四级听力辅导7.doc

第二节长对话1.题型介绍长对话在以往的四级听力测试中从未出现，是改革后的四级将新增设的一部分内容。增加了长对话后的四级听力测试的第一部分（听力对话）总的题量就从原来的10题增加到了15题，具体说来就是把原有的短对话从10题减少到8题，而在两段长对话后，分别出34个题，共7个问题。对话只读一遍，要求考生听完后就问题选择正确答案。长对话是两人就某一问题及事件进行的连续性交谈，虽然长对话的口语语汇难度较之短对话降低了一些，但因为篇幅较长，涉及的内容更深入，信息量大，人物态度、语气及情感变化更复杂，往往不能简单依赖某个关键词来判断整篇对话的主旨大意，而且事先又不知道会问哪几个问题，考生遇到的主要困难就是如何分清考点和无用信息。要轻松应对CET-4听力的长对话，首先必须把自己的听力水平从听懂字句的层次提高到获取信息量的层次上。因为在短对话中，一轮对话设置一个问题，而长对话中往往需要听懂数轮对话方能确定答案，所以在听的过程中，切不可竭力去弄懂每一个单词是什么意思，更不能一边听一边在心中默译，这样只会顾此失彼，漏听大量有用信息。长对话与短文测试类似，不仅考查考生对对话整体的理解能力，还考查考生对一些关键信息的捕捉、记忆、理解和推断能力。提问的方式包括主旨的理解和概括，这类题一般不能简单根据一个关键词来判断整篇长对话的含义，而是依赖于对大量信息的整合和推理方能得出正确答案。虽然信息量大，但对话双方并非漫无边际地聊侃，而是围绕某一个中心议题展开的，所以抓住对话的中心思想是关键。此外，长对话往往还针对对话内容的细节部分设问，这就需要考生从大量信息中甄别筛选出少数几个有用信息。以下就突破长对话所需掌握的一些具体的对策与技巧加以介绍。2.对策与技巧（1）预读选项，推测对话的主题及问题的测试方向。以前的CET-4测试的第一部分因为只有10个短对话，所以利用播放考场指令的时间预读10个短对话的所有选项绰绰有余。然而改革后的四级的第一部分增加了5个小题，且后半部分的7个问题分别针对两段对话，不仅预读选项的时间相对缩短了，而且考生还需要综合归纳每段对话的34个小题的共1216个选项，通过找出选项的差异、共性和联系，推测对话的基本内容并提练出对话的主题，同时推测每个问题的测试方向。只有这样听对话时才更有针对性和目的性，从而更好地抓住和记录关键信息。具体方法是：1）找出复现率高的词语，这些词常会提供一些线索；2）辨别各选项的不同点，注意一些不同的时间、地点、名词及动词，它们往往会有助于确定哪些是要听的关键信息。（2）通过对话的开篇、结尾和反复出现的关键词，弄清对话的核心内容。因为每段长对话的第一题往往会针对整个对话的主题内容设置问题，所以要结合预读的选项综合归纳对话的主旨大意。熟悉短文听力的考生大都知道短文的第一句话或头几句话常常是短文的主题句，经常成为短文听力的考点。而对话在这一点上与短文稍有差异，因为对话双方通常要稍作寒暄才会转入正题，所以对话的开篇（虽然并不是第一句话）往往很快会提及双方将要讨论的主要话题，考生必须第一时间进入状态，抓住对话的主旨大意。而有的对话则是在结尾时才概括主题，所以听清结尾有时也对把握对话的宏观理解颇有帮助。此外，短文属于书面语，它的特点是用词精审，结构严谨，逻辑性强；而对话属于口头表达的范畴，具有句子简短，常有省略和重复的特点。针对这一区别，不难发现长对话中有些与主题相关的词会反复出现，所以有时考生需要据此来综合归纳出对话的中心思想。（3）边听边记，利用记录的关键信息来帮助正确答题。由于长对话提供的信息比短对话要多得多，且提问的方式除了有一道题可能是有关主题的外，其他的往往针对对话内容的细节部分。细节题的答案所涉及的内容大都是明示信息，这类题主要考察学生捕捉关键信息的能力，如人物及特征、行为、事件以及事件发生的原因，后果等。解决这类题时，首先要通过预读卷面上的四个选项，尤其是选项中重要出现的词语预测可能要问的问题，此外还要边听边记，在相应的选项旁还要记下几个关键信息词、短语或句子，以便在答题时帮助回忆，但记的前提是不影响听。如果单词太长，不必记录完整，只写前几个字母，而对于时间（年、月、日、时）价格、方位、电话号码、年龄等则用自己能识别的数字或符号记录。（4）结合背景知识，以问题间的联系为线索进行合理推断。长对话的信息量大，且由于其属于口语语体，语言的酝酿时间较短，具有用词的不确定性和随意性的特点，考生常有没听懂，没听清或遗漏了某些关键信息的情况发生。如若发生这类情况，最好的办法是分析一下这篇短文所问的34个问题之间的联系，虽说这几个问题可能涉及的是谈话内容不同的几个方面，但或多或少它们之间或这些问题的答案之间会有一定的联系。以这些不太显而易见的联系为线索，再结合相关的背景知识，有时没完全听懂也能推测出正确的答案。（5）听清问题，核实答案。虽然通过预读选项对所要问的问题已有了大致的推测，但推测的问题与实际听到的问题还是有可能有所出入。所以在听完对话后，千万不要放松警惕，忙于答题，而应听清每个问题，避免答非所问，对于在听的过程中已经选择了答案的题目，要根据所听到的的问题进一步核实答案。此外，还需将做题的节奏与提问的节奏协调一致，否则会手忙脚乱，顾此失彼。3.长对话的题材由于长对话为新增题型，现有语料少。但通过对新四级样卷中的两段长对话及2006年6月24日新四级试点考试真题中两段长对话的分析，不难发现长对话的题材主要以学生常见的、比较熟悉的场景为主，中心话题无不与大学生的在校园内外的学习、生活、出行或毕业走向社会后的工作的实践密切相关。这也反映了教学要求设定的教学目标“培养学生的英语综合应用能力，特别是听说能力，使他们在今后工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流。”试想，倘若连特定场景中的较长的英语对话听都听不懂，如何来进行熟练有效的口头交际。所以考生在日常的学习中，对校园及工作场景里划分得更细的特定子场景，如：在餐厅就餐、租房看房、出外旅游及问路、生病就医士、在图书馆借书或阅读、在课堂上课、与教授或同学探讨论文的写作、向上级汇报工作或商务谈判场景等，要留心积累其中一些地道的信息交流方式和句型。做到对这些句式不仅眼熟，而且口熟、耳熟，能与同学或朋友就类似场景中发生的对话进行口语演练，这样在听力长对话考试中方能游刃有余。例如，在生病就获场景中较为典型的句式如下：1. Asking about illness: 询问病情你有什么不舒服？Whats the matter with you? Whats wrong with you?Whats your/the trouble?What seems to be the trouble？What seems to be the problem?What seems to be the matter?Whats bothering you?What seems to be bothering you?你感觉好吗？Are you feeling all right?Are you feeling well?有没有咳嗽？Do you cough?有没有呕吐？Any vomiting?你觉得恶心吗？Are you feeling nausea?Have you got any feeling of nausea?吃东西有胃口吗？Do you have any appetite?胃口怎么样？How about your appetite?睡眠怎么样？Hows your sleep?2. Telling a doctor how you feel:诉说病情Im not feeling well. 我觉得不舒服。I have a headache/ stomachache/ backache/ toothache/sore throat. 我头痛/胃痛/背痛/牙痛/喉咙痛。I have a splitting headache. 我头痛欲裂。I have a sharp pain in my stomach/chest. 我胃痛欲裂/胸口痛得要裂开了。I have a gripping pain in the stomach. 我腹部绞痛。I have a cold. 我感冒了。I feel feverish./Im running a fever/ temperature. 我发烧了。I dont have a temperature. 我没发烧。I feel sick/nauseous./ I think Im going to throw up /vomit. 我想吐。I feel cold. / I have chills. 我发冷。I have a cough and a runny nose.我咳嗽还流鼻涕。My nose is stuffed up. 我鼻塞。My nose/throat tickles. 我鼻子/喉咙发痒。I dont feel like eating anything.什么也不想吃。Im having some trouble sleeping.有点失眠。 这样有多久了？How long has it been this way? How long has this been going on?How long have you been like this?How long have you had this trouble?It all began yesterday.是从昨天开始的。It started two days ago.两天前开始的。It keeps hanging on.这老是不好。It sort of hung on. 这似乎不见好。About a week now. 现在大约有一星期了。3. Diagnosing process: 诊断过程Show me your tongue. 让我看看你的舌头。Let me take your blood pressure.让我量下血压。Let me feel your pulse.让我给你把脉。Lie on your back/stomach/side.躺下/趴下/侧躺。Take your temperature with this thermometer. 量下体温。Im going to listen to your hearts and lungs. 我要听听你的心肺状况。Breathe deeply. / Take a deep breath.深吸一口气。Breathe out. 呼气。Hold your breath. 停止呼吸。Youre to have a blood test. 你要验下血。4. Diagnosing and treating: 诊断和治疗You tongues rather coated.舌苔较厚。You tongue is thickly furred.舌苔很厚。Your blood pressure is normal. 血压正常。Your pulse is a bit fast. 脉搏快了一点。I dont think its anything serious. 我看不严重。Nothing serious. 没什么大问题。I should say youve caught a cold/flu. 我看你感冒了/患了流感。Its an acute case. 这是急性病。Im afraid an urgent operation is necessary。恐怕要立即动手术。Youll have the I. V. (intravenous) for a few days. 这几天你必须打吊针/点滴。Ill be giving you a shot/an injection（打针）.Take this medicine for one week, two capsules （胶囊）three times daily.5. Asking about diagnosis and treatment: 询问诊断结果和治疗方法Is it serious, doctor?Do you mean I should go to bed?What do you mean by medication?What do I do with this?Is the medicine going to be effective?现结合大学英语四级考试（CET-4）试点考试样卷中的两段长对话，来分析一下这一题型的特点及解题技巧。例1试点考试样卷中的第一段长对话You will read:Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A. The benefits of strong business competition.B. A proposal to lower the cost of production.C. Complaints about the expense of modernization.D. Suggestions concerning new business strategies.20. A. It cost much more than its worth.B. It should be brought up-to-date.C. It calls for immediate repairs.D. It can still be used for a long time.21. A. The personnel manager should be fired for inefficiency.B. A few engineers should be employed to modernize the factory.C. The entire staff should be retrained.D. Better-educated employees should be promoted.22. A. Their competitors have long been advertising on TV.B. TV commercials are less expensive.C. Advertising in newspapers alone is not sufficient.D. TV commercials attract more investments.解题思路分测问题第19小题，也是这段对话的第一问题，四个选项全是名词短语。当对话和短文的第一道题的所有选项全是名词或名词短语时，所问的问题十有八九是有关听力材料的主旨大意，听的时候对话中提到什么就在相应的选项旁做上记号。而且通过四个选项中的business competition, cost of production, business strategies等词组不难推测出这段对话十有八九与产品的生产或企业的经营相关。第20小题，所有选项的主语相同都是it，这里的it指代的会是什么呢？短文的主题是和产品有关的，这里的it肯定与产品联系紧密，无非就是产品本身，生产产品的设备或产品的销售等。A价格远远高于其价值，B应使其现代化，C需要立即修理，D还可以断续使用很长一段时间，综合归纳不难发现这里的it若是指产品或产品的销售都不太恰当，而这些特征若是描述设备，则较为合理，所以it的指代对象最可能会是制造产品的设备。第21小题，所有选项的相似之处在于都涉及了人事方面的决策。人事部门经理被解雇，雇用几个工程师使工厂更现代化，不裁员，还是重用学历高的雇员？再与前面两个小题的选项结合起来分析，文章的主题是产品，第20小题涉及的是产品的制造设备，与产品的生产有关，那么这道题估计会问为提高产品的生产效率，除了解决设备方面的问题，在人员调配方面还应采取什么措施。如果将上题的所有选项与本题的所有选项仔细对照会发现，第20小题的选项B中的bring up-to-date这一短语与本题选项B中的modernize一词是近义词，反复出现的是关键词，不妨用笔在下面划线，听音时重点关注。第22小题，四个选项里反复出现的advertise, TV commercials, newspapers等词把这个问题的指向揭示得一览无余。产品生产出来了，就要销售，销售离不开广告，是在电视上还是在报纸上做广告？这道题一定与借助何种媒体做广告及其原因有关。常识告诉我们在电视上播出广告比在报纸上登广告要贵得多，所以选项B一看就可以排除，而其他几个选项都在暗示在电视上做广告的必要性，所以这个问题确认为为何需要在电视上做产品的广告。总观全文将所有选项整合，分析问题之间的联系，不难发现，第一个问题考察的是文章的主旨大意, 而后面三个问题考察的应是与主题紧密相关的三方面的问题。具体说来后面的三道小题分别涉及的是制备的更新，人员的调配和促销广告要借助的媒体，经归纳概括对话的主题围绕的是企业的经营管理。关键词提示 business strategies, up-to-date, modernize, TV commercials听力原文W:Hello, Gary. Howre you?M:Fine! And yourself?W:Cant complain. Did you have time to look at my proposal?M:No, not really. Can we go over it now?W:Sure. Ive been trying to come up with some new production and advertising strategies. First of all, if we want to stay competitive, we need to modernize our factory. New equipment shouldve been installed long ago.M:How much will that cost?W:We have several options ranging from one hundred thousand dollars all the way up to half a million.M:OK. Well have to discuss these costs with finance.W:We should also consider human resources. Ive been talking to personnel as well as our staff at the factory.M:And whats the picture?W:Well probably have to hire a couple of engineers to help us modernize the factory.M:What about advertising?W:Marketing has some interesting ideas for television commercials.M:TV? Isnt that a bit too expensive for us? Whats wrong with advertising in the papers, as usual?W:Quite frankly, its just not enough anymore. We need to be more aggressive in order to keep ahead of our competitors.M:Will we be able to afford all this?W:Ill look into it, but I think higher costs will be justified. These investments will result in higher profits for our company.M:Well have to look at the figures more closely. Have finance draw up a budget for these investments.W:All right. Ill see to it.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. What are the two speakers talking about?20. What does the woman say about the equipment for their factory?21. What does the woman suggest about human resources?22. Why does the woman suggest advertising on TV?参考答案19. D20. B 21. B22. C技巧点拨这段对话的篇幅较长，对话有9个回合之多，这就给考生在短时间内从大量信息中寻找答案制造了困难。然而仔细对比对话的内容和每个小题的考查内容，可以发现长对话的出题顺序与对话中相应内容的顺序一致，即先问的问题往往先谈到，后问的问题往往后谈及，既有对主旨大意的考察，更重细节的把握。所以在听的时候，要细节和整体两不误，并注意耳、眼、手并用。听时眼睛应兼顾到各个选项，特别是预读时划线的关键词。这样做有助于牢牢把握住所问的重点，不至于将重点内容遗漏。另外，这段对话中还出现了一些重要的信息词，如First of all, also等，来指示对话主题的涉及的几个不同方面的内容。这类连接对话句子、表明上下文逻辑关系的词，对理解对话非常重要，抓住了这些信息词，就对下文的具体内容、能解答哪个问题，眼睛应关注试卷上的哪些选项更有把握，对对话的逻辑关系也更明了。所有小题做完之后，一定要把所有答案联系起来，查验细节与细节之间，各细节与主旨大意之间是否有逻辑关系，若前后抵触，应重新考虑。例2试点考试样卷中的第二段长对话You will read:Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) Searching for reference material. B) Watching a film of the 1930s. C) Writing a course book. D) Looking for a job in a movie studio.24. A) Its too broad to cope with. B) Its a bit outdated. C) Its controversial.D) Its of little practical value.25. A) At the end of the online catalogue. B) At the Reference Desk. C) In The New York Times. D) In the Readers Guide to Periodical Literature.解题思路1. 总观全文全篇有很明显的导向，所有出现的词相关度非常高，参考资料、网上目录、咨询台、读者期刊文献书目数据库/读者期刊分类索引，无一不指向图书馆及相关的查询活动。2分测问题第23题的四个动词中两个是找，一个观看，一个编写，按理“找”是直接与图书馆关联的动作；再看找的两个对象，似乎只有参考资料才符合此对话地点。第24题四个词是关于一样东西的定性描述，看看它们的具体意思：太宽泛、过时、有争议、无实际价值，这所有的词都可以用来描述一个与图书馆查询相关的活动，写论文、查资料、定题目。那么该题的题目就显而易见了。第25题四个特殊的地点，一定是与查找资料相关的地方。关键词提示paper, topic, online catalogue, book, magazine听力原文 W:Sir, youve been using the online catalogue for quite a while, Is there anything I can do to help you?M:Well, Ive got to write a paper about Hollywood in the 30s and 40s, and Im really struggling. There are hundreds of books, and I just dont know where to begin.W:Your topic sounds pretty big. Why dont you narrow it down to something likeuh the history of the studios during that time?M:You know, I was thinking about doing that, but more that 30 books came up when I typed in “movie studios.”W:You could cut that down even further by listing the specific years you want. Try adding “1930s” or “1940s” or maybe “Golden Age.”M:“Golden Age” is a good idea. Let me type that in Hey, look, just 6 books this time. Thats a lot better.W:Oh another thing you might consider have you tried looking for any magazine or newspaper articles?M:No, Ive only been searching for books.W:Well, you can look up magazine articles in the Readers Guide to Periodical Literature. And we do have the Los Angeles. Times available over there. You might go through their indexes to see if theres anything you want.M:Okay, I think Ill get started with these books and then Ill go over the magazines.W:If you need any help, Ill be over at the Reference Desk.M:Great, thanks a lot.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. What is the man doing?24. What does the librarian think of the topic the man is working on?25. Where can the man find the relevant magazine articles?参考答案 23.A24.A25.D技巧点拨这篇长对话集前面分析的长对话特点于一身：第23题，即全篇的第一题就是一项主题式的综合推理题，第24、25题即为细节题。其中，第24题在第二轮对话一开头就提到了，紧接下来的一轮对话开头又将其明示化。第25题是从第四轮对话开始引出的，接下来一轮就道出了答案。分析一下全篇的布局：全篇共6轮对话，第一轮提出议题，也可以说是谈论的主题，第二至五轮是具体的对话内容，第六轮即最后一轮为对话的结束语。题目分别对应主旨题-细节题-细节题，其中主旨题的题眼设置在第一轮对话中，细节题一的题眼设置在第二、三轮对话中，细节题二的题眼设置在第四、五轮对话中，而第六轮对话属于礼貌性对话，无信息度，无出题的可行性。综上所述，长对话依然有极强的规律可循，它有短对话问答式的形式、短文总-分-总式的结构。所以它对考生的综合素质要求提高，既要小心细节，又要注意整体，既要把握典型的情景，又要进行较强的逻辑推理。下面再看看2006年6月24日新四级试点考试中长对话部分的真题。Long Conversation OneQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) To make a business report to the woman.B) To be interviewed for a job in the womans company.C) To resign from his position in the womans company.D) To exchange stock market information with the woman.20. A) He is head of a small trading company.B) He works in an international insurance company.C) He leads a team of brokers in a big company.D) He is a public relations officer in a small company.21. A) The woman thinks Mr. Saunders is asking for more than they can offer.B) Mr. Saunders will share one third of the womans responsibilities.C) Mr. Saunders believes that he deserves more paid vacations.D) The woman seems to be satisfied with Mr. Saunders past experience.Long Conversation TwoQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) She worried about the seminar.B) The man keeps interrupting her.C) She finds it too hard.D) She lacks interest in it.23. A) The lecturers are boring.B) The course is poorly designed.C) She prefers Philosophy to English.D) She enjoys literature more.24. A) Karens friend.B) Karens parents.C) Karens lecturers.D) Karen herself.25. A) Changing her major.B) Spending less of her parents money.C) Getting transferred to the English DepartmentD) Leaving the university.听力原文及答案Now youll hear two long conversations.Conversation OneW:Please have a seat Mr. Saunders. Ive seen your resume last week and I was very impressed.M:Thank you.W:Were a small financial company. Treating mostly stocks and bonds. May I ask why you are interested working for us?M:Your company has an impressive reputation and I always want to work for a smaller company.W:Thats good to hear. Would you mind telling me a little bit about your present job?M:Im currently working in a large international company, in charge of a team of 8 brokers, we buy and sell stocks for major clients worldwide.W:Why do you think youre a right candidates for this position?M:As a head broker, I have a lot of experiences in the stock market. I deal with a client on daily basis. And I enjoy working with people.W:Well, you might just be the person weve been looking for. Do you have any questions?M:Uh, if I were hired, how many accounts would I be handling?W:You would be working with 2 other head brokers. In other words, youll be handling about a third of our clients.M:And who would I report to?W:Directly to me.M:I see. What kind of benefits package do you offer?W:Two weeks of paid vacation in your first-year employment. You are also entitled to medical and dental insurance. But this is something you should discuss with our personnel department. Do you have any other questions?M:No, not at the moment.W:Well, Ill have to discuss your application with my colleagues. And well get back to you early next week.M:OK, thanks. Its been nice meeting you.W:Nice meeting you too. And thanks for coming in today.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. Whats the purpose of Mr. Saunders visit?20. What is Mr Saunders current job? 21. What can we conclude from the conversation?参考答案19. B)20. C)21. D)答案详解19. 看似询问目的，实则测试对主旨大意的把握。通过对话中一些关键词（resume简历）及句子（May I ask why you are interested working for us?/ Would you mind telling me a little bit about your present job?/ If I were hired, how many accounts would I be handling?/ What kind of benefits package do you offer?等）无一不在提示对话双方正在进行工作面试，所以正确答案为B。20. 细节题。对话中当女士要求男士向自己简要介绍一下他目前的工作时，男士告诉她正在一家大型国际公司中工作，负责一个八人经纪人（brokers）小组，专门替大客户买卖股票，所以正确答案为C。21. 推理判断题。听完对话，不难发现，女士对男士的应聘条件及工作经历颇为满意，准备雇用这位男士，所以正确答案为D。而其它三个选项，要么是对对话内容的过度推断或无中生有（选项A和C），要么与对话中的信息有出入（选项B），所以均可排除。Conversation TwoM:Hey, Karen! Youre not really reading it, are you?W:Pardon?M:The book. You havent turned the page in the last ten minutes.W:No, Jim. I suppose I havent. I need to get it through as though, but I keep drifting away.M:So it doesnt really hold your interest?W:No, not really. I wouldnt bother with it, to be honest. But I have to read it for a seminar at my university.M:Be so was a laborious labourer then rather than a labor of love.W:I should say. I dont like Dickens at all really, the author. Indeed, Im starting to like the whole course less and less.M:Its not just the book, it is the course as well.W:Yeah, in a way. Although the