ISSUE写作素材 整理.doc

ISSUE最后的素材一社会1、 Immediate, Existing Social ProblemsNowadays, society is undergoing many social problems; they affect person or many members directly or indirectly, mainly related to our living conditions and moral values. On the one hand, the rapid increasing in human population recently has raised public concerns that we are overpopulate the Earth, because such large numbers of human beings has exceeded the carrying capacity of the Earth. Our population expansion and increasing usage of resources poses great threatens to the ecosystem. On the other hand, there are certain racial groups denied rights or benefits; they are constantly suffering from racial discrimination. In a survey from MIT, researchers found that when an applicants name seems to sound as “Black”, he is probably rejected from getting the job. Not only does the discrimination exist, it also causes social instability for there are countless demonstrations every year around the world. Other social problems like sexism, suicide, ageism, crime and health care, are also urgent problems which need to be solved.2、 Animal ProtectionFor their fur and feathers, for food and innards, human have killed a number of animals, nowadays, thousands of animals have disappeared from the earth forever. Human have long ignored the crucial notion that animals are not the resources of us, but a significant part to balance the ecosystem. Fortunately, we have had already taken efforts to save these animals on the verge of extinction. Some people established communities, and government enacted laws to protect animals.3、 Sweden WelfareWelfare is related to national economic, political policies and the general condition of its society. Sweden is a permanent neutral country, thus need not much money to improve its military force. The people there live a stable life.4、 Abortion 堕胎（法律、伦理）England has enacted laws to prohibit abortion since 1967, however, some doctors claimed that these laws would do harm to women who have birth incidentally. Then, the law has changed slightly, allowing doctors who were permitted to do that.5、 Egypt Upheaval 埃及动乱（社会问题）A recent insurgence in Egypt exhibits the consequence of the government setting peoples concerns aside. Most Egyptians can merely make the ends meet according to the statistics from the United Nations; their salaries per capita are only 50 dollars per month in 2010. However, the Egyptian government and president Mubarak still gives a large amount of its money to the arts, which is characterized by the recent construction of art museums and the restoration of the Egypt Museum. As a result, the poor went to the Egypt Museum furiously destroyed precious art works dating from the times of Pharaohs. Had the Egyptian government showed generosity and consideration for the need of its people, there would not necessarily have been any social turmoil.6、 Murthy 穆尔蒂（领导者的原则）Murthy was the founder of Infosys Company, which is the most significant IT Company of India. Gandhi has greatly influenced him when he was young, and then he formed his own moral standard and value system. During his management of Infosys Company, he stuck to his principles all the time, such as no bribing, honesty, generosity, making the best out of his employees and so on. It is his high quality of moralities that make him successful in his career.7、 Van Gogh 梵高（坚持的精神、依靠兴趣坚持下去、后人的评价才客观）Van Gogh, Dutch painting, whose still life paintings are marked an unprecedented price for 50 million, sold only one of his paintings during his entire life. Van Gogh was not accepted by the people of world in his time and his work was considered no artistic value until hundreds of years after he had died. Van Gogh is a Dutch postimpressionist painter whose early works, such as The Potato Eaters (1885), portray peasant life in somber, dark colors. His later works, including numerous self-portraits, a series of sunflower paintings (1888), and Starry Night (1889), are characterized by bold, rhythmic brush strokes and vivid colors. His long struggle with depression ended in suicide.8、 Copernicus 哥白尼（后人的评价才客观）Copernicuss heliocentric theory was not accepted until hundreds of years after he had been persecuted by government to death.9、 Bernard Madoff 伯纳德麦道夫（领导不好，对社会无益）United States Wall Street legend, NASDAQ Stock Markets former chairman, Bernard Madoff is rich and successful. However, he cheated investors rather than made a contribution to society, resulting in being arrested by police. He conducted the greatest hoax.10、 Max Schuschny 舒施尼（争议的发明，意外发明）Schuschny invented plastic bag in 1902 which brought much convenience to people at that time and even awarded Nobel Prize. But later on, “white pollution” has caused widely concerns, and his invention was regarded as the most notorious one.11、 Genus Achatinella 夏威夷蜗牛（动物自然灭绝）Genus Achatinella is one of the world twelve endangered animals, a beautiful snail in Hawaii. However, their fascinating appearance has made them on the verge of extinction. Because of the appearance, they are exposed to his natural enemy without anything to hide themselves. It is clearly that, if we do nothing to protect them, they are bound to be disappearing from the earth in the future.12、 其他1) 道德建设偏重于思想方面的规范，而司法系统强调经济、文化、教育等方面。2) 道德行为是人们内心里面的行为，法律没有办法约束人们，但是，一旦人们选择了错误的价值方向，而且表现出确实的行为，那么法律的约束就是必要的。3) 虽然道德是什么这个问题复杂得连苏格拉底都弄不清楚，但其中总还是有一些能为人所公认的东西，那就是：道德应当符合人类的整体利益，而某一行业的道德应当是就该行业而言最能满足人类需求的做法。4) 作为一个国家，其中必然存在着多样性，这主要体现在文化、教育、习惯、经济水平等方面。5) 各种领域：政治领域politics or political science、经济领域economics、科学领域science、艺术领域arts、文化领域culture、教育领域education、社会学sociology。6) 一些basic morals：勤奋diligence、节约thrift、诚信sincerity、奉献dedication、友善friendship、自强 self-improvement。7) 生物多样性的重要性：基因或医药来源genetic and medical resources、生态体系稳定性ecosystem stability及道德原因ethics。8) The value of ecosystem services on one New Zealand island has been imputed to be as great as the GDP of that region。9) 人们对堕胎abortion、安乐死euthanasia、同性恋homosexuality的法律抱有不同的态度。网络犯罪cyber crime。10) 美国每4年换届选举general election，但是可以连任re-elected。二 行为1、 Hawking 霍金Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. Hawking is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes, and his popular works in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. These include the runaway popular science bestseller A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the British Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.His key scientific works to date have included providing, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarding singularities in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes should emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking radiation, or sometimes as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation. His scientific career spans over 40 years and his books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity and world-renowned theoretical physicist. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Science. Hawking is disabled by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The illness has progressed over the years and he is now almost completely paralyzed.2、 Nazism 纳粹（过于热爱自己国家的历史为带来灾难）One apt illustration of this point involves the Nazism. In retrospect, many ethnic Germans felt deeply committed to the goal of creating the greater Germany, which some believe required the use of military force to achieve. To a certain extent, the Second World War stems from the Germens exorbitant respect to the history of their nation and the origin of their race.3、 Nicolas Chauvin 愚忠Nicolas Chauvin, a French soldier and patriot who famous for his love and devotion for Napoleon has been wounded seventeen times in his nations service resulting his severe disfigurement and maiming, but it has earned him only ridicule and derision in Restoration France.4、 Swiss Guard 忠诚好Swiss Guard is the Swiss soldiers who served as bodyguards. They have a high reputation for discipline and loyalty to their employers. On May 6, 1527, 189 guards including their commander involve in a battle near German Graveyard and 147 of them died in the battlefield in order to help the pope escape during Sack of Rome.5、 其他1) 由于成长的环境和文化不同，人的个性各不相同。而价值观values、性格personality、嗜好interest、道德观morals、态度attitudes、信念conviction、理想ideas都会影响一个人的行为、决定。2) 服饰只能反映一个人的衣着品味dress sense及个人爱好，有时会反映一个人所从事的事业：常年工作在办公室的人，一般会西装Western-style clothes笔挺；而运动员会穿运动服；演艺人员的穿着通常比较fashionable。朋友可以反映出此人的性格以及兴趣爱好：性格直爽的人的朋友性格也比较直爽等等。从走路的姿势可以看出一个人大致的性格特点：自信的人走路的时候昂首挺胸walk with his head held high，内向的人两眼看地。从吃的东西可以看出地域特点：吃辣的人居住环境比较冷，草原grassland上的人吃牛羊肉beef and mutton。三 教育1、 The Purpose of Education教育的目的：为个人奠定基础、为社会培养有责任心的公民、为各个领域提供人才。There are three basic purposes of education. Firstly, education should lay the foundation for students; impart them with the skills which allow them to assimilate any wisdom that will occur to them. Secondly, education serves to provide the society with conscientious, thoughtful and enterprising residents. This arduous purpose requires deep understanding of morals, values, ethics, and politics for individuals who educate. Thirdly, any process in various fields needs full-capable students with creative ideas. Education is a means to foster such students.2、 Integrated Development of Students教育太强调学生的文化技能，忽视了他们的道德素质、领导能力、合作能力、心理素质等。Too much emphasis is placed on academic knowledge nowadays. Admittedly, it is crucial for students to master basic thinking and reasoning skills and specific knowledge relevant to his or her major. But the society has seen its side-effects. Students can publish papers with high quality, but lacking the ability of communicating; they tend to live alone, thus give rise to the decrease in interpersonal contact. They can easily decipher others private album online, but without a sense of morality, they simply upload it to the network. Therefore, priority should be given to establish them with a value system, from which they understand how to behave in a society; with a standard, from which they know how to judge their performance and revise it. Other abilities like leadership, corporation, and tenacious psychological quality should not be ignored either.3、 Interdisciplinary各个学科相互依赖，学生需要学习除专业之外的学科。In the rapidly growing society, every subject does rely on others to some extent for no one can exist alone. It is favorable for students to study courses other than that of their own major. Philosophy is the foundation of every subject, providing basic thinking and reasoning skills to solve almost every problem. With proficient mastery of Mathematics, we can better improve our research in the fields of engineering or economics which need much computing and analyzing. Computer science makes it possible for biologists to observe the microcosmic structure of DNA, and analyze large amounts of data.4、 Skepticism对个人，质疑精神能帮助他们理解已经存在的知识；帮他们面对以后出现的问题。In my opinion, skepticism is indispensible for individuals in two aspects. Firstly, skepticism helps individuals better understand the existing knowledge. It is well understandable, as in common sense, if an individual can cast doubt upon a given fact; he or she is bound to be more involved in the process of thinking and reasoning. Therefore, more effectively and deeply they learn from such fact. Secondly, skepticism also helps them form a thinking pattern which is crucial for them to deal with any problems that may occur to them. Continually absorbing existing knowledge without criticizing, they would lose themselves when faced with a problem which has no correct answer.对于社会，质疑精神可以修改已经存在的理论；还可以促进新理论的产生。In my opinion, skepticism is indispensible for societies in two aspects. Firstly, skepticism revises existing theories or even long established ones. It is said that there is no right theory, for human beings observe the world form their own perspectives, more or less a reflection of their own values, experiences. So, any theory, including generally accepted one, need to be questioned in order to further reach its goals and bring benefits to society. Secondly, skepticism expedites the emergence/advent of new ideas. With fierce ideological collision between two different opinions, new ideas would probably come out as a consequence. This in turn, would make our society more prosperous.过分强调不合理，应该结合其他素质教育。However, overemphasize the importance of skepticism is the same as not consider it. If we do so, then an individual may criticize others idea without a thoroughly analysis of it with basic reasoning skills. Such skepticism is irrational and improper, which need to be eliminated by imbue them with academic knowledge, social values, moral standard, corporation, altruism etc.5、 Interest for Education兴趣对于学生是非常重要的，它可以提高学习的主动性和积极性，因此提高效率；但是教育应该培养学生基础能力、价值观，这些不能用兴趣来决定。Interest is a valuable motivation in inspiring students. When students pursuit something that interest them, they learn with higher efficiency. Because they are more involved in it and thus improve their initiatives and creativity. Interest is not only important for education, but also plays a significant role in society. De Broglie and Einstein are both interested in physics thus lay the foundation of two crucial theories. However, overemphasize the importance of interest for education is the same as not consider it. Education should never rely on students interests because as the inevitable process of their growing up, education must provide them with basic knowledge, the way of thinking and reasoning and ultimately, the value of our society. Without such skills, however interested they are in a particular field, they would achieve less.6、 Archimedes 阿基米德（家庭的影响）As ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, physicist Archimedes was immersed in family while he was a child, the range of his knowledge was very wide, and found the Archimedes principle when having a bath.7、 Albert Einstein 爱因斯坦（年幼的时候应该把所有的孩子进行集中训练；任何据称是事实的信息都应该被质疑，将来很有可能会被证明是错误的；墨守陈规不会成功）Einstein was somewhat stupid in his boyhood. Later on, he showed an extreme interest in physics and queried Newtons classic mechanics. After years of researching, he put forward Theory of Relativity. After a few years, he also gave a perfect interpretation of the photoelectric effect and won Noble Prize for Physics in 1921.8、 Leonardo de Vinci 达芬奇（所有学生都应该被要求学习理科，尽管有人对理科不感兴趣；想象力的题目；其他学科对自身研究领域的影响）De Vinci was a mathematician, architect, sculpture, and artist; apply the knowledge of other disciplines into painting. There has never been an artist who was more fittingly, and without qualification, described as a genius. Like Shakespeare, Leonardo came from an insignificant background and rose to universal accolade.9、 Churchill 丘吉尔 （童年成绩差、没上过大学而自学成才、毅力、坚定的信念）Churchill was always hailed for his speeches which gave courage to an entire nation and inspired allied forces. Yet, its unimaginable that he was suffering from the stammer during his childhood.10、 Ebbinghaus 艾宾浩斯冯特Wundt曾宣布过学习和记忆等高级心理过程不能用实验研究，加之当时艾宾浩斯既没有大学教学职位，没有老师，也没有进行研究的专门设备和实验室。但是，即便如此，他还是花了5年时间，用自己做被试，独自进行实验，完成了一系列有控制的研究。艾宾浩斯的研究方法是客观的、实验的、通过细致观察和记录可以量化的。他的程序是把数据基础置于经过时间考验的联想和学习的研究之上。11、 Descartes 笛卡尔（质疑权威社会才会进步、学术领域都需要独立思想家的领导、家庭影响深、体弱多病受特殊培养、Beckman唤醒他的能力）Descartes is a famous philosopher, mathematician, and physicist in France; at the same time, having made a lot of study in such disciplines as meteorology, biology and is the founder of analytic geometry. He also proposed the principle of generally suspecting. “I think, therefore, I am”12、 其他1) 全球性课程表比地方性课程表更加经济，并且能提供更广阔的视角和范围，同时，让人们对学生有了一个评价标准。2) 任何学校都是处于现实社会中的学校，在其中的人同样会受到社会各个因素的影响，我们不能不考虑社会价值观对他们的影响。3) 学生很难一开始就确定他将来的工作和兴趣。4) 学习途径：学校、工作中学习、休闲娱乐中学习、网络学习等。5) 书本的知识常常落后于时代。6) 教师的课外经验能够帮助学生规划一个更加切合实际的职业生涯。7) 拥有一个好的图书馆并不能教出好学生，只有教师的作用是最主要的。8) 高效的教育系统可以开发出学生的潜能potential和天赋talent。9) 保证必须课的基础上，提供选修课来满足学生各种兴趣的需要。10) 道德教育，比如互相尊重、信任和合作精神、利他精神altruism等等，可以起到约束和防止那些过度的不合理的假设。11) 免费大学使学生不珍惜学习的机会。12) 全面平衡的教育有助于学生培养社会能力、社会责任感，使他们有能力迎接各种挑战；同时有助于他们确定自己在社会中应该扮演的角色、应该承担的义务。13) 人们需要了解人类存在的共同属性，才能理性地接受人类间、种族间、国家文化之间的不同，从而相互促进。14) 知识不会单独存在或属于某一个领域：光学的发展促进了绘画、电子的发展促进了音乐；哲学促进了自然科学；自然科学促进了考古；计算机促进了生物学。15) 人文专业的人学习自然科学，可以使自己能全面发展，对生活多一些了解；学自然科学的人学习人文科学，可以培养对人性、道德等等的认识和理解。16) 基于求知的学习被认为是缺少指导的，而学习者最初需要一定的指导；同时基于求知的学习可以提高学生的表现。17) 分数限制了孩子的全面素质培养和能力养成；但是，又可以激发学生的学习动力，如果没有分数，可能使他们失去学习动力。18) 正规教育是我们一般说的全日制教育；非正规教育是通过周围环境的教育影响，例如家庭、邻里、图书馆、大众传媒等，从中习得各种态度、价值观念、知识和技能。19) 情商教育有助于想象力和创造力的培养，有助于丰富一个人的性格，提高人的全面素质、道德层次，有利于兴趣的培养。20) 我们学习数学，懂得用数字、用逻辑来把这个世界抽象化；我们学习语言，懂得该如何表达我们的思想、记录我们的行为、懂得如何思考；我们学习自然，从混沌的认识中走出来，学会从科学的角度来认识世界；我们学习音乐、美术，学会了如何欣赏周围的美丽；体育课上我们锻炼的不仅是身体素质，还有耐力以及竞争精神。21) 孩子需要具备：领导能力、团队协作能力、认知社会能力、实践能力、想象力、感性思维、文化技能、道德素质、身体素质、心理素质。Honesty, persistence, probity, kindness and so on.22) 社会化就是由自然人到社会人的转变过程，每个人必须经过社会化才能使外在于自己的社会行为规范、准则内化为自己的行为标准，这是社会交往的基础，并且社会化是人类特有的行为，是只有在人类社会中才能实现的。即：一个人内化社会价值标准、学习角色技能、适应社会生活的过程。用弗洛伊德Freud的话说，社会化就是个人学习控制天性的冲动，就是“把野兽关到笼子里”。四 科技1、 The Purpose of Science and Technology科学的目的是改造自然，造福人类；人们为此而解决问题，改变现状。The ultimate purpose of science and technology is to observe nature and remake it; then bring benefits to human beings. In order to reach this goal, people do scientific research to answer unknown questions, to give further evidence to show the exactness of our previous ideas, and to correct our wrong ideas.2、 The Positive Side of Technology改善我们的生活环境，和以往比起来，我们的生活有了质的提升；在精神层面上我们也不再迷信，而是掌握自己的命运。Technology has greatly enhanced our living conditions. If we look back to history, we will have a sense of superiority; our means of transportation changes from carriage to automobiles, trains, and airplanes, with which we can trave