4 Syntax练习.doc

Exercises to Chapter 4 SyntaxI. General view of syntax1. Syntax: studies the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences.2. gender: as masculine, feminine, neuter, or animate, and inanimate.3. case: the syntaxtic relationship between words. Teachers , kiss him 宾格，主格，与格，芬兰语有15种格4 Concord: agreement: a syntactic relationship agree with each other.5. Government : A word determines the form of others.支配关系6. langue and paroleLangue: abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Stability Parole: actual speech 7. signified (concept) and signifier (sound image)1. 所指 2 能指 之间的关系是任意的 8. syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations Syntagmatic: what precedes or follows9. synchronic and diachronic linguistics 10. “Rheme” “Theme”负载交际能力最小的是主位。负载交际能力最大的是述位。11. IC analysis: to analyze the relation between sentence and its component elements. 12. endocentric and exocentric constructions 向心，离心1Which serves a centre or head. AP, NP,VP2. no definable centre or head. PP,V+O ,be + A. 无中心13. deep structure and surface structure 1. underlying level of structural relation 潜藏在人们意识中的结构2. closed to people produced and received.声音文字直接感受到的14. 1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with another word or phrase. We are taking about _inside the sentence. A. Syntactic relations B. paradigmatic relations B C. Linear relations D. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speakers knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called_ .A. Lexicon B. morphologyC. Syntax D. semantics C3. What does IC stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ? A. inferential Connective B. inflectional Component C. Immediate Constituent c D. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut? Draw a tree diagram of this sentence. A. between stone and yesterday B. between she and broke B C. between broke and the window D. between window and with5. _ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.). A. parts of speech B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories C D. Functions of words 6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ? A. gender B. number C. case D. voice D7. _ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories. A. Concord B. Immediate constituent C. Syntagmatic relations D. Government D8. _ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form. A. Bloomfield B. Chomsky A C. Halliday D. Sussure 9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric construction BC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _.A. study real facts in daily settingsB. tell people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for the universal grammar D11. What is the full form of LAD ?A. Language associative districtB. Language acquisition device BC. Linguistic acquisition districtD. Language associative device12. A speakers actual utterance in Chomskys terminology is called _. A. deep structure B. linguistic universals C. universal grammar D. surface structure D13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of _; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of _. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking AC. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing14 F. de Saussure is a(n) _ linguist. A. American B. British C. Swiss D. Russian C15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”? A. Exocentric B. Endocentric C. Coordinate D. Subordinate A16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion D17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _ structural linguist. A. British B. Russian C. American D. French C18. In _ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”. A. 1920 B.1957 C. 1965 D. 1970 B19. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion C20.The phrase “men and women” belong to the _Construction. A. predicate B. coordinate C. subordinate D. exocentric B21. _ refers to a construction where one clause is coordinated with another. A. Embedding B. Recursiveness C. Conjoining D. Cohesion CII. Tell true statement from false.1Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2.“Im a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of government.F Concord government: give her a present.3. “ langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, well go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation. F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. TThe only true object of study in linguistics is the language, considered in itself and for its own sake. 语言和为语言而研究的语言7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F9. The Ultimate Constituents of IC analysis is morpheme. T10. “He seemed angry.” Is the construction of exocentric construction. T11. “The house is behind this building. ” is endocentric. F. 12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. To analyse the sentences with IC analysis. 14. When we mention about “phonetic ” and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep