Chapter Two Speech Sounds.doc

Chapter Two Speech Sounds Phonetics (语音学) What is phonetics about? Branches of phonetics. Speech soundsSpeech Sounds 1. How speech sounds are made? 2. Classification of English speech sounds 3. IPA Phonology (音系学) What is phonology about? Phonological theories Some phonological rules Suprasegmental featuresPhonetics(语音学)1 What is phonetics about?Phonetics studies speech sounds, that is how speech sounds are actually produced, transmitted and perceived, the description and classification of speech sounds, etc. 2 Branches of phonetics The process of speech production and perceptionair The speaker air The hearer Articulatory Acoustic AuditoryArticulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.(研究语音发音方式和发音位置的发声语音学) Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.(研究语音物理属性即声音质量的声响语音学)Auditory or perceptual phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.(研究语音生物属性即接收状态的听觉语言学)3 Speech sounds(1) How speech sounds are made?*Speech Organs1) lips：上下唇2) teeth：上下齿 3) teeth ridge (alveolus/alveolar ridge)：齿龈4) hard palate：硬腭5) soft palate (velum)：软腭 velar:软腭的6) uvula：小舌 7) tip of tongue：舌尖8) blade of tongue：舌面9) back of tongue：舌根补充mandible：下颚骨 larynx:喉pharynx:咽 esophagus:食道epiglottis:会厌 trachea/wind pipe:气管glottis:声门10) vocal cords/fords/bands:声带 Use vocal cords to change the air11) pharyngeal cavity：咽腔12) nasal cavity：鼻腔l the throat/larynxl the mouthl the nose所有这些发音器官都归结于以下三个“腔”l The pharyngeal cavity（咽腔）l The oral cavity（口腔）l The nasal cavity（鼻腔）The oral cavity the tongue the uvula the soft palate (velum) the had palate the teeth ridge (the alveolus) the teeth the lips所有的元音和一部分辅音是浊音，声带（vocal cords)是否振动就决定了一个音是清音（voiceless)还是浊音（voiced).(2) Classification of English speech soundsEnglish ConsonantsSpeechSounds VowelsIn the process of producing consonants and vowels, whether the air stream coming from the lungs meets with some obstruction or not.1) The definition of Consonants and Vowels:胡壮麟Vowels:A major category (范畴）of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal tract（声道, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.Consonants:In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx. Consonants contrast with vowels.网上版本Vowels:In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! o, pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. Consonants:A major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose. Place of articulation （发音部位）2) Classification of English Consonants Manner of articulation（发音方式） VoicePlace of Articulation（发音部位）1 bilabial: 双唇音2 labiodental: 唇齿音3 dental: 齿音4 alveolar: 齿龈音5 palatal: 硬腭音6 velar: 软腭音7 glottal: 声门音（只有/h/)BilabialLabio-dentalDentalAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottal双唇音4个唇齿音2个齿音2个齿龈音8个硬腭音4个软腭音3个声门音1个/p/f/t/ /g/h/b/v/ /d/ /k/m/s/r/ /w/z/j/ t / d /n/l/In the production of these sounds:The upper and the lower lips are brought together to create obstruction.In the production of these sounds:The lower lip and the upper teeth are brought into contact to create the obstruction.In the process of producing these sounds:The tip of the tongue and the upper teeth are brought together to create the obstruction.In the process of producing these sounds:The tip of the tongue and the upper teeth-ridge to create the obstruction.In the process of producing these sounds:The back of the tongue and the hard palate are brought together to create the obstruction.In the process of producing these sounds:The back of the tongue and the soft palate (the velum ) are brought together to create the obstruction.In the process of producing this sound:The vocal cords are brought momentarily together to create the obstruction.注：/t / /d /被分到Alveolar 中时是美式英语，被分到Palatal中时是英式英语。Manner of articulation（发音方式）stops/plosives(塞音/爆破音): /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/fricatives(擦音): /f/, /v/, /, / /, /s/, /z/, / /, / /, /h/affricates(塞擦音): / t /, / d /liquids(流音): /l/, /r/nasals(鼻音): /m/, /n/, / /glides(滑音): /w/, /j/A stop is a consonant characterized by: 1.complete obstruction of the outgoing airstream by the articulators; 2. a build up of intraoral air pressure; and 3. a release.A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing the breath stream through a constriction formed by articulators in the vocal tract.1. the obstruction is partial 2. the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouthAn affricate is a consonant characterized as having both a fricative and a stop manner of production.1. the obstruction is complete at first (stops);2. is released slowly with the friction resulting from partial obstruction (fricatives).Nasal refers to a consonant produced with complete closure in the oral cavity along with a lowered velum to allow airflow through the nasal cavity.The airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part or parts of the tongue.（从舌侧出气流发音舌侧音）A glide is a consonant characterized by a continued, gliding motion of the articulators into the following vowel; also referred to as a semi-vowel.approximant(近音） semi-vowel(半元音）VoiceVoiceless/ p / t / k / f / s / / t / h /Voiced / m / n / / l / r / w / j /Voiced / b / d / g / v / z / / / d / Monophthongs The position of the tongue (单元音） The openness of the mouth The shape of the lips The length of the vowels3) Classification of English Vowels Diphthongs ei, ai, au, u, i , i, e, u （双元音）Monophthongs（单元音）1 The position of the tongue（part of the tongue that is raised)Front vowels: i: I, e, , a注意：a有的教材不涉及Central vowels: :, , Back vowels: u:, u, : , , a:2 The openness of the mouthOpen vowels: , a , a:, , Semi-open vowels: , : Semi-close vowels: e , :Close vowels: u:, u, i: , i 3 The shape of the lips(圆唇音，非圆唇音/展唇音）Rounded vowels: u:, u, : , Unrounded vowels: i: i, e, , a, :, , , a:4 The length of the vowelsLong (tense) vowels: u:, i:, : , a: , :Short (lax) vowels: u, i, , a, , e, , *舌头抬高的程度（the height of tongue raising)舌位 High (close vowels) Mid Mid-high(semi-open) Mid-low(semi-close) Low(open vowels)*舌最高部位的位置（the position of the highest part of the tongue)-front central back（3）IPAIn 1886, the Phonetic Teachers Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods. It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897.In 1886, Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) proposed The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet .The first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) was published in August 1888.The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2005) Phonetic contact(语音环境）e.g.li:f, fi:l, bild, hel li:f, fi: , bi d, hel pit spit phit, spitDiacritics(附加符号/变音符号）Broad / Narrow transcription（宽式音标和窄式音标）Broad transcription：without diacriticsNarrow transcription: with diacriticsCoarticulation(协同发音）同时或重合的发音，是语音学（Phonetics)术语；Assimilation rule(同化规则），是音位学（Phonology)术语。Phonology (音系学)1 What is phonology about?(语音学研究的是所有语言的音（我们只以英语为例进行研究，但音位学就只能在一种语言范围内研究，不能跨语言研究)The definition of phonology:It is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles hat govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. - 胡壮麟Phonology studies the system of speech sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. - 何兆熊，梅德明Phonology is the scientific study of the sound system and patterns of a language. - 刘润清 Phoneme, Allophones, Phones, Free variants Minimal pair, Minimal set2 Phonological theories Phonemic contrast &Complementary distribution Distinctive features(1) Phoneme, Allophones, Phones, Free variantsE.g. pit, bit /p/, /b/ dog, fog /d/, /f/ chair, fair /t /, /f/ day, hey /d/, /h/ wish, which / /, / t /1 phoneme（音位）(在英语中语言学所涉及的Phoneme只有45个） the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can distinguish meaning. Phoneme is the study focus of phonology. A phoneme distinguishes meaning. A phoneme is language-specific. Embraced by slant lines: / /2 Allophones（音位变体）peak, speak p, i:, k, s phi:k, spi:k ph , p + aspirated Voiceless bilabial stop ph , p are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones.lead, deal l, i:, d li:d, di: l , + velarized Lateral approximant Voiced alveolar liquid l , are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /l/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones./p/ p / s _ ph elsewhere/l/ l / _ V （在元音前后） 根据音所在的不同位置判断是怎样的变体 / V _3 phone (音子）A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. pit, spit, tip, feel, leaf, playDo you think phones can distinguish meaning?The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.E.g. pit, spit, tipHow many phones in these three words? 10 How many different phones in these three words? 5Different allophones:/p/ p ph Do you think all the phonemes have their allophones?Phoneme会改变词义 而Phone不能改变词义4 Free Variants（自由变体） Free Variation(自由变体现象）Either /i/ /ai/Direction /i/ /ai/ different dialectfast, past, half cup (aspirated送气音） according to different personal habit, some person dont like to pronounce (2) Minimal pair, Minimal set(最小对立体和最小对立级）Minimal pair（the same positions sound is different)boy, toybad, bedfly, fleeWhen two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.Minimal set(符合最小对立体条件但数量多于2个）pill, till , bill , kill, will, gill这两组是否属于Minimal pair？ Flow Flower beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat contentContent content（3）Phonemic contrast &Complementary distribution音位对立和互补分布）rope, robe /p/, /b/These two phonemes are said to from a phonemic contrast.leaf, deal, plan /l/, / /, / l /The allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.D + 名词B + 动物C + 餐具D + 家具D + 房屋本身配置E + 马+ consonantal+ nasal+ voiced+ sonorant（4）Distinctive features1 A. tour B. place C. airport D. through 2 A.蛇 B.大树 C.老虎3 A铁锅 B小勺 C米饭 D碟子4 A写字台 B沙发 C电视 D桌布5 A地板 B壁橱 C窗户 D窗帘6 A斑马 B军马 C赛马 D骏马 E 驸马7 /t/, /p/, /i/ , /b/8 /m/, /l/, /n/, / /9 / /, / /, /a/, /i/10 /d/, /v/, / /, /r/Distinctive feature (区别性特征)specific in phonemefeatures that a phoneme has and that distinguish it form other phonemes, by these features this phoneme can distinguish meaning, first suggested by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s and then developed by numerous other people.3 Some phonological rules*Sequential rules (顺序规则）K, B, L, IBlikKlibBilkKilbrules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language*Assimilation rules（同化规则）Assimilation refers to the process where a segment is influenced by its neighboring one by “copying” a feature of it and thus becoming more similar with it.If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation (逆同化)后面的音影响到前面的音The converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation (顺同化) map a. pancake b. sunglasses a. you can keep them b. he can go now.Devoicing rule: +voiced -voiced / _ -voicedNasalization rule:hao wahai yakan nachang natiao wa好啊 海啊看啊唱啊 跳啊-nasal +nasal / _ +nasalDentalization rule:-dental dental / _ +dentalVelarization rule:-velar +velar / _ +velar*Deletion rules（省略规则）the sound is deleted when it occurs before a final nasal consonant e.g. sign, design, and paradign, resign “ign”的字母组合不是每个字母都发音的，而是整个字母组合发音，其中有的字母省略了其发音。4 Suprasegmental features（超音段特征）Syllables Stress Tone Intonation （1）Syllables（音节）onset 所学范围内最多出现3个，nucleus 都是元音，一般来说，onset 和 nucleus 数量上是不定的（数量所指的是辅音发音而不是辅音字母），nucleus 不可省，而onset 和 coda 均可省，省其一亦可。 The syllable structure（音节结构） Onset （节首） Rime Nucleus（节峰）Coda（节尾） k r k tDifferent languages permit different kinds of syllables.English Syllable: (C)C)C)V(C)C)C)C) e.g. spring ; sixthChinese syllable: (C)V(C) 春天 （chun tian） ； 小白杨树 （xiao bai yang ）；Maximal Onset Principle (MOP)When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. (宁在节首，不在节尾)（2）Stress（重音）The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, e.g. a shift in stress in English may change the part of speech of a word: verb: import; increase; rebel; record noun: import; increase; rebel; record Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements: compound: blackbird; greenhouse; hotdog noun phrase: black bird; green house; hot dogThe meaning-distinctive role played by word stress is also manifested in the combinations of -ing forms and nouns: modifier: dining-room; readingroom; sleepingbag doer: sleeping baby; swimming fish; flying planeHe is driving my car. My mother bought me a new skirt yesterday.Sentence stress-the relative force given to the components of a sentence. Generally, nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals and demonstrative pronouns are stressed. Other categories like articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs prepositions and conjunctions are usually not stressed. （3） Tone（声调）Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.English is not a tone language, but Chinese is. ma 妈 (level) ma 麻 (the second rise) ma 马 (the third rise) ma 骂 (the fourth fall)（4）Intonation（语调）English has three types of intonation that are most frequently used:falling tone (matter of fact statement)rising tone (doubts or question)the fall-rise tone (implied message)For instance, “Thats not the book he wants.”QUIZ 1I. Define the following terms.1. Vowels (中山大学2003年考研试题)2. Cardinal vowels (中南大学2003年考研试题)3. Narrow transcription (复旦大学1996，浙江大学2001年考研试题)4. Diphthong (上海交通大学2003年考研试题) 5. Illustrate the term “allophone” with at least one appropriate example. (南开大学2003年考研试题)6. Suprasegmental (南开大学2003年考研试题)II. Multiple Ch