句子成分与简单句的基本句型.doc

句子成分与简单句的五种基本句型PART 1 词性词性，顾名思义就是指单词的性质。英语单词的词性最重要的有两大类：实词和虚词。下面我们分别来看看实词、虚词以及其他几类词性。一、实词（能独立充当句子成分） 名词(noun) n. : 【概念】名词，是指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。可分为专有名词（某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等）和普通名词（是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，bank等）。更重要的是名词的单复数，也即把名词分为可数名词与不可数名词，见附表1。【功能】名词在句子成分中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语等。【Eg.】Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, Singapore, countryParis, Toronto, Tokyo, Sydney, citySarah, Sam, Julie, Jodie, Andrew, name 动词(verb)v. :【概念】动词，就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。动词可以根据其后能否接宾语，分为及物动词（vt.）与不及物动词(vi.)，见附表2。【功能】动词一般在句中作谓语，基本上每个完整的句子都有一个动词。【Eg.】go, come, sit, stand, walk, run, listen, talk, see, sing, work 形容词(adjective)adj./a. :【概念】形容词，用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的程度，好坏等等。【功能】形容词在句子成分常作表语、定语。【Eg.】clean, quiet, hungry, full, empty, clever, friendly, beautiful, young 副词(adverb)ad. :【概念】副词是一种修饰动词、形容词或者全句的词，用来说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。副词有很多类别，重要的有时间副词(now, then, ago)、地点副词(here, there, up, down)、程度副词(very, quite, much)、疑问副词(what, when, where, why, how)、频率副词(ever, never, often)等。【功能】副词在句中常作状语。【Eg.】just, late, out, pretty, always, never, down, really, back 代词(pronoun)pron. :【概念】代词是代替名词或起名词作用的短语或句子的一种词类，大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词(I, you, me, them)、物主代词(my, his, their)、指示代词(this, that)、反身代词(myself, themselves)、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。 数词(numeral)num. :【概念】表示“多少”和“第几”的词，叫数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。【Eg.】one, two, three, ten, twenty, hundred, thousand, millionfirst, second, third, forth, tenth, hundredth, thousandth二、虚词（不能独立充当句子成分） 介词(preposition)prep. :【概念】介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。【功能】介词在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语介宾结构。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。【Eg.】between, behind, in front of, down, like, by 连词(conjunction)conj. :【概念】连词是一种连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的词类。连词主要可分为4类：并列连词，转折连词，选择连词和因果连词。【Eg.】and, but, however, eitheror, thus, because 冠词(article)art. :【概念】冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，表示的主语数量或者特征。【功能】用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。【Eg.】a, an, the 助词【概念】助词是附着在词，短语，句子的前面或后面，表示结构关系或某些附加意义的虚词。助词有结构助词，时态助词，语气助词三种。三、判断词Yes/No.四、其他 动词不定式 动名词 分词PART 2 句子成分句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。1主语(subject) 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如： 讲述“谁”：We work in a big factory. 讲述“什么”：The classroom is very big. 数词作主语：Three are enough. 三个人就够了 不定式作主语：To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job. 从句作主语：What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. 在“There be ”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of milk in the box. 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house.2谓语(the predicate)谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job.He can speak German.3表语(the predicative)表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。 形容词作表语：You look younger than before. 名词作表语：My father is a teacher. 副词作表语：Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语：They are at the theatre. 不定式作表语：My job is to teach them English. 动名词作表语：Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语：That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.4宾语(object)宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如： 名词作宾语：He never forgives others for their mistakes. 代词做宾语：He often helps me. 不定式作宾语：He likes to sleep in the open air. 动名词作宾语：The Americans enjoyed living in China. 从句做宾语：I believe that they can finish the work in time.直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。5宾语的补足语(object complement)在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如: 名词作宾补：If you let me go, Ill make you king. 形容词作宾补：Dont make your hands dirty. 副词作宾补：We found Li Ming out when we arrived. 介词短语作宾补：Make yourself at home. 省略to的不定式作宾补：I saw a girl go into the building. 带to的不定式作宾补：The boy ordered the dog to lie down. 现在分词作宾补：The boss kept them working all day. 过去分词作宾补：Yesterday he got his leg broken.在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有：“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。 We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如： Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home.When got there, we found him out.“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如： We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种： A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。 I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. 形式宾语形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.6定语(attribute) 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如： 形容词作定语：The black bike is mine. 代词作定语：Whats your name? 名词作定语：They made some paper flowers. 介词短语作定语：The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One. 不定式作短语：I have lots to eat and drink. 从句作定语：The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如： Well go to have something English. If you dont know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me?介词短语作定语时要后置。如： Do you know the boy behind the tree?The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注 动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。 Do you have any piece of music to listen to? nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.7状语(adverbial modifier) 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如： He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldnt work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well.PART 3 简单句的五种基本句型一、简单句的定义只有一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句。【Eg.】Alice studies hard. (Alice作主语，谓语动词是stuies)Li Ming and Zhang Hua work in the same company.(两个并列的名词Li Ming and Zhang Hua 作主语，谓语动词是work)Tom and Jim go to school at seven in the morning, have their lunch there and come back at five in the afternoon.(两个并列的名词Tom and Jim作主语，有三个并列的谓语动词)以上三个句子都是简单句。二、简单句的五种基本句式简单句的五种基本句式为：1主语+动词 S+V2主语+动词+表语S+V+P3主语+动词+宾语S+V+O4主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语S+V+Oi+Od5主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语S+V+O+OC三、基本句式1：S+V这里所说的不及物动词值得是后面既不跟表语的动词，如:He came.The students work very hard.She apologized to me again. The accident happened yesterday evening.这四个句子都属于第一个基本句式。在第2个句子中的very hard，第3个句子中的to me again 和第4个句子中的yesterday evening 是用来修饰限制谓语动词的，叫做状语。状语由副词或相当于副词的语法单位来充当。2：S+V+P在这个句式中连系动词和表语是互相依存的，也就是说连系动词后面一定要跟表语，表语面前一定要用连系动词。表语是用来说明主语的情况的。最常见的连系动词是be。如：He is my English teacher.除了be，连系动词还有： 与五种感觉有关的连系动词：look，sound，feel，smell，taste，这些连系动词一般用形容词作表语。如：He looks sleepy.The story sounds funny.The cloth feels soft.The food smelt delicious.This medicine tastes bitter. 表示发展变化的连系动词：become, get, turn, go, grow, fall, come等。如：Pollution from cars has become a major problem.She soon got bored with the job.In October, the leaves turn orange and yellow.The company went bankrupt last year.The sound was growing louder. She fell ill growing louder.She fell ill with flu.His dream has come true. 表示不变的连系动词：stay, remain, keep等。如：The store stays open until late on Thursdays.We remained friends.Please keep quiet! 表示“似乎，看起来”的连系动词appear, seem等。The small room appears rather big.He seems ill. 表示“证明，证实”的连系动词Prove。The experiment proves t