GY01-041@CA6140车床法兰盘工艺规程及夹具设计
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GY01-041@CA6140车床法兰盘工艺规程及夹具设计,机械毕业设计全套
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-1-NC Technology1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our timesResearchanddevelopmentprocesstosuchvariouskindsofnewtechnologiesasnumericalcontrollathe,machiningcenter,FMS,CIMS,etc.ofcountriesallovertheworld, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine toolindustry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alerterasofWorldAffairs,thefunctionthatpeoplesknowledgeplaysismoreoutstanding,and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturingindustry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious.Within1991-1994years,theeconomicrecessionoftheworld,expensiveFMS,CIMSlowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increasesat a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four majorinternational lathes exhibitionin order to boostproductivity of users of various fieldsofpresentworldmarket(EMO,IMTS,JIMTOF,ChinaCIMTofJapanofU.S.A.ofEurope),havetheanalysisoftheexhibit,therearethefollowingseveralpointsmainlyinthetechnicalresearchofNClatheinourtimes:（1）、Pay more attention to new technology and innovationWorldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , newunit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effectivemanner,developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electricmain shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electricalmachinery ,etc. Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology asthe foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and specialcomposite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc. research and developnewlathevarietyconstantly.（2）、Improve the precision and research of machine toolingIn order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center , arents-2-improvingrigidityofthelathe,reductionvibrationconstantly,dispelhotlyandoutofshape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeatprecision,workingdependability,stability,precisionkeeping,worldalotofcountrycarry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of errorcompensate technical research, take precision compensate , software compensatemeasure improve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already. And isdevelopingretrofitconstantly,nanometerisbeingprocessed.（3）、Improve the research of the machine tooling productivityWorld NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development ofmain shaft , electrical machinery of straight line , measuring system , NC system ofhighspeed,undertheprerequisiteofboostingproductivity.（4）、What a lot of countries have already begun to the numerical controlsystem melt intelligently, openly, study networkedlyA、elligent research of the numerical control systemMainly showing in the following aspects: It is intelligent in order to pursue theefficiency of processing and process quality, the self-adaptation to the processingcourse is controlled, the craft parameter produces research automatically; Join theconvenientoneinordertoimprovetheperformanceofurginganduseintelligently,tothe feedback control , adaptive operation , discerning automatically load selectsmodelsautomatically,sincecarriesonresearchwholedefinitely,etc.oftheelectricalmachinery parameter; There are such research of the respect as intelligent automaticprogramming,intelligentman-machineinterface,intelligencediagnosing,intelligentmonitoring,etc.B、 The numerical control system melts and studies openMainly showing in the following aspects: The development of the numericalcontrol system is on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and supportfinally, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numericalcontrol target ), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and thetechnical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numericalcontrol system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand productsnts-3-withdistinct distinction.System structure norm of the open numerical control systemat present, norm , disposing the norm , operation platform , numerical controlsystematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function softwaredevelopinginstrument,etc.arethecoreofpresentresearchtopassthrough.C、Meeting the manufacture system of the production line , demand for theinformation integration of the manufacturing company networkedly greatly ofnumericalcontrolequipment,itisabasicunitofrealizingthenewmanufacturemodetoo.2、Classification of the machining center（1）Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to beas follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.Horizontalmachining center,refer to the machining center that the axis level ofthemain shaft is setup .Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sportcoordinate axis,acommononethreerectilinearmotioncoordinateaxisandoneturnthecoordinateaxisofsportsround(turntheworkingbenchround),itcanoneisitisitfinishother4Taxiprocessingbesidesinstallingsurfacesandtopsurfacestoinserttoinstallinworkpiece,mostsuitablefor processing the case body work piece . Compared withstrength typemachining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quality islarge,thepriceishigh.Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machiningcenter, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, theworkingbench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally , can find a room for one horizontalnumerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle ) of axle process the spiral part atworkingbench.The vertical machiningcenter isofsimplestructure, the floorspace issmall, the price is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures , can carry on theprocessingofmostworkpieces.Large-scalegantrymachiningcenter,themainshaftsaremostlysetupvertically,isespeciallyused inthe large-scale or withcomplicated formwork piece , isitspendthe many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospacents-4-industry,someprocessingofpartoflarge-scalesteamturbine.Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of thevertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting , can finish all fiveTaxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processingway can make form of work piece error lowest , save 2 times install and insertworking,thusimproveproductionefficiency,reducetheprocesscost.(2)Classify by craft useIs it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machiningcenter , horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door framemillthemachiningcenter todivideinto.Processing technology itsrely mainlyonthefact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds ofcomplicatedpartspecialcurveandlargeprocesses,curvedsurfaceofoutlineprocess,suitableformanyvarietiestoproduceinbatchessmall.Complexmachining center,pointfive times and compound and process mainly,themainshaftheadcanbeturnedroundautomatically,stand,lieandprocess,afterthemainshaftisturnedroundautomatically,realizeknowingthatvaries inthehorizontalandverticaldirection.(3)Classify by special functionSingleworkingbench,apairofworkingbenchmachiningcenter;Single axle , dual axle , three axle can change machining center , main shaft ofcase;Transferverticallytothetowermachiningcenterandtransfer;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one onehundredsheetsofmachiningcenters;One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the mainshaftandchangeonehundredsheetsofmachiningcenters;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair ofmainshaftstotransfertothetowermachiningcenter.3、Development trend of the current numerical control latheAt present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is risingnts-5-constantly, such application of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecisionprocessing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system andintegrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higherdemand to the process technology of numerical control. Nowadays the numericalcontrollatheisbeingdevelopedinseveralfollowingdirections.（1）. Thespeedandprecisionatahighspeed,highaccuracyaretwoimportantindexes of the numerical control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficiencyand product quality. At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number,frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system.Meanwhile , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessorsstructure,inordertoimprovesystematicdataprocessingability,namelyimproveandinsertthespeedandprecisionofmendingoperation.Adoptthestraightlinemotorandurgethestraightlineofthelatheworkingbenchtobeservotoentertothewaydirectly,itisquitesuperiorthatitsrespondsthecharacteristicatahighspeedanddynamically.Adoptfeedforward controltechnology ,makeitlagbehinderror reduce greatly,thusimprovethemachiningaccuracycutincornernottotrack.For meet ultrafast demand that process, numerical control lathe adopt mainshaft motor and lathe structure form that main shaft unite two into one, realizefrequency conversion motor and lathe main shaft integrate , bearing , main shaft ofelectricalmachineryadoptmagnetismfloatthebearing,liquidsoundpigeonholesuchforms as the bearing or the ceramic rolling bearing ,etc. At present, ceramic cutteranddiamondcoatingcutterhavealreadybeguntogetapplication.（2） . Multi-functional to is it change all kinds of machining centers oforganization(aofcapacityofstorehousecanupto100oftheabove)automaticallytofurnished with, can realize milling paring , boring and pares , bores such many kindsof processes as paring , turning , reaming , reaming , attacking whorl ,etc. to processatthesametimeonthesamelathe,modernnumericalcontrollatheadoptmanymainshaft,polyhedron cutalso,carry ondifferent cuttingofway process toonedifferentposition of part at the same time. The numerical control system has because adoptedmany CPU structure and cuts off the control method in grades, can work out partnts-6-processing and procedure at the same time on a lathe , realize so-called the frontdesk processes , the backstage supporter is an editor . In order to meet the needs ofintegrating the systematic one in flexible manufacturing system and computer,numerical control system have remote serial interface , can network , realize datacommunication , numerical control of lathe, can control many numerical controllathesdirectlytoo.（3）. Intelligentmodernnumericalcontrollatheintroducetheadaptivecontroltechnology, according to cutting the change of the condition, automatic workingparameter, make the processing course can keep the best working state , thus get thehighermachiningaccuracyandroughnessofsmallersurface,canimprovetheservicelife of the cutter and production efficiency of the equipment at the same time .Diagnose byoneself , repair the function by oneself, among the whole working state,the system is diagnosed, checked by oneself to CNC system and various kinds ofequipment linkingto each other with it at any time.While breaking down , adopt themeasure of shutting down etc. immediately , carry on the fault alarm, brief onposition,reasontobreak down,etc. Canalso make troublemoduleperson who takeoff automatically , put through reserve module , so as to ensure nobody demand ofworking environment. For realize high trouble diagnose that requires , itsdevelopmenttrendadoptstheartificialintelligenceexperttodiagnosethesystem.（4）. Numerical control programming automation with the development ofapplication technology of the computer, CAD/CAM figure interactive automaticprogramming has already get more application at present, it is a new trend of thetechnical development of numerical control. It utilize part that CAD draw processpattern,isitcalculatethetrailingpunishingtogo onbycutterorbitdataofcomputerand then, thus produce NC part and process the procedure automatically, in order torealizetheintegrationofCADandCAM.WiththedevelopmentofCIMStechnology,the full-automatic programming way in which CAD/CAPP/CAM integrates hasappeared again at present, it, and CAD/CAM systematic programming greatdifference their programming necessary processing technology parameter neednt byartificialtoparticipateinmost,getfromCAPPdatabaseinsystemdirectly.nts-7-（5）. The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical controllathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time . Thenumerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level , willutilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integratedcircuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts , to improvedependability . Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meetvarious kinds of demands for controlling the function, adopt the module ,standardization , universalization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenonn ofthe hardware at the same time , make not only improve the production lot of thehardwarebutalsoeasytoisitproducetoorganizeandqualitycheckon.Stillthroughoperatingandstartingmanykindsofdiagnosticprogramsofdiagnosing,diagnosing,diagnosing off-line online etc. automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to thepolice the trouble to hardware , software and various kinds of outside equipment inthe system. Utilize the warning suggestion, fix a breakdown in time; Utilizefault-toleranttechnology,adoptanddesigntheimportantpartredundantly,inorderto realize the trouble resumes by oneself; Utilize various kinds of test , controltechnology,exceedCheng,oneonehundredsheetsofdamages,interfering,cuttingout ,etc. at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry oncorrespondingprotectionautomatically.（6）. Control system miniaturization systematic miniaturization of numericalcontrolbenefitandcombinethemachine,electricdeviceforanorganicwhole.Adoptthe super large-scale integrated component , multi-layer printed circuit board mainlyat present, adopt the three-dimensional installation method , make the electronicdevices and components must use the high density to install, narrow systematicoccupying the space on a larger scale. And utilize the new-type slim display ofcolored liquid crystal to substitute the traditional cathode ray tube, will make theoperating system of numerical control miniaturize further. So can install it on themachine tool conveniently, benefit the operation of the numerical control lathecorrectlyevenmore.nts - 1 - 翻译译文； 数 控 技 术 1、当前世界 NC机床的研究现状 世界各国对数控机床、加工中心以至 FMS、 CIMS等各种新技术的研究与发展进程，是与世界经济形势紧密相连的。机床工业有世界经济相互促进和发展，进入 21 世界知识机警时代，人们的知识所起的作用更加突出，而机床工业作为机器制造业的基础，其重点地位与战略意义也更加明显。在 1991 1994 年间，世界经济衰退，昂贵的 FMS， CIMS 降温， 1995 2000 年间，世界经济在低速增长，根据当前世界市场各方面用户为提高生产率对 NC机床的要求以及世界四大国际机 床展（欧洲的 EMO、美国的 IMTS、日本的 JIMTOF、中国的 CIMT）上展品的分析，当前世界 NC机床的技术研究主要有以下几点： （ 1）、更加重视新技术和创新 在世界范围内，对新工艺、新材料、新结构、新单元、新元件的研究开发工作正在大力开展，如新的刀具材料、新的主轴结构、高速电主轴、高速直线电机等的开发研究。以加工工艺的改进创新为基础，为加工超硬、难切削材料及特殊复合材料及复杂零件、不规则曲面等在不断研究开发新机种。 （ 2）、提高机床加工的精度和研究 为了提高加工中心的加工精度，不断提高机床的刚度、减少振动 ，消除热变形，降低噪声，提高 NC机床的定位精度、重复精度、工作可靠性、稳定性、精度保持性，世界很多国家都在进行机床热误差、机床运动及负载变形误差的软件补偿技术研究，并采取精度补偿、软件补偿等措施加以改善，有的已经可以使此类误差消除 60%。并在不断开发精细加工，纳米加工。 （ 3）、提高机床加工生产率的研究 世界 NC 机床、加工中心及相应的高速点主轴、直线电机、测量系统、 NC系统的开发，均以提高生产率为前提。 （ 4）、许多国家都已经开始对数控系统的智能化、开放化、网络化研究 A、数控系统的智能化的研究 主要表现在 ：为追求加工效率和加工质量的智能化，对加工过程的自适应控nts - 2 - 制，工艺参数自动生成进行研究；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，对反馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等进行研究；还有智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面、智能诊断、智能监控等方面的研究。 B、数控系统开放化研究 主要表现在：数控系统的开发在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和最终拥护，通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象（数控对象），形成系列化，并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中，快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式 数控系统，形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通行规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。 C、 数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式的基础单元。 2、加工中心的分类 （ 1）按主轴加工时的空间位置分类有：卧式和立式加工中心。 卧式加工中心，是指主轴轴线水平设置的加工中心。卧式加工中心一般具有3 5 个运动坐标轴，常见的是三个直线运动坐标轴和一个回转运动坐标轴（回转工作台），它能在工件一 次装夹完成除安装面和顶面以外的其余 4个面的加工，最适合加工箱体类工件。它与力式加工中心相比，结构复杂，占地面积大，质量大，价格高。 立式加工中心，立式加工中心主轴的轴线为垂直设置，其结构多为固定立柱式，工作台为十字滑台，适合加工盘类零件，一般具有 3个直线运动坐标轴，并可在工作台上安置一个水平轴的数控转台（第 4轴）来加工螺旋类零件。立式加工中心结构简单，占地面积小，价格低，配备各种附件后，可进行大部分工件的加工。 大型龙门式加工中心，主轴多为垂直设置，尤其使用于大型或形状复杂的工件，像航空、航天工业及大型汽轮 机上的某些零件的加工都需要用这类多坐标龙门式加工中心。 五面加工中心，这种加工中心具有立式和卧式加工中心的功能，在工件一次nts - 3 - 装夹后，能完成除安装面外的所有五个面的加工，这种加工方式可以使工件的形状误差降到最低，省去二次装夹工作，从而提高生产效率，降低加工成本。 （ 2）按工艺用途分类有： 镗铣加工中心，分为立式樘铣加工中心、卧式樘铣加工中心和龙门樘铣加工中心。其加工工艺以樘铣为主，用于箱体，壳体以及各种复杂零件特殊曲线和曲面轮廓的多工序加工，适合多品种小批量生产。 复合加工中心，主要指五面复合加工，主轴头可自动 回转，进行立，卧加工，在主轴自动回转后，在水平和垂直方向实现
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