英汉语言对比复习资料.doc

It died suddenly, in a terrible rain of fire and ash. The tragedy struck on the 24th of August, A.D.79. Mount Vesuvius, which had slept quietly for centuries, erupted with savage violence. Tons of hot ash fell on Pompeii, hiding it from sight. For three days the sun did not break through the clouds of volcanic ash that filled the sky. And when the eruption ended, Pompeii was buried deep. A city had perished.庞贝古城，猝不及防地湮灭于从天而降的火焰和灰烬中。这场悲剧发生在公元79年8月24日。在那一天，沉睡了几个世纪的维苏威火山，释放了它狂暴的破坏力。火山喷发出成吨的灼热火山灰，它们洒落到庞贝古城，灰幕笼罩其上空达三日之久，这座城市再无天日。火山喷发平息后，庞贝古城已深埋于灰烬中。一个城市就此毁于一旦。Springs are not always the same. In some years, April bursts upon our Virginia hills in one prodigious leap and all the stage is filled at once, whole choruses of tulips, arabesques of forsythia, cadenzas of flowering plum. The trees grow leaves overnight.In other years, spring tiptoes in. It pauses, overcome by shyness, like my grandchild at the door, peeping in, ducking out of sight, giggling in the hallway. “I know you are out there,” I cry. “Come in!” and April slips into our arms.春天并非总是一模一样。四月，有时不知怎地一跃，就来到了弗吉尼亚的山坡上转眼到处生机勃勃。郁金香组成了大合唱，连翘展示出优美的舞姿，洋李奏起华彩乐段。一夜之间，林木着装，绿叶瑟瑟。春天有时又蹑手蹑脚，像我的小孙女一样，羞羞答答地倚在门外，向里谈谈头，一闪又不见了，只是在门厅里咯咯地笑。“我知道你在那儿藏着呢，”我喊道。“进来！”春天这才悄然跑进了我的怀抱。There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavour of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.最令女主人失望的是，她费神费财来招待客人，可这位客人只顾津津有味地同她丈夫谈政治，谈生意，却忽略了美味的咖啡、松软的糕点，或是房子里出彩的地方，而这些可以说是她最想提及也最引以为自豪的话题。1、分析与综合：A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”.综合语的特征是运用词的形态变化来表达语法关系。An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”.分析语的特征是用语序及虚词来表达语法关系。Based on the ancient English, Modern English keeps the hereditary inflection while with numerous function words and relatively settled word order, so it is a synthetic-analytic language.现代英语是从古英语发展出来，仍然保留着综合语的某些特征，但也有分析语的特点：有形态变化，但不像典型综合语那么复杂；语序比汉语灵活，但相对固定；虚词很多，用得也相当频繁。Inflected forms, word order and function words are the major three ways to express lexical relationships. As Chinese language has been recorded in the form of character, namely, ideographs. Ideographs are not affected by phonological evolution and therefore largely immune to change.English, though as recorded in phonetic script, has got rid of most its inflections, and expresses grammatical relations by devices like prepositions and auxiliary verbs and by the order of its words.形态变化、语序和虚词是表达语法关系的三大手段，三者之间关系密切。汉语由于缺乏形态变化，表达语法关系只好借助语序和虚词；现代英语摈弃了古英语大部分的形态变化，因而表达语法关系除了借助遗留下来的形态变化形式，还必须借助语序和虚词。There are great number of function words in Chinese and English; they are, while on the opposite side of notion words/full words, still quiet different in either language.Quantifier is broadly used in boss the written and oral system of Chinese language, just as article in English. But they wont stay simultaneously in a certain language through the research of linguistic taxonomy. This is because that quantifiers in Chinese and articles in English are both used as to classify the type of nouns, just as the gender system in Latin languages.Function of Quantifier in Chinese: a) to classify homonyms and avoid the vagueness in communication;b) to be the symbols in human languages as mens subjective classifications of the reality.c) to indicate the number of nouns;Anauxiliary verb(abbreviatedaux) is averbthat adds functional or grammatical meaning to theclausein which it appears, such as to expresstense,aspect,modality,voice, emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually accompany a main verb. The falling tone expresses certainty, completeness, independence and an air of finality. Often used in: statements, special questions, instructions and orders.The rising tone expresses uncertainty, incompleteness and dependence (including yes-no questions, parenthetical and subsidiary information in a statement, encouraging or polite denials, commands, invitations, greetings, farewells, etc.)The fall-rise tone combines the falling tones meaning of “assertion, certainty” with the rising tones meaning “dependence, incompleteness”. At the end of a sentence, it often conveys a feeling of reservation; at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, it is a more forceful alternative to the rising tone, expressing the assertion of one point, together with the implication that another point is to follow. English is an intonation language, while Chinese tonal.2、主动与被动 There is a notable difference in the frequency with which the active and passive voices are used. The active is generally more common, but there is considerable variation among individual texts. The passive has been found to be as much as ten times more frequent in one text than another. The major stylistic factor determining its frequency seems to be related to the distinction between informative and imaginative prose rather than to a difference of subject matter or of spoken and written English. The passive is generally more commonly used in informative than in imaginative writing, notably in the objective, non-personal style of scientific articles and news items.In English, syntactic passive voice is far more widely used than the notional passive voice In Chinese, the passive voice traditionally implies the undesirable result of the patient in a certain sentence.3、人称与物称There is a personal inclination in Chinese while the impersonal in English. This distinction between these two languages mainly can be seen in the use of subject and verb in a certain sentence. The impersonal subject is focusing on “sth. happens to sb。” and the personal subject makes the sentence focus on “sb. does sth.” 4、形合与意合Hypotactic means the “dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives”. Parataxis is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. It is important to bear in mind that parataxis and hypotaxis are stylistic options and not syntactic necessities.It is modern notions that equate hypotaxis with sophistication and parataxis with primitiveness.Practice1. 人不犯我，我不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked.2. 酒不醉人人自醉。Wine is not drunk everybody from drunk!问遍千家成行家 Learn from numerous advisers, and youll become a master.3. 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？If winter comes, can spring be far away? 4. 说是说了，没有结果。Ive made proposals, but they proved futile.5. 找到了主要原因，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。 Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？ If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?不到黄河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies. Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.今晚有人讲了些不该讲的话。Many sketches are in existence of peasants seated by the roadside and men and women at work in the fields.至今仍保留着许多速写，画的是坐在路旁的农民和田里劳动的男男女女。A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.战争期间碰到这样的年景，很多人肯定会死去，很多人会逃荒要饭，很多人会被 迫卖儿卖女。 The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。 March 1940 found me working in a small construction firm.1940年3月，我在一家小型建筑公司工作。My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness.凭良心讲，你带我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。Books can divert me from loneliness.有了书，我就不再寂寞。This scene will come back to you years later when you sit alone at the sunset like this.多年后的一个黄昏，像现在，你一人独坐的时候，你会想起眼前的情景。She had a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.她心地厚道，为人乐观，性格温柔，待人和蔼，心胸宽广。His village home lay there at the end of the waste land, beyond the sugar-cane field, hidden among the shadows of the banana and the slender areca-palm, the coconut and the dark green