Module4 知识点.doc

Module 4 Fine ArtsWestern, Chinese Pop Arts知识点辅导一、重点单词讲解Part 1: Some key words to learnl alive adj.活着的，在世的，存在的: Is he still alive? 有活力的，活跃的，有生气的: She is so alive! alive to sth. 对敏感，注意到: He was alive to the dangers of the work. alive with充满: The place was alive with people. come alive:精神为之一震，活跃起来；栩栩如生 The atmosphere has come alive.l delight adj. delightful adv. delightfully v. 使高兴，使欣喜；感到高兴 He delighted them with his witty performance.n. 快乐，高兴；使人高兴的东西或人 take delight in something 乐于l expressionn. l 表示，表现，表达；感情: 表情: v. expressl imitate 模仿，仿效；仿造，仿制v. to copy ones behavior, appearance ,or speech: James can imitate his father perfectly.n. imitatoradj. imitative imitative behaviorn. imitation: He does a good imitation of the President. They say that imitation is the sincerest form of flattery.l Observe vi & vt 观察，注意到；评论n. observatory: a place to watch the skyl ordinary adj普通的，平凡的；平常的opposite: extraordinary: He is an extraordinary boy.l realistic adj现实的；现实主义的；逼真的；实在论的opposite: unrealistic不切实际的，不实在的n. reality in realityl impress n印象，印记；特征，痕迹 vi 给人印象 vt 盖印；强征；传送；给予某人深刻印象 n. impression adj. impressive: Part 2: Some expressions and patterns to learn:1. aim to（目的要）They aimed to finish the task on time.2. be known for（因。而为人知）This professor is known for his kindness and strictness.3. observe（观察） The professor asked us to observe the nature as carefully as we can. 4. be famous for（因。而著名）As everyone knows, China is famous for its long history and traditional culture.5. be crazy about（对。热衷）I am crazy about traditional Chinese arts, but feel little about Western ones. 6. delightful（令人愉快的）After having a delightful holiday, he felt much better.7. cant stand（不能忍受）The couple couldnt stand the noise in the area and decided to move on. He cant stand being kept waiting so long.8. develop an interest in（在。产生兴趣） He developed an interest in nature when he was very young. 9. style（风格）She is a very popular painter but I just dont like her style.10. be/get tired of（厌烦。）He was tired of city life so he moved to countryside to seek a quiet life. 11. be fond of（喜爱。）I am fond of traditional Chinese painting.12. put off（延迟,取消） Weve invited friends to supper and its too late to put it off. 13. a series of（一系列） Weve got a series of good harvest. 14. take turns（轮流做某事）Dont push, please take turns, everyone has his or her share. 二、语法点拨动名词语法讲解GERUND动名词即具有动作特征的名词。动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。因此记住，不要以为一个动词加上ing后都是现在进行式. 1动名词的种类：动名词可分为两大类：1.1名词性的动名词(NominalGerund)，例：Seeing is believing.NominalGerund可以加上定冠词(Definitearticle，如the)或不定冠词 (Indefinitearticle，如a,an)，其他可加在动名词前的还有如：my,this,some, any,all,no等等。举例如下： Themellowsingingofthebirdsannouncesthecomingofspring. (singing前加定冠词the及形容词mellow；coming前加the) Weknewtherobberwasnearwhenweheardafaintrustlingin thebushes. (rustling前加不定冠词a及形容词faint) 从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动词转成名词；但它和真正的名词还是有区别的，那就是没有单数或复数之分。不过，有一些动名词是可以变成真正名词，如： saying, writing, opening, painting, cutting, heading, feeling, being, saving, surrounding,crossing, misunderstanding等等。它们都可以有复数的喔，方法就是在它们的后面加个s，如：paintings。 1.2动词性的动名词(VerbalGerund) 具有动词性特征可以带宾语，例：Starving troops is necessary. Carelesslywritingessaysannoystheteacher. 上面的句子里的writing是动名词，但前面有副词carelessly（粗心地），后面又有宾语(Object)essays。因此writing就有动词的特征。VerbalGerund这类动名词的前面可不能加上任何冠词(the,a,an.2动名词的形式：2.1动名词的时态2.1.1动名词的一般时：v-ing动名词的一般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。 I enjoy swimming in the big river. 2.1.2动名词的完成时：完成式(having+v-ed) 动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。She regret not having studied the computer hard. Do you remember having promised me that? Talking like that is not polite. Putting on more clothes is not so good.2.2动名词的语态主动和被动当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。 2.2.1一般式的被动形式(being+v-ed) Hedislikesbeinginterruptedinhisspeech. I cant really stand being treated like that. 2.2.2 完成式的被动语态(havingbeen+v-ed) Iheardofhishavingbeenchosentobethecoachoftheteam. Someofourcustomerscomplainedofhavingbeentreated rudely. 2.2.3在动词need,want,require,deserve之后的动名词（作为宾语），要用主动语态来表示被动的意思。 Theflowersinthegardenwantwatering. Thatsoneofthosequestionsthatreallydontneedanswering.2.3动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词 直接在其前加否定词， not v-ing, not having doneHe pretend not knowing it at all. We considered not doing it now. 2.4带逻辑主语的动名词形式什么是动名词的逻辑主语呢？在句子中，除了原有的主语之外，属于动名词的主语 ，也就称为逻辑主语，一般位于动名词的前面。His being looked down upon made him sick.2.4.1做主语的动名词，在动名词前加物主代词（如：my,his.)或名词所有格(如：Marys, Dogs.) Hiscomingherehelpedusalot.(主语/逻辑主语his,动名词coming） Tomsescapingfromtheprisonmadetroubleforthejailer.(主语/逻辑主语Tom,动名词escaping) 2.4.2作宾语(Object)的动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，在动名词前加物主代词或名词所有格 Doyoumindmysmokingintheroom?(逻辑主语my,动名词smoking) HeinsistedonMarysstayingthere.(逻辑主语Mary,动名词staying) 作为逻辑主语的名词/代词为无生命时，则用通格（of the): Icannotsaythereisnofearofthenewsspreadingamongintimate friends.（逻辑主语news)2.4.3在下列情况中，不能使用所有格： 代词为all,both,each,few,several,some,this等作为逻辑主语时: Irememberallofthemsayingit. 数词、名词化形容词（如thethree,theold.)作逻辑主语时： Inspiteofthethreetellingthesamestory,Icouldnotbelieve it. 结构中的逻辑主语是句子或短语，或受从句或短语修饰时： Isthereanychanceofthepeopleinthebackoftheroomtalking alittlelouder?3 动名词的功能与用法 3.1在句子中用作主语(Subject) 3.1.1作主语 动名词做主语时，谓语动词通常为单数Runningisgoodexercise.Walkingtoschoolisagoodidea. 3.1.2动名词可以用 it 先行词代替， 而把动名词写在后面。it 做形式主语 Its no use waiting here, lets go home.Its very difficult climbing this mountain.用It+be+.+v-ing句型 ItisfunspeakingEnglish. Itisofgreatimportancefightingagainstpollution. 用Itis后接nouse.nogood,fun等的句型its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhileItisnouselearningtheorywithoutpractice. Itisnofunbeinglostinrain. 用Itis后接useless,nice,harm，good,interesting,worthwhile等的句型 Itisworthwhiletakingthisintoconsideration.3.1.3 There+be+no+v-ing的句型 Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters. Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.3.2 动名词作宾语（Object) 3.2.1作动词/动词短语的宾语(置于动词或动词短语的后面） 例：I would appreciate_ back this afternoon.Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C；换成your calling也对）1.Icannothelplaughing.（我禁不住笑了起来）（宾语laughing) 2.Youshouldavoidquarrellingwithyoursister.(宾语quarrelling) 3.YoushouldpracticespeakingEnglishmore.(宾语speaking) 只能用动名词作宾语的动词acknowledge承认；admit接受；appreciate; avoid避免；celebrate; consider认为; contemplate 注视 凝视; deny否认；defer 推迟 延期; delay耽误；detest 憎恨，讨厌; discontinue; dislike 不喜欢; dispute; enjoy享受；escape避免；excuse原谅；explain; fancy想象; finish完成; forgive; hinder; imagine想象; keep;include包括；mention; mind介意; miss错过; it necessitates; pardon; postpone延迟; practice实践; prevent; recall; repent后悔；report; resent怨恨;resist抵制; risk冒风险;suggest建议; understand 还有短语类： keep(on)继续dontmind不介意cannothelp不禁feel like; giveup放弃 putoff延迟leaveoff停止burstout闯出 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法cant help; it entails; it involves; it means; spend money/time; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意义截然不容。例： remember to do/doing： I remembered to post the letters.（指未来/过去未来将要做的动作） I remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我记得做过这个动作）forget与remember的用法类似。 regret的用法： I regret to inform you that（我很遗憾地通知你） I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.（为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。） try to（努力）与try +ing（试验）：You really must try to overcome your shyness.Try practicing five hours a day3.2.2作介词(Preposition)的宾语(Object)1.Imsorryforgivingyousomuchtrouble.(介词for，宾语giving) 2.Thebookisworthreading.(介词worth,宾语reading) 3.Ireachedhimbycallinghisoffice.(介词by,宾语calling) 4.Thepolicearrested(逮捕）himforspeeding.(介词for,宾语speeding) 注意：在下列的句子结构中，介词in被省略掉： 1.Sheisbusy(in)correctingherexercises. 2.Hespenttwohours(in)readingbook. 3.Thereisnouse(in)talkingwithhimnow. 4.Isitanygood(in)takingcoldwaterbaths? 3.2.3作名词+介词的宾语 1.Ihavethepleasureofspeakingtothefamousauthor.(pleasureof+宾语speaking) 2.Hetakesagreatinterestinstudyinglanguages.(interestin+宾语 studying) 这一类名词+介词的还有： dangeroffearofobjectionto delighttohabitofopportunityfor/of excuseforexperienceinlovein reasonfor 3.3 表语(predicative)The nurses job is looking after the patients. Mycatsfavoriteactivityissleeping. Seeingisbelieving.3.4 作定语（Attribute）动名词放在所修饰的名词前面作为定语，表示该名词的用途或有关的动作。 1. sleepingcar卧车 2.walkingstick手杖 3.printingshop印务馆4.readingroom阅读室 5.swimmingpool泳池 6.washingmachine洗衣机 7.diningroom饭厅2.4 动名词复习中应注意的几个问题(1）动名词作宾语。下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit。下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引导的从句中。作此意讲时on / upon后也可以接名词。如on his arrival。动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, cant stand remember, forget, regret, try例 句解 析1. It began to rain. It began raining.2. It was beginning to snow.3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.4. I like listening to music, but today I dont like