中的虚拟语气1312.虚拟语气的强弱1313.情态动词的功能1314.情态动词可能程度的强弱顺序1415.“能力”和“可能性”的区别1416.情态动词的省略和添加1417.so that从句中的情态动词14四、分词和不定式141.-ing分词的形式142.ing分词的功能143.-ed分词的功能154.分词逻辑主语的判断155.分词短语的并列156.分词的否定形式157.-ing分词的完成时态158.定语从句与分词短语的区别159.加-ing分词作宾语的动词1510.不定式的时态和语态1611.不定式的功能1612.不定式的否定形式1613.不定式作宾语1614.不定式作宾语补语1715.疑问代词加不定式1716.省略to的不定式1717.宾语补语后加不定式1718.用不定式表达动作的目的1719.too to结构17五、平行结构171.平行结构的标志172.形式绝对对称与功能性相对对称183.重要的平行结构184.概念对等原则185.功能相同原则186.意思单一原则18六、比较结构191.比较结构概念对等原则192.比较结构中的用词原则193.比较结构中的省略原则194.比较从句中的时态和情态195.倍数的表达196.比较结构中的习惯搭配207.语义上比较或对比的结构21七、修饰语、定语从句和状语从句211.修饰语使用的四个基本原则212.名词的修饰语223.限定性和非限定性定语从句224.准确使用关系代词和关系副词225.定语从句习惯搭配226.介词与关系代词连用237.状语从句的主语238.时间状语从句239.方式状语从句2410.目的和结果状语从句2411.条件状语从句2412.转折与让步状语从句2413.原因状语从句2414.状语从句的省略24八、词的使用与惯用法251.用词的五大基本原则252.介词的使用253.动词的使用254.形容词和副词的使用255.代词的使用256.名词的使用26九、逻辑表达261.简洁有效原则262.意思合理原则263.重心保持原则264.意思单一原则27十、知识点一览271.along with272.according to273.apart from274.appear as/to275.argue that/for286.as a result of287.as for288.as to289.ask sth/sb to do sth2810.attribute sth. to sth. / sth. is attributed to sth.2811.because of2812.claim that/to do2813.conceived of2914.consider n. n./adj.2915.contrary to2916.dated at2917.despite2918.distinguish/the distinction/the rivalry between x and y2919.due to2920.equipped with/to do3021.estimated to be3022.for all3023.if x happened, then y would happen / without x y would never happen3024.if x happens, y will/would happen / y will happen if x happens first3025.in addition to3026.in contrast to/with3027.in terms of3028.instead of3029.less与fewer3130.like3131.on account of3132.on the basis of3133.once x had happened, then y happened / once x have happened, then y happen3134.out of3135.persuade sb. to do sth.3136.seem to do3237.targeted at3238.there be3239.think of n. as n.3240.under way32十一、常见错误321.语义重复322.所有格错误333.强调整体改成强调局部334.修饰语使用不当335.不简洁33第34页一、句子结构GMAT语法考试以主从句和并列句为主，并从语义上考查上述各句子内部的逻辑关系，尤其是不同的逻辑关系不能互相颠倒、混淆或随意改变：1) 简单句表达主次关系：主谓语表达核心意思，修饰语和修饰短语表达次要意思。2) 并列句表达并列关系：并列的主谓结构强调两个或两个以上的核心意思同等重要。3) 主从句表达主从关系：主句表达主要意思，从句表达从属意思。1. 准确使用标点符号1) 用分号连接句子，分号前后必须具有完整的主谓结构，不能连接句子和短语“句子1；句子2。”“句子1；句子2；句子。”2) 用and连接句子“句子1 and 句子2。”“句子1，句子2 and 句子3。”3) 用逗号和and同时连接句子“句子1，and句子2。”“句子1，句子2，and句子3。”4) 用逗号连接短语或从句“句子1，短语/从句。”“句子1，and句子2，短语/从句。”5) 用逗号连接主谓之间的插入成分 “主语，插入成分，谓语。”6) 冒号后可以使用：一个句子、句子并列、词或短语并列7) 破折号可以引出：做补充说明的句子或短语、同位语、插入语、列举的事物2. 副词不能代替连词 then，also，therefore，however等副词不能代替and起连词的作用。例如，then在并列结构中的用法为：do A and then do B，上面的and不能省略。3. 介词不能代替连词 任何介词都不能用作连词引导从句，即介词后不能加主谓结构。4. 主语从句1） 主语从句的位置：不影响平衡可以放在前部，否则放在后部2） 主语从句用it作形式主语It be + adj. （likely，possible，evident，surprising，true）+ thatIt be + -ed分词 （estimated，expected，predicted，anticipated）+ thatIt be + 名词词组 （good news to sb.，a pity） + thatIt be + seem/happen/appear + that3） 主语从句只能使用陈述语序4） 带有主语从句的复合句中，主语从句作为一个整体，视为单数5） 主语从句可以并列，6） 习惯搭配It may well（很可能）be thatIt may be that5. 宾语从句1） 宾语从句分类：动词型宾语从句和介词型宾语从句2） 动词型宾语从句引导词that在标准书面语中一般不能省略3） 宾语从句的时态与主句的时态可以不一致表示客观存在、科学事实、统计数据、研究结论、商业惯例等常用一般现在时。4） 宾语从句使用陈述语序5） 表示建议、命令、要求的动词的宾语从句，使用动词原形来表示虚拟语气6） 介词后一般只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句，不可以接that引导的宾语从句但是有三个例外：but that，except that（=but that），in that（=because）7） 宾语从句后面有补语，通常用形式宾语it来代替make it clear that6. 表语从句1） 表语从句分类：be + that型从句和be + 疑问词型从句2） 表语从句使用陈述语序，表语从句的that不能省略3） 主句主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导，不能用becausereasons做主语时，表语要用名词短语并列：The most common reasons for . are 名词短语1，名词短语2 and 名词短语3。7. 强调结构1） 强调对象：It is/was + 强调对象 + that/whoAll the members held a meeting in the club yesterday.（强调all the members） It was all the members that held a meeting in the club yesterday.（强调a meeting ）It was a meeting that all the members held in the club yesterday.（强调in the club ）It was in the club that all the members held a meeting yesterday.（强调yesterday）It was yesterday that all the members held a meeting in the club.2） 强调状态：It was not until . that . （直到才）It was not until her mother came in that the girl began to prepare her lessons.3） 强调动词：do/did/does + verb4） 强调名词短语：if any，作插入成分，意为“如果说有的话”There are few, if any, mistakes in the book.（那本书里即使真有错误，也不多。）5） many + 名词短语，if not most，verbAlthough Ms. Bakara had previously emphasized that she could not speak for other Black people, she ventured to do so on this one occasion because she firmly believed that many minority people, if not most, would agree with her.6） . as . as .，if not more soThe use of chemical pesticides in this country is as extensive as it was ten years ago, if not more so.8. 倒装结构 将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装；只将助词（包括情态动词）移至主语之前叫做部分倒装。1） so/such . that 中so短语和such短语位于句首时，主句需要部分倒装So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2） 否定性词或者短语位于句首时，引起部分倒装never，no longer，rarely，hardly，few，little，not untilNever have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.（主句倒装，从句不倒装。）3） 全倒装结构介词短语/-ing分词短语/-ed分词短语/形容词短语 + be动词 + 主语（主语与前面的be动词主谓一致）In the distance could be seen the purple mountains.Helping them raise their artistic level are various professorial organizations.Also said to be under consideration is a performance in Beijing.Present at the meeting were professor Smith ,Professor Brown ,Sir Hugh and many other celebrities.9. as结构1） as作介词n. + as + n.v. + as + n.：as引出宾语补语，这样的动词有accept，classify，define，describe，know，name，refer to，regard，speak of，state，take，think，view等v. + as + n.：引出方式状语2） as作连词表示时间，意为“一就”，“当时”，“随着”表示原因，意为“由于”，“因为”，“既然”表示动作的相似性，意为“就像”；当as从句于主句的谓语相同时，as从句的谓语可用do代替，以免重复；句型结构有以下几种：（just） as ., + 主句（just） as ., so + 主句（just） as ., so too + 主句（部分倒装）3） as偶尔作指示代词，代替简单主句Indirect socialization also occurs, as when television shows or films reinforce stereotyped images of women and men.4） inasmuch as：既然；因为，由于Inasmuch as the debtor has gone bankrupt, I will abandon the claim.5） insofar as：在的范围Insofar as I can see, the representatives are all satisfied with the arrangement.10. 同位结构1） 同位结构起修饰语的作用，一般用于修饰名词或者名词性短语2） 同位结构必须对其修饰的对象具有解释力3） 同位结构的位置：名词前或者名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面4） 同位结构不影响主谓一致5） 同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰的对象的数不一致6） 同位结构的形式 名词性同位结构，名词解释名词n.，n.n.，a/an n.a/an n., n.the n. + n. 内容具体化同位结构抽象名词（theory，evidence，belief，principle）+ that从句，that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释。 概括性同位结构用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的解释现象：短语/句子，a program/information/an effort/a practice that 名词重复性同位结构n.，n.（重复所修饰的名词）+ that定语从句 代词重复性同位结构n.，one/ones + that定语从句11. 独立主格结构1） 独立主格结构在句首或者句尾，起状语作用，表伴随原因、条件、状态等2） 一般独立主格，与主句形成松散的逻辑关系 n. + n.He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. n. + -ed/-ing形式“Marquis” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. n. + 介词短语He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand. n. + 形容词短语It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.3） with型独立主格，与主句形成紧密的逻辑关系 with + n. + -ed/-ing形式He stood there, with his hand raised/raising. with + n. + adj.She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold. with + n. + 介词短语The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm.4） each型独立主格，强调句尾名词句子 + 复数名词结尾，each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at an invading microbe or foreign substance.12. 省略结构1） 省略的前提条件是必须保持句子的意思完整无缺，不能引起争议和歧义2） 省略往往是为了避免重复，包括承前省略和后指省略3） 省略的部分要能够还原，还原后要求结构对应，逻辑关系正确4） 并列结构中的省略 省略相同的主语、宾语、联系动词、助动词、情态动词：sb. do . and (sb.) do.sb. do (sth.) and do sth.sth. be A and (be) Bbe doing . and doing .be done . and done .have done . and done .will do . and do .must/would/should/can/could/may do . and do . 两个句子并列，第一个句子含有be动词或者become，第二个句子的be动词或者become必须省略，同时，一些重复的名词或者形容词也必须省略5） be动词或being动词常倾向于省略be known as being sth.（省去being）n.，being sth.（省去being）6） 习惯性省略 as needed/planned/required/scheduledUse chemically resistant gloves as needed. whenever/wherever necessary/needed/possibleWhenever and wherever possible, the staff should offer to do extra things for the guests. than ever/before/ever before/usual/expected/predicted/estimated/anticipatedWith a flair for fashion and a pop-star wife, Beckham bounced back from career disappointments and emerged more successful than ever. consider sth. sth./adjWe consider Beijing the heart of our country. prove adj.I hope you will prove adequate to the job.13. 否定结构1） 全部否定 用not否定谓语动词 其他表示否定意义的词no，no one/nobody，none （of），neither . nor .，never，neither，nor，nothing2） 部分否定 某些不定代词和否定词连用all，every，both 某些副词与否定词连用always，often，quite，entirely，altogether3） 双重否定形式上是否定，内容上是肯定，表达强烈语气 否定词 + 否定前缀not incapable，not unlike，nothing impossible，never dissatisfied 否定词 + 含有否定意义的词语there is no doubt that.Man cannot live without water. 否定词 + 否定词或者否定句No one should do nothing to society.He is nothing if not diligent.4） 意义上的否定英语中有些词和短语在意义上表示否定little，few，seldom，scarcely，hardly，too . to，rather than，fail/failure to do，in the absence of（没有，缺乏），no more than（与同样不），no amount of（怎么也不），no longer，by no means（绝不，一点也不），in no way（绝不），cannot.too（无论怎样也不过分）A man can do no more than he can.（凡事只能量力而行。）We cannot too strongly urge upon you the importance of this matter.（对此事，我们无论怎样向你强调其重要性都不会过分。）二、主谓一致1. 代词的指代一致指向同一指代对象的代词的单复数要保持一致，根据未画线部分来判断。Found throughout Central and South America, the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving so infrequently that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes.2. 定语从句中的主谓一致1） 名词1 of 名词2 + that verb先利用逻辑关系判断出that引导的定语从句修饰名词1还是名词2，再根据修饰对象判断动词的单复数形式。2） （only/but） one of 复数名词 + that verb（复数）That is only one of those books that are worth reading.3） the （only） one of 复数名词 + that verb（单数）He is the only one of the students that has got full mark.3. 倒装结构中的主谓一致1） 在there be A and B句型中，由靠近be的A来决定be的单复数There is a lot of nice food, drinks and a big cake on the table.2） 在全倒装结构中，动词单复数由谓语后面的主语决定This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.3） 在部分倒装结构中，主语前的助动词单复数由主语决定Out of Americas fascination with all things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub.4. 主语从句做主语时的主谓一致主语从句做主语时，谓语动词一般用单数，但what和who等引导的主语从句含有复数含义时，动词可用复数形式。The period when the great painted caves at Lascaux and Altamira were occupied by Upper Paleolithic people has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is the reason for their decoration, the use to which primitive people put the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals.5. each相关的主谓一致1） 复数名词/复数代词 + each + verb，谓语动词用复数They each have got a medal for their deeds.2） each of 复数名词 + verb，谓语动词用单数Each of us has a nice pencil-box.6. 物质名词的主谓一致物质名词做主语，谓语动词用单数：equipment，stone，citrus，iron，milk，dioxinThe only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to have it quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit. (OG12-77)7. 数词相关的主谓一致 数词 + 单位词复数 + of + 不可数名词/物质名词，谓语动词用复数形式8. 学科名词的主谓一致 学科名词做主语，谓语动词用单数，但是，统计学（statistics）做“统计数据”讲，经济学（economics）做“经济政策”讲时，谓语动词用复数。9. 以-s结尾名称的主谓一致 以-s结尾的疾病、国家名称或机构名称，谓语动词用单数。10. or、but、either、neither等连接主语的主谓一致 谓语动词的单复数由B决定：A or B，not A but B，either A or B，A nor B，not only A but also B，neither A nor B11. with、including、as well as、besides等修饰主语的主谓一致谓语动词的单复数由A决定：A with B / A，including B / A as well as B / A，together B / A，along B / A，no less than B / A，more than B / A besides B / A except B12. 主语中有插入成分的主谓一致 “A，举例短语（such as）/分词短语/介词短语/同位语/不定式等插入成分，谓语动词”结构中，谓语动词单复数由A决定。13. no修饰主语时的主谓一致 “no + 名词”结构做主语时，由名词的单复数形式决定谓语动词的单复数形式。 No job has more influence on the future of the world. No letters survive from this early period.14. part、most、all、some、分数相关的主谓一致谓语动词的单复数由of后面的名词决定：part of n. / most of n. / all of n. / some of n. / 分数或百分数 of n. / the rest of n.15. a body/collection/array/series相关的主谓一致 谓语动词用单数：a body/collection/array/series/set/portion/group/ of 复数名词16. a/the total/number/average相关的主谓一致1） a total of 复数名词做主语，谓语动词用复数2） the number of 复数名词做主语，用单数；a number of 复数名词做主语，用复数3） the average of 复数名词做主语，用单数；a average of 复数名词做主语，用复数17. neither做主语时的主谓一致neither做主语时，谓语动词用单数。18. 不定式和分词做主语时的主谓一致不定式或者-ing分词做主语时，谓语动词用单数。19. 几分之一做主语时的主谓一致 one in/out of 复数名词做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式 two/three in/out of 复数名词做主语时，谓语动词用复数形式三、动词形式1. 过去完成时寻找过去时间标志或者过去行为，通过逻辑关系判断判断动作发生在某一时间之前或者过去某一动作之前，即“过去的过去”。2. 现在完成时1） 根据时间标志词判断since + 句子；since + 名词短语；since + 时间；since then；within/during/over/in + the past/last/recent + 时间短语。2） 根据前后文逻辑关系或主从句时态的协调判断3） 现在完成时强调“迄今为止”3. 将来时1） 条件从句、时间从句、方式从句、让步从句不能用一般将来时或过去将来时，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时2） possibility that . / likelihood that . 中，that从句用一般将来时3） 标准书面语中，优先使用一般将来时，主观将来时常用be supposed to do表达，较少用be going to do，不使用be to be doing、to be done4） 根据时间标志判断：during the next 50 years，in the future5） 根据前后文逻辑关系判断4. 被动语态的构成一般式进行式完成式现在时am/is/are askedam/is/are being askedhas/have been asked过去时was/were askedwas/were being askedhad been asked将来时will/shall be asked-will/shall have been asked过去将来时would/should be asked-would/should have been asked5. 被动语态的选择1） 最高原则：逻辑关系的合理性2） 主动优先原则3） 主动与被动，重心不同4） 动作执行者一般使用by表示，不能使用according to6. 不使用被动语态的词语lead，cause，enable，become，receive，visit，lack，enter，cost，possess，resemble，last，like，enjoy，notice，watch，look at，listen to，pay attention to，suit，fit，contain，so as to do，be able to do，be likely to do7. 主动形式表示被动含义 read like.，read well，prove helpful，sell well，be the most difficult to do，to adj. to do，be worth doing，require doing8. 主动与被动都可以的词语 change，close，determine，end，finish，head，interest，issue，open，train sth. be aimed at doing sth.sb. aim to do sth. sth. be intended to do sth.sb. intend to do sth. sth. be targeted at sth.sb. target sth.9. 虚拟语气的表达1） if条件从句使用虚拟语气，主句谓语动词也用虚拟语气 表示与现在事实相反从句用过去时（be用were），主句用should（第一人称）/would（第二、三人称）/could/might + 动词原形If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 表示与过去事实相反从句用had + 过去分词，主句用should（第一人称）/would（第二、三人称）/could/might + have + 过去分词If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 表示与将来事实相反从句用should + 动词原形，主句用should（第一人称）/would（第二、三人称）/could/might + 动词原形If he should come here tomorrow, I should talk to him.2） if条件从句倒装省略if，使用虚拟语气，主句谓语动词也用虚拟语气虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。Developing nations in various parts of the world have amassed $700 billion in debts; at stake, should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is the solvency of some of the worlds largest multinational banks.Were they here now, they could help us. = If they were here now, they could help us.Had you come earlier, you would have met him = If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved. = If it should rain, the crops would be saved.3） without + 名词/代词，可表达虚拟条件Without the workers help, Sam would not have made so much progress.4） should条件从句用动词原形表达虚拟语气，但主句谓语动词不用虚拟语气10. 后置主语从句的虚拟语气It is adj. that结构中，that从句用动词原形表示虚拟语气：import，natural，essential，imperative，necessary，vital，advisable，obligatory，best，incredible，ironic，preferable，appropriateIt is best that tourists have a pleasant place to relax.（最好给观光者提供一个休息的好地方。）11. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气1） 宾语从句用动词原形表示虚拟语气（省略了should） 表建议advocate/advise/move/recommend that . do .sb. suggest/propose that . do .The doctor recommended that I give up smoking. 表命令order/decree/mandate/command/demand that . do .I did not receive the order that you leave here at once. 表要求request/require/insist that . do .sth. require of sb. that . do .2） 不使用虚拟语气的宾语从句allow that .；rule that .；sth. propose that .；sth. suggest that .12. 虚拟语气的强弱要保持原语气的强弱，不能随意改变。only if和if不能替换；however much和however不能替换；should和if不能替换；be not unlike和be like不能替换；if和on condition that不能替换；any n.和n.不能替换；just like和like不能替换。13. 情态动词的功能 情态动词（can/could，may/might，shall/should，will/would，must，need，ought to）用来帮助主动词构成复合谓语，即情态动词+主动词=复合谓语。情态动词本身能够表示说话者对所述动作或状态的态度和看法。1） “推测性”和“非推测性”用法。must表示推测时没有否定结构情态动词非推测性用法推测性用法can / could表示能力、许可表示可能may / migh