初中语法一本通.pdf

名词名词 一 概述 名词是表示人 地方 事物或抽象概念名称的词 可以说名词是万物之名称 它 们可以是 人的名字 Li Ming Tom 地方名称 China London 职业称呼 teacher doctor 物品名称 pencil dictionary 行为名称 study invention 抽象概念 history grammar 二 普通名词和专有名词 1 普通名词 普通名词 凡不属于特定的人名 地名 事物名称或概念名称的名词 都属于普通名词 这 类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数 普通名词大致有以下四种类型 1 个体名词 个体名词 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物 可以指具体的人或物 例如 He has two aunts 他有两个姑姑 Most classrooms have computers 多数教室里都有电脑 也可指抽象东西 例如 We ve lived here for twenty years 我们在这里住了二十年了 I had a dream last night 我昨晚做了一个梦 个体名词有复数形式 如 weeks problems 单数形式可以和 a an 连用 如 a week a problem an old man 2 集体名词 集体名词 集体名词表示由个体组成的集体 下面是一些常见的集体名词 family 家 家庭 army 军队 company 公司 全体船员 enemy 敌人 government 政府 group 小组 团体 public 公众 team 队 组 police 警方 集体名词有时作单数看待 有时作复数看待 一般说来 视为整体时作单数看待 想到它的成员时作复数看待 例如 作单数看待 作复数看待 His family isn t large 他家人不多 The government is planning to build a dam here 政府打算在这里建一座水坝 The public was unlikely to support it 公众支持它的可能性不大 His family are all music lovers 他家的人都喜欢音乐 The government are discussing the plan 政府在讨论这个计划 The public were deceived by the newspaper 公众受到报纸的蒙骗 有的集体名词通常用作单数 例如 Our company is sending him to work in Berlin 我们公司将派他去柏林工作 有的集体名词多作复数看待 例如 The police are looking for him 警察正在找他 3 物质名词 物质名词 物质名词指无法分为个体的东西 我们学过的常见的物质名词有 beer cloth coal coffee coke cotton ice ink jam juice meat medicine metal milk oil paper rain salad salt sand snow soup steel sugar tea water wine wood wool 等 一般说来 物质名词是不可数折 因而没有复数形式 但有一些特殊情况 a 有些物质名词可用作可数名词 表示 一份 一杯 Tree beers please 请来三杯啤酒 A chocolate ice cream for me 给我一份巧克力冰淇淋 b 有此物质名词可作可数名词 表示 一种 It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms 这是一种特别的茶 有桔子花叶 It was a delicious wine 那是一种美味的红酒 c 个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义 It was now the time of the spring rains 现在是春天雨季的时候 Here are the snows of last year 这是去看的积雪 d 抽象名词 抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念 一般不可数 因此没有复形 前面也一般不加 不定冠词 a an 常见的抽象名词有 age anger beauty childhood death duty fear fun happiness health help history industry joy labour love luck music nature peace pleasure power safety silence sleep time training travel trust truth waste weather work worth youth 等 在多数情况下 这种名词常用于单数形式 不加任何冠词 例如 safety first 安全第一 It s wonderful weather 天气好极了 但有时也加定冠词 the 或不定冠词 a an 例如 I shall never forget the beauty of that lake 我永远不会忘记那个湖的美丽 There s a beauty in simplicity 朴实之中有一种美 2 专有名词 专有名词 专有名词主要指人名 地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称 例如 1 人名 Mary Mrs Green Zhanghua 2 地名 Beijing West Lake 3 某类人的名称 Americans Russians 4 某些抽象事物的名称 English Chinese 5 月份 周日及节日名称 May Saturday Easter 6 书名 电影及诗歌的名称 Cone with the Wind 7 对家人等的称呼 Mum Dad Uncle Tom 专有名词的第一个字母要大写 三 可数名词和不可数名词 名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类 可数名词有复数形式 不可数名词一般没有复数形式 普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的 所以它们又可称为可数名词 可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词 a 或 an 连用 复数则要 使用其复数形式 例如 普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的 这些名词又可称 为不可数名词 不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰 也不存在复数形式 如 ice 冰 water 水 rice 稻子 等 单数 复数 a country a class a sheep a tomato countries classes sheep tomatoes 在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词 又可以作可数名词 但由于用法不同 它们的意思往往也不大相同 对这些名词要特别注意 例如 作不可数名词 作可数名词 glass 玻璃 paper 纸张 time 时间 work 消息 玻璃杯 镜子 眼镜 报纸 文件 考卷 次数 时代 单词 话语 一般说来 汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的 但也有不 少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词 而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词 对这些名 词也要特别注意 发如 fun work advice weather homework news money information bread hair chalk furniture 等 四 可数名词复数形式的构成 可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加 s 或 es 现将其复数的一般构成方 法及读音列表如下 情况 构成方法 例词 读音 一般情况 在词尾加 s desk desks map maps s 在请辅音后发 s 音 day days girl girls s 在元音私浊畏音 后发 z 以s x ch sh结尾的 词 在词尾加 es bus buses box boxes watch watches fish fishes es 发 iz 音 以辅音字母加 y 结 尾的词 变 y 为 I 再加 es family families factory factories party parties ies 发 iz 音 以元音字母 y 结尾 的词 在词尾加 s day days boy boys key keys s 发 z 音 以 f 或 fe 结尾的词 变 f 或 fe 为 v 再 加 es knife knives life lives wife wives ves 发 vz 音 half halves 以辅音字母加 o 结 尾的词 在词尾加 es potato potatoes tomato tomatoes hero heroes es 发 z 音 以元音字母加 o 结 尾的词 在词尾加 s radio radios zoo zoos s 发 z 音 少数以辅音字母加 o 结尾的名词变为复数时只加 s 如 photo photos piano pianos 等 有些以 f 结尾的名词变为复数时也只加 s 如 handkerchief handkerchiefs roof roofs 等 英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的 必须把它们牢记在心 如 man men woman women Frenchman Frenchmen child children tooth teeth foot feet goose geese mouse mice sheep sheep deer deer fish fish 等 五 名词的所有格 在英语中 有些名词的词尾 可以加上 s 用来表示所有关系 这种结构称为名词 的所有格 1 名词所有格的构成 名词所有格的构成 名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况 1 如果名词是单数 只在词尾加 s 例如 the boy s schoolbag 这男孩的书包 the worker s shoes 这个二人的鞋 2 复数名词如果以 s 结尾 只加 在 s 的右上角 即可 如 the teachers office 老师们的办公室 the students classroom 学生们的教室 3 复数名词如果不以 s 结尾 则在词尾加 s 如 Women s Day 妇女节 the People s Park 人民公园 2 名词所有格的用法 名词所有格的用法 名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法 1 表示人成动物与其他的人 动物或事物的所有关系 例如 He is Mary s younger brother 他是玛丽的弟弟 They are reading Lei Feng s Diaries 他们在读雷锋的日记 2 表示时间 距离 国家 城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系 例如 Our school is half an hour s walk from here 我们学校离这儿步行有半小时的距离 Beijing is China s capital 北京是中国的首都 3 表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系 一般使用与 of 构成的短语结构 例如 The front door of the house was painted red 那屋子的前门被漆成了红色 There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom 我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图 4 名词所有格后面跟地点 往往要将地点名词省略 例如 My sister often goes to my uncle s 我的妹妹经常到我叔叔家去 You look ill You d better go to the doctor s 你脸色不好 最好去看看病 5 被名词所有格所修饰的词 如果前面已经提出到过 一般可以省略 例如 I am using my dictionary You can use Tom s 我们字典我正在用 你可以用汤姆的 Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dick s 我们的寝室比约翰私迪克的大得多 六 可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达 1 两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有 some any plenty of a lot of lots of 等 例如 Please give me some paper 请给我一些纸 I don t want to borrow any magazines 我不想借什么杂志 2 用来修饰可数名词的数量词有 many several hundreds of a number of a pair of a few few 等 例如 You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition 你的俄文中有很多拼写错误 Several days later a group of students went to help the old man 几天以后 一群学生去帮助了那位老人 3 用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有 much a great deal of a bit of a drop of a piece of quite a little little 等 例如 I want a piece of red chalk 我想要一支红粉笔 Please give her a bit of bread 请给她一点面包 七 名词的用法 1 作主语 例如 The radio says that it may stop raining later 广播说一会儿雨可能会停 2 作表语 例如 Class 3 were the winners 三班获胜了 3 作宾语 例如 I told him a story 我给他讲了个故事 4 作宾语补足语 例如 He named her Jenny 他给她取名詹妮 5 作定语 例如 We are discussing the population problem 我们正在讨论人口问题 6 作状语 例如 He sat here a long time 他坐在这儿很久了 7 与介词组成词组 例如 I am working hard on my Chinese 我正在努力学习汉语 8 作介词宾语 例如 Give the money to your sister 把钱给你姐姐 三 随堂监测 A 组 I 写出下列名词的复数形式 1 house 2 village 3 map 4 orange 5 bag 6 exercise 7 brush 8 family 9 bus 10 city 11 box 12 baby 13 class 14 factory 15 glass 16 dictionary 17 watch 18 woman 19 match 20 man 21 wish 22 German 23 tomato 24 policeman 25 kilo 26 human 27 potato 28 Chinese 29 shelf 30 Japanese 31 leaf 32 American 33 life 34 tooth 35 wife 36 foot 37 knife 38 sheep 39 half 40 child II 将下列词组译成英语 1 一群孩子 2 两箱子苹果 3 三篮子蔬菜 4 九块面包 5 十杯牛奶 6 五块肉 7 多种植物 8 一副眼镜 9 两块冰 10 三张纸 11 四瓶橘汁 12 五杯茶 13 六碗米饭 14 七袋米 15 八块木头 16 九块金属 III 写出下列各词的名词形式 1 work 2 teach 3 sing 4 ill 5 fight 6 invent 7 wait 8 woolen 9 win 10 thankful 11 foreign 12 cloudy 13 run 14 dirty 15 visit 16 funny 17 wooden 18 medical 19 operate 20 hot 21 invite 22 worried 23 build 24 please 25 help 26 safe 27 die 28 dangerous 29 draw 30 noisy 四 随堂监测 B 组 选择填空 1 I want to buy A two bottles of ink B two bottle of ink C two bottle of inks D two bottles of inks 2 They don t have to do today A much homework B many homeworks C many homework D much homeworks 3 The of machine made us feel sick A voice B noise C sound D noises 4 The blouse is made of A a wool B these wood C wools D wool 5 There are three and seven in the picture A cows sheeps B cows sheep C cow sheep D cow sheeps 6 June 1 is A children s day B children s Day C Children s Day D Children s day 7 room is next to their parents A Kate s and Joan s B Kate s and Joan C Kate and Joan s D Kate and Joan 8 Miss Green is a friend of A Mary s mother s B Mary s mother C Mary mother s D mother s of Mary 9 Tom is He will come to see me A my a friend B a friend C mine friend D a friend of mine 10 Sheep white and milk also white A is are B are is C is is D are are 11 I d like to have a glass of milk and A two breads B two pieces of breads C two pieces of bread D two piece of bread 12 It s a long to Paris It s two thousand kilometers A street B road C way D end 13 Many are singing over there A woman B women C girl D child 14 He bought A two pairs of shoes B two pair of shoes C two pairs of shoe D two pair of shoe 15 Mr White has three A child B children C childs D childrens 16 Beijing is one of the biggest in the world A citys B city C cityes D cities 17 Where s Mr White He s in A the room 202 B Room 202 C the Room 202 D room 202 18 Shops hospitals and schools are all A places B homes C rooms D buildings 19 Every morning Mr Smith takes a to his office A 20 minutes walks B 20 minute s walk C 20 minutes walk D 20 minute walk 20 Are these No they aren t They re A sheep cows B sheep cow C sheeps cow D sheeps cows 21 There are many in the fridge A fish B fruit C eggs D bread 22 Whose room is this It s A Li Ming B Li Ming s C Li Mings D Li Mings 23 Here are for you Sue A potatos B some potatoes C three tomatos D some tomato 24 Here are some birthday cards with our best for her A wish B hope C wishes D hopes 25 I always go to that to buy food on Sunday A shop B park C zoo D garden 26 What s the Chinese for PRC A 中国人民解放军 B 中华人民共和国 C 联合国 D 中国共产党 27 Sam gave Ann some to look after Polly while he was away A picture books B inventions C instructions D messages 28 Which of the following animals lives only in China The A monkey B elephant C panda D cat 29 room is on the 5th floor A Lucy and Lily B Lucy and Lily s C Lucy s and Lily D Lucy s and Lily s 30 The third month of the year is A March B January C February D April 31 Mum I m quite thirsty Please give me A two orange B two bottle of oranges C two bottles of orange D two bottles of oranges 32 How wonderful The is made of A house glass B house glasses C houses glass D houses glasses 33 I met some in the park and talked with them the other day A Janpaneses B American C Chineses D English 34 is the best time for planting trees A Summer B Winter C Spring D Autumn 35 Tom was badly hurt in the match They carried him to the as quickly as possible A bank B post office C shop D hospital 36 There are two in the room A shelf B shelfs C shelfes D shelves 37 There are seven in a week A years B months C days D minutes 38 My father is a He works in a hospital A teacher B doctor C farmer D writer 39 It s very cold today Why don t you put on your A watch B shirt C sweater D glasses 40 Excuse me are you Yes I m from A Japan Japanese B China Chinese C England English D American America V 各地中考题选编 1 Where is Tom He s left a saying that he has something important to do A excuse B message C exercise D news 2 There is no in the bus so we have to wait for another bus A room B a room C rooms D seats 3 Would you like some Oh yes Just a little A pears B oranges C sugar D apples 4 You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on KEEP IN A COLD PLACE A food B money C clothes D books 5 Mr Green has lived in the hotel since he came to China A five star B five stars C five star s D five stars 6 She was born in Wuhan but Beijing has become her second A home B family C house D place 7 What s the today It s June 26 A day B date C time D hour 8 English is spoken as a first language in A the USA B India C Japan D China 9 comes from cows A Wool B Chicken C Pork D Milk 10 Which of the following does paper burn in A 2 co B 2 N C 2 O D 2 H 11 Let the children go away They re making too much here A noise B voice C noisy D sounds 12 comes from sheep and some people like eating it A Wool B Pork C Mutton D Milk 13 Oh there isn t enough for us in the lift It doesn t matter let s wait for the next A ground B floor C place D room 14 is the biggest city in China A Beijing B Shanghai C Guangzhou D Kunming 15 The Englishman Stephenson 史蒂芬孙 invented A the ship B the car C the plane D the train 冠词冠词 重点知识归纳及讲解 一 概说 1 冠词是一种虚词 不能独立担任一个成分 只能附着在一个名词上 帮助说 明其词义 英语中有两个冠词 1 定冠词 the 2 不定冠词 a an 定冠词 the 通常读作 在元音前读作 i 特别强调或单念时读作 i 不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用 an 这个形式 读作 n 在其他情况下则使 用 a 读作 2 冠词的基本意义 不定冠词 a an 与数词 one 同源 表示 一个 的意思 用在可数名词单数前 例如 She is a nurse 她是个护士 He is an Englishman with an Irish wife 他是一位英国人 有一个爱尔兰妻子 定冠词 the 与 this 同源 有 这 那 个 的意思 但比较弱 表示一 几 个特 定的人或东西 有时可译作 这个 些 或 那个 些 例如 That s the book you want 这就是你要的那本书 Who s the young man over there 那边那个年轻人是谁 但在很多情况下 这 或 那 这类词在译文中并不出现 例如 Put it on the table 把它放在桌上 Shut the door please 请把门关上 3 特指和泛指 一般来说 名词有特指和泛指两种情况 请比较下面的句子 A gentleman is asking to see you 有位先生要求见你 泛指 Ask the gentleman to come in 请那位先生进来 特指 在特指时一般前面要加定冠词 而泛指时则有三种情况 1 在可数名词单数前加不定冠词 例如 She sent me a postcard 她寄给我一张明信片 2 在可数名词复数前可不加冠词 可使用 some any 这类词 例如 These are new words 这些是生词 She sent me some flowers 她送给我一些花 3 在不可数名词前多不加什么 有时也可加 some any 等 例如 It s lovely weather 天气真好 Do you want any sugar in your tea 你茶里要放点糖吗 Give us some help 给我们一些帮助 二 不定冠词的基本用法 1 泛指某一类人或事物中的一个 代表某一类别 不一定译为 一 例如 His father is a doctor 他父亲是医生 2 代表某一类人或事物 相当于 any 名词 不必译为 一 但必须用 a 表 示类别 例如 A horse is a useful animal 马是有用的动物 3 指某人或某物 不是指某一类 但不具体说明何人或何物 一般译为 一 例如 This book was written by a worker 这本书是一位工人写的 4 表示数量 有 一 的意思 但数的概念没有 one 强烈 一般译为 一 例如 Wait a moment 等一下 5 表示单位 相当于 每 的意思 例如 We have three meals a day 我们每日吃三餐 6 用于某此固定词组中 例如 a few a little a bit of a lot of 等 三 定冠词的基本用法 1 特指某 些 人或某 些 事物 例如 Give me the book 把那本书给我 2 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物 例如 Where is the doctor 医生在哪儿 3 再次提到上文提到过的人或事物 例如 I bought a dictionary yesterday The dictionary is at home 昨天我买了一本词典 词典在家里 4 用在大家所熟悉的 世界上独一无二的事物 例如 The earth is bigger than the moon but smaller than the sun 地球比月亮大 但比太阳小 5 用在序数词和形容词最高级前 例如 Mr Wang teaches the first class 王先生上第一节课 Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth 在所有的恒星中 太阳离地球最近 6 用在单数可数名词 表示某一类人或事物 例如 The horse is a useful animal 马是有用的动物 7 与下列专有名词连用 1 在江 河 湖 海 群岛 山脉的名称前 例如 the Changjiang River the Great Lake 2 在姓氏的复数名词前 表示夫妇二人或全家人 例如 The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table 格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁 8 和某些形容词连用 表示一类人 例如 the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the dead 死人 9 在一些习惯说法中 the east west south north in the morning afternoon evening on the left right in the end go to the cinema 四 不用冠词的几种情况 1 在专有名词 抽象名词和物质名词前 例如 Have you ever been to Shanghai 你到过上海吗 We love science 我们爱好科学 2 在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前 例如 Girls can be scientists 女孩子可以当科学家 3 在季节 月份 星期 一日三餐的名称前 例如 It is hot in summer 夏天天气热 It s Tuesday August the 22nd 今天是八月二十二日 星期三 Have you had breakfast 你吃过早饭没有 4 称呼语或表示头衔 职务的名词前 例如 What s the matter with you Mike 怎么啦 迈克 He is headmaster of our school 他是我们学校的校长 5 学科和球类运动的名称前 例如 We study English 我们学习英语 Do you like to play football 你喜欢踢足球吗 6 名词前已有用作定语的 this that my your some any no whose every each 等 代词时 不用冠词 例如 That is her bike 那是她的自行车 Each student in his class studies hard 这个班的每个学生都努力学习 7 在某些固定词组的名词前 例如 at home at night after school by bus in bed in town in front of go to school go to bed 等 三 随堂监测 A 组 I 在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词 不需要的地方用 表示 1 This is old map It is useful map 2 We have no classes in afternoon on Saturday 3 spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers second 4 Beijing is capital of China It is beautiful city 5 Roman was not built in day 6 Chinese is quite difficult language for Mike 7 Many students will take active part in sports meet 8 There is interesting picture on wall 9 Jenny found wallet lying on ground wallet was Mr Black s 10 Which is biggest sun moon or earth 11 Which picture is more beautiful one on left I think 12 Which is way to hospital Go down this road and turn left on second crossing 13 more better 14 Turners are sitting at breakfast table 15 Joe Hill was fighter for working class 16 When was People s Republic of China founded 17 In China first English textbooks were published in late nineteenth century 18 After breakfast he went to school on foot 19 Huanghe River lies in north of China 20 He likes playing football His sister likes playing piano II 单项选择 1 上学 A go to school B go to the school C go to a school 2 住院 A in the hospital B in a hospital C in hospital 3 此刻 A at the moment B at a moment C at moment 4 在课堂上 A in class B in a class C in the class 5 在地球上 A on earth B on an earth C on the earth 6 步行 A on foot B on the foot C on feet 7 吃饭 A at a table B at the table C at table 8 乘公共汽车 A take bus B by bus C by the bus 9 在家 A at the home B at a home C at home 10 在工作 A at work B at the work C at works 11 跳高 A jump high B high jump C the high jump 12 坐飞机 A by air B by the air C on air 13 乘火车 A by the train B by train C on train 14 在校学习 A in the school B in school C in schools 15 睡觉 A go to bed B go to the bed C go to a bed 16 感冒 A have a cold B have the cold C have cold 17 乘船 A by ship B on ship C by a ship 18 玩得痛快 A have good times B have a good time C have good times 19 事实上 A in the fact B in facts C in fact 21 从早到晚 A from morning to the evening B from morning to evening C from a morning to an evening 四 随堂监测 B 组 III 选择填空 1 There is old woman in the car A B the C a D an 2 Shanghai is in east of China A B an C the D a 3 Bill is English teacher He likes playing football A a the B an the C a D 4 The museum is quite far It will take you half hour to go there by bus A an B an a C a D 5 The story is interesting That means it is interesting story A an the B the a C an D a 6 Let s go for walk shall we A a B an C the D 7 This is interesting story book and it is also useful one A a a B an an C an a D a an 8 woman over there is popular teacher in our school A A an B The a C The the D A the 9 They passed our school day before yesterday A an B one C a D the 10 Australia is English speaking country A a B an C the D 11 Don t play basketball here It s dangerous A a B an C D the 12 This is apple It s big apple A an a B a the C a an D an the 13 Have you seen bag I left it here just now Is it one on the chair near the door A a a B the the C a the D the a 14 I have blue coat A a B an C the D some 15 This is orange orange is on the table A a The B an The C an An D the An 16 Have you had breakfast A a B an C the D 17 He wondered when the doctor could finish operation A a B an C the D any 18 After supper he stayed at home and played violin A the the B the C a D 19 There is apple on the plate A a B an C the D 20 He said that he got C in the test A a B an C the D 21 new bridge has been built over Huangpu River A The a B A C A the D An an 22 English is useful language in world A an the B a the C the the D an an 23 In the word cariage r is lost A the B an C a D 24 With the hel