2010年基础班授课义(朱泰祺).doc

考研英语基础班授课讲义(2010)主讲教授朱泰祺 张洪兵北京太奇培训学校内部资料 翻印必究前 言本讲义是按照全国硕士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）所规定的考试要求，又考虑到部分考生英语基础比较薄弱，需要在强化班以前进行适应性训练而编写的。编者力图通过中级阅读在词汇和语法方面提高考生的语言能力，以便帮助考生打好基础、顺利过渡到强化阶段。本讲义分4次讲座，共16学时。此讲义的难度相当于大学英语四级。本着精讲多练、讲中有练、练中有讲、讲练结合的原则，通过授课教师讲解和学员操练迅速提高学员的词汇语法水平和阅读能力，从而进入考研切入点，了解考试的要求、命题的重点和难点，并掌握一整套行之有效的学习方法和应试对策，以便在2010年的考试中取得满意的成绩。学员在辅导班上应全神贯注、认真听讲、记笔记，积极参加课堂的操练活动，课下应认真复习、按时完成教师布置的家庭作业。此外，学员可以使用朱泰祺教授编著的新编硕士研究生英语入学考试复习指导(2010)和实用考研词汇学习手册两书作为课外参考书，以满足不同层次考生的个性化需要。预祝学员们考研成功！ 北京太奇培训学校教务部 面授电话： (010) 62008742 网络视听班：(010) 62001277学校网址：www. tqedu. cn(2010) 考研英语基础班授课讲义 (一) 朱泰祺主讲Text 1There is no doubt that adults, and even highly educated adults, vary greatly in the speed and efficiency of their reading. Some proceed very slowly throughout; others dash along too quickly and then have to regress. Poor readers in particular may lack the ability to vary their manner of reading according to the type of reading matter and to their intentions in reading it. A good reader can move at great speed through the text of a novel or similar light reading matter. He may be able to skim a page, picking up a word or two here and there, and gain a general idea of what the text is about without really reading it. In reading more difficult material, with the intention of taking in the whole of it, he will proceed more slowly, but even then he will vary his pace, concentrating on the key words and passages, perhaps re-reading them several times, and pass more quickly over the remainder. A less efficient reader tends to maintain the same speed whatever material he reads. Consequently, even light reading matter gives him little pleasure because he reads so slowly. But this pace may be too fast for really difficult material which requires special concentration at difficult points.A type of reading which necessitates careful attention to detail is proofreading, in which the reader, in order to detect misprints in a sample print, has to notice not so much the meaning of what he reads as the exact shape and order of letters and words in the text. This is extremely difficult for most people since they are accustomed to overlooking such details. In fact, considerable practice is required to practise this task efficiently and it can be done only by reading very slowly, and by paying comparatively little attention to the general meaning of the text. (316 words) 1. The author claims that there is a difference in reading speed A among all readers. B among different highly educated only. C among different poorly educated adults only. D between the poorly educated and the highly educated.2. A good reader is a reader who A always reads slowly but carefully. B concentrates on the key words only. C changes his speed according to the kind of text. D changes his speed according to his liking for the book.3. The author says that when reading a novel, a good reader can quickly read A every part of the book. B the minor part of the book. C the major part of the book. D the significant passages in the book. 4. The last two sentences of the second paragraph mean that a reading speed A too slow for a difficult book is just right for a non-serious one. B too slow for a non-serious book may be too fast for a difficult one. C too slow for a non-serious book is also too slow for a difficult one. D too fast for difficult material is just right for a non-serious book.5. In order to detect misprints in a sample print, a proofreader has to A understand the text fully. B have practice in efficiency.C pay little attention to the general meaning of the text. D grasp the shape and order of letters and words as he reads.Words and Expressionsthere is no doubt that 毫无疑问。 adult n. 成年人vary vi./vt. (=be different) 改变，变化：The weight of a body varies with latitude and altitude, its mass does not. 物体的重量随所处的纬度和高度而变化，而质量则与此无关。 The job enables me to vary the hours I work. 这项工作使我能够调整工作时间。 同根词 variation n. 变化，变动。 variety n. 种类，品种。 成语 a variety of 种种，多种多样。 various adj. 各种各样的；不同的。 variable 易变的。efficiency n. 效率：She admired his efficiency. 她钦佩他的效率。 同根词 efficient adj. 有效率的，效率很高的：Our efficient new machines are much cheaper to run. 我们的新机器效能良好，用起来省钱得很。proceed vi. 1.向前走，继续前进：Proceed to the next light, then turn left. 继续前进到下一个灯，然后往左拐。2. 接着（做某事），开始进行，继续进行：As soon as he came in, he proceeded to tell us all his troubles. 他一进来就接着将所有烦恼讲给我们听。 3. 进行，进展：The experiment is proceeding as planned. 实验按计划进行。 同根词 proceeding n. 1. 进程。 2. pl.商业活动：The necessary proceedings have been begun for the combining of the two firms. 合并这两家公司所需做的工作已经开始进行了。3. 诉讼： start take proceedings against sb. 开始起诉某人。 dash v. (=run quickly and suddenly) 猛冲，奔驰: The dog dashed after the rabbit. 这狗猛追兔子。 I must dash (off) to catch a train. 我必须冲去赶火车。regress vi. 退回。 in particular 尤其，特别。intention n. 意图，本来的想法。同根词 intend vt. (=plan, mean to do) 打算，有心，有的意图：I intended to come to your house last night but it rained.(我打算昨天晚上来你家，但天下雨了。) well-intentioned adj. 用心好的。 intentional adj. 故意的，蓄意的。skim vt. 浏览，略读： I skimmed（through） the magazine for the interesting articles. 我浏览杂志寻找有意思的文章。pick up (尤指偶然或无意地)得到, 获得, 找到, 学到 (语言、技能、习惯、想法、书本等)： While living there, she picked up the local accent. 他在那里居住时,学会了地方口音。here and there 随处。take in (=understand) 理解，领会：Halfway through the chapter I realized I hadnt taken anything in. 这一章我读到一半才意识到我根本没有看懂。tend v. 趋向于，往往是： People under stress tend to express their full range of potential. 处于压力下的人容易发挥自己全部的潜力。consequently adv. 因此。 attention to detail 无微不至；注意细节。proofreading n. 校对。 detect vt. 侦察；发现。misprint n. 印刷错误。 sample n. 样品,标本。not so much as 与其说，倒不如说be accustomed to doing sth. 习惯于做某事。overlook v. 1. 俯望：Our room overlooked the sea. 我们的房间俯瞰着大海。2. 忽视，忽略，没看到： I overlooked this problem and shall have to tackle it now. 我曾忽略这个问题，现在得处理它。3. 原谅，宽恕，不计较： My fault, Madam: I hope youll overlook it. 我的错，太太，我希望你会原谅。Text 1 参考译文毫无疑问，成人，甚至受过高等教育的成人，他们的阅读速度和阅读效率大不相同。有些人读得很慢；而有些人一目十行，然后又得回头再看。阅读差的人尤其可能缺乏能力按读物类型和阅读目的来调整他们的阅读方法。优秀的阅读者能够以很快的速度读完一部小说或类似的消遣性读物。他能够一目十行浏览，时而注意一两个单词，然后掌握了全文的大意，而用不着从头至尾细读。在阅读难度更大的材料时，为了吃透全文意思，他会降低阅读速度，但即使这样，他也会变换阅读速度，把注意力集中在关键词和关键段落上，或许会来回读几遍，而对其余部分一带而过。阅读效率较差的人不管读什么往往会保持同一速度。因此，即使消遣性读物也不会给他多少乐趣，因为他读得太慢。但是对于真正难的材料这种速度可能太快，因为难度大的材料需要专门注意难点。 需要仔细注意细节的一种阅读就是校对。校对者为了发现校样中的印刷错误与其说必须注意所读材料的含义，倒不如说必须注意样稿中字母和单词的确切形态和次序。这样做对于许多人来说是极其困难的，因为他们习惯于忽略这些细节。实际上，要高效率地完成这种任务需要大量的实际操练，而且只有读得很慢并且不去注意文章的大意才能做好这件工作。Text 2While it is true that Americans believe climbing the educational ladder leads to success, they are less certain that intellectual achievement which is the main purpose of the schools, is the only important factor leading to success. A competitive, even aggressive, personality is seen as important to success, especially in men. The development of social and political skills are also considered to be very important. To help Americans to develop these other important skills, schools have added a large number of extracurricular activities to daily life at school. This is especially true of high schools and colleges but extends down into elementary schools as well.Athletics, frequently called competitive sports, are perhaps the most important of these activities. Football, basketball, and baseball teams are seen as very important in students, particularly boys, the winning spirit. At times, athletic teams seem to become more important to some students and their parents than the academic programs offered by the schools. Student government is another extracurricular activity designed to develop competitive, political and social skills in students. The students choose a number of student government officers, who compete for the votes of their fellow students in school wide elections. Although these officers have little power over the central decisions of the school, the process of running for office and then taking responsibility for a number of minor matters if elected is seen as good experience in developing their leadership and competitive skills.Athletics and student government are only two of a variety of extracurricular activities found in American schools. There are clubs and activities for almost every student interest, all aimed at helping the student to become more successful in later life. Many parents watch their childrens extracurricular activities with as much interest and concern as they do their childrens intellectual achievements in the classroom. (304 words)1. The main idea of the passage is that A Americans concentrate solely on extracurricular activities. B outside class interests are important addition to education. C Americans want to go to college and to succeed in the future. D Americans have more time to develop interests outside class.2. According to the passage, the most important extracurricular activity especially for a boy would be A winning spirit. B joining the football or baseball team. C being a student officer. D being president of the Students Club.3. The reason why extracurricular activities are important is probably that A society is composed of many other social skills. B Americans attach great significance to sports. C education should be interesting and instructive. D everyone should know something about society and politics.4. According to the passage, climbing the educational ladder most probably means A running for student government officers. B participating in extracurricular activities. C winning high ratings in school examinations. D developing your academic education step by step. 5. The best title for the passage would be A Students Should Both Study and Work. B American School Systems and Their Functions. C Just Studying Isnt Always the Way to Success. D Parents Should Take Interest in Their Children s School Activities.Words and Expressionsladder n. 梯子。extracurricular adj. 课程外的。aggressive adj. 侵略的，侵犯的；咄咄逼人的；有进取心的。extend vt./vi. 1. 伸出（手臂等），展开（翅膀）：He refused to take the hand I extended in friendship. 他拒绝握我伸出去的友谊之手。2. 延伸，延续，继续：The road extends for miles. 这条路延伸几英里。3. (=prolong)延长，扩大：We extended our visit. 我们延长了访问。4. 给予（欢迎，帮助等）: to extend a warm welcome to him对他给予热烈的欢迎。同根词 extension n. 扩大；延长；电话分机。extensive adj. 广泛的，广阔的，巨大的： make extensive contacts with与进行广泛接触。反义词 intensive adj. 集中的，彻底的，强烈的。athletics n. 体育。同根词 athlete n. 运动员。athletic adj. 体育运动的。academic program 学校课程。 compete for 竞争得到。run for 竞选。 minor adj. 次要的，不重要的。as much as 与同样的。Text 2 参考译文虽然美国人认为上学使人成功，但他们确信，获取知识尽管是学校教育的主要目的，但并不是通向成功的惟一重要因素。竞争的性格，甚至大胆进取的性格被视为是成功的关键，特别是男子。培养社会的和行政的技能同样也被认为是至关紧要的。 为了帮助美国人培养这些其他的重要技能，学校增设了许多课外活动来充实学校的日常生活。这样做特别适合于中学和大学，而且现在也推广到小学。 竞技，通常称为“竞技运动”，或许是这些活动中最重要的。足球、篮球、棒球队被认为是学生中，尤其是男生中，非常重要的，即“求胜精神”。有时，运动队对于某些学生及其家长来说似乎变得比学校的课程还重要。 学生会是又一种课外活动，安排来培养学生的竞争、行政和社会技能。学生推选出若干名学生会干部，这些干部在学校范围的选举中竞选。虽然这些干部对学校重要决策影响甚微，但是竞选公职的过程和后来如果选上负责处理一些小事被看作是培养他们的领导和竞争技能的良好经验。竞技运动和学生会只是美国学校中各种课外活动中的两项。还有一些俱乐部和课外活动来满足几乎每个学生的兴趣，所有这些活动的目的都是为了帮助学生在以后的生活中取得更大的成绩。许多学生家长以同样的兴趣和关注来看待他们孩子的课外活动和课堂上获取知识的成绩。Text 3Increasingly, over the past ten years, people - especially young people - have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly processed food, is not good for the health. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers, widely used in farming today. Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount - but not the quality - of foods grown in commercial farming areas. Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food; they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins.There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually a nonessential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if this is necessary, we can in fact do without it. It is not that sugar is harmful in itself. But it does seem to be addictive: the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds a year! Yet all it does is to provide us with energy, in the form of calories. There are no vitamins in it, no minerals - and no fibre. It is significant that nowadays fibre is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fibre has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare. Hence the emphasis is placed on the eating of whole-wheat bread and more vegetables by modern experts on healthy eating. (446 words) 1. People have become more interested in natural foods because A they want a change of diet. B they want to be fashionable.C they want to eat food that is better for them. D they no longer like processed foods polluted by chemical additives.2. Soil that is rich in organic matter A has had nothing added to it. B contains unused vegetable matter. C has had chemicals and fertilizers added to it. D provides vegetable matter with vitamins and minerals. 3. Battery chickens cannot be called natural food because A they are tasteless. B their eggs have no vitamins. C they live in crowded conditions. D they are not allowed to move about and eat freely.4. According to experts on diet, A sugar is bad for the health. B sugar only sweetens food. C the use of sugar is habit forming.D people need sugar to give them energy. 5. If we ate more food containing fibre, A our diet would be healthier. B our diet would be more interesting. C we would be as healthy as people in other countries. D we would only eat whole-meal bread and vegetables.Words and Expressionsaware adj. 意识到，觉察到：be aware of the usual smell of the house觉察到这座屋子通常的气味。be good for 对有好处。 additive n. 添加剂。fertilizer n. 化肥。be rich in 在方面丰富：Russia is rich in oil resources. 俄罗斯有丰富的石油资源。organic adj. 有机的：organic matter 有机物。 in simple terms 简言之。nourish vt. 1. 滋养，供给营养：Milk is all we need to nourish a small baby. 牛奶就是我们需要来供给婴儿营养的一切。a well-nourished baby营养充足的婴儿。 2.怀有（希望，愿望等）：to nourish the hope of a trip abroad抱有国外旅行的希望。mineral n. 矿物质。 in itself 本身。commercial adj. 商业的。 n. 商业广告。 pasture n. 牧场。poultry n. 家禽；家禽肉。 battery farms 笼式养鸡场。do without 没有也行：He can do without your help.It is not that 这并不是因为 unrefined flour 非精白面粉。place emphasis on 强调 。Text 3 参考译文过去10年中，人们，尤其是年轻人，越来越多地意识到，需要改变饮食习惯，因为他们所吃的大部分食品，特别是加工食品，对健康不利。因此，人们越来越对天然食品感兴趣，即不含化学添加剂的食品和不受如今农业中广泛使用的化肥影响的食品。 例如，在富含有机物质的土壤中生长的蔬菜、水果和粮食都是天然食品。简言之，这就是说，这些土壤受到没有用过的蔬菜质的滋养，而蔬菜质向土壤提供了必要的维生素和矿物质。与使用化学剂和化肥相比，这是一个自然的过程。使用化学剂和化肥的主要目的是增加商业性耕作区的产量，而不是提高质量。 天然食品还包括在卫生的牧场上喂养并自由走动的动物。把这种情况与规模饲养家禽的情况做一对比：例如，有许多笼式养鸡场，那里数以千计的鸡挤在一间鸡舍内，所喂的饲料几乎无异于垃圾。用这种方法养的鸡不仅乏味，而且下的蛋缺乏重要的维生素。 健康饮食还包括许多其他方面，这些方面正受到饮食专家越来越多的注意。例如，糖的问题，它实际上并不是一种必需食品! 虽然如有必要像蜂蜜这样的天然代用品可以用来使食品变甜，然而实际上没有糖我们也行。这并不是说糖本身有害，而是说它确似添加剂：我们使用糖的数量在过去200年内持续增长，今天在英国每人每年平均消费200磅糖! 然而糖所起的作用无非就是以卡路里形式提供能量。食糖中既无维生素、矿物质，又无纤维素。 重要的是如今纤维素被认为是健康食品的重要组成部分。例如，在白面包中纤维素被去除了。但是纤维素存在于非精制面粉和蔬菜中。应该指出，在全国性的饮食中有大量非精白面和蔬菜的国家里，有些疾病很少见。因此现在许多“健康饮食”专家强调吃全麦面包并多吃蔬菜。Vocabulary Exercise 词汇自测练习 (一)1. Though he did not say so directly, the inspector the man was guilty. A declared B implied C disclosed D said2. At first it seemed that the building would be all right but later it was found to need . A installations B modifications C innovations D illustrations3. We can only give you the number of refugees crossing the border at the moment. A obscure B approximate C impartial D imaginary4. refers to the mental map one has of ones surroundings and to the relationship between self and that environment. A Organization B Orientation C Arrangement D Management5. There are several landladies approved by the univers