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本科生毕业设计 (论文)外 文 翻 译原 文 标 题Development And Applicationof Single Chip译 文 标 题单片机的发展和应用作者所在系别机电工程学院作者所在专业车辆工程作者所在班级B13141作 者 姓 名林柏荣作 者 学 号201322196指导教师姓名白亚双指导教师职称讲师完 成 时 间2017年3月北华航天工业学院教务处制译文标题单片机的发展和应用原文标题Development And Application of Single Chip作 者Cui Xujing译 名崔许静国 籍中国原文出处Microprocessors译文： 题目：单片机的发展和应用单片机是指将一个完整的计算机系统集成在一块芯片上。尽管他的大部分功能集成在一块小芯片上，但是它具有一个完整计算机所需要的大部分部件：CPU、内存、内部和外部总线系统，目前大部分还会具有外存。同时集成诸如通讯接口、定时器，实时时钟等外围设备。而现在最强大的单片机系统甚至可以将声音、图像、网络、复杂的输入输出系统集成在一块芯片上。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成更复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。然而单片机又不同于单板机，芯片在没有开发前，它只是具备功能极强的超大规模集成电路，如果赋予它特定的程序，它便是一个最小的、完整的微型计算机控制系统，它与单板机或个人电脑(PC机)有着本质的区别，单片机的应用属于芯片级应用，需要用户了解单片机芯片的结构和指令系统以及其它集成电路应用技术和系统设计所需要的理论和技术，用这样特定的芯片设计应用程序，从而使该芯片具备特定的功能。不同的单片机有着不同的硬件特征和软件特征，即它们的技术特征不尽相同，硬件特征取决于单片机芯片的内部结构，用户要想使用某种单片机，必须了解该型产品是否满足需要的功能和应用系统所要求的特性指标。这里的技术特征包括功能特性、控制特性和电气特性等等，这些信息需要从生产厂商的技术手册中得到。软件特征是指指令系统特性和开发支持环境，指令特性即我们熟悉的单片机的寻址方式，数据处理和逻辑处理方式，输入输出特性及对电源的要求等等。支持开发的环境包括指令的兼容及可移植性，支持软件(包含可支持开发应用程序的软件资源)及硬件资源。要利用某型号单片机开发自己的应用系统，掌握其结构特征和技术特征是必须的。单片机控制系统能够取代以前利用复杂电子线路或数字电路构成的控制系统，可以通过软件控制来实现，并能够实现智能化，现在单片机控制范畴无所不在，例如通信产品、家用电器、智能仪器仪表、过程控制和专用控制装置等等，单片机的应用领域越来越广泛。单片机硬件介绍：8051系列微控制器是建立在一个高度优化的嵌入式控制系统的结构上。它的运用范围比较广，从军事装备到汽车再到你的PC机的键盘。仅次于摩托罗拉8位处理器68HC11的销售，家庭中的8051微控制器，在制造商上有各种各样的变化，如因特尔公司、西门子、飞利浦。这些厂家已经增加了许多功能及外设，如总线接口，模拟到数字转换器，看门狗定时器、脉冲宽度调制的输出。8051与时钟变化速度高达40MHz的电压需求降低到1.5volts可供选择。这种大范围基于一个核心部件，使8051系列是一个很好的选择，作为一个产品公司的整个产品线，因为它可以执行许多功能和开发的基础架构将只需要学习这一个平台。 基本结构有以下特点：一个8位的算术逻辑单元32个离散输入输出端口（4组8位）可单独访问两个16位定时器/计数器全双工通用异步接收/发送装置6个中断源与2个优先级别128字节的随机存储器64K分开字节地址空间的数据和代码的记忆一个8051处理器周期共有十二个振荡周期。它的核心是在每一个阶段用于特殊功能的振荡器，例如数字代码和全部中断中的处理器。8051指令所需通过的时间可以由任何时钟频率除以12，并通过它的数字处理器所指示的反馈结果和增殖周期显示。因此，如果你有一个使用11.059MHz时钟的系统，这个值除以12可以计算出指令数。这给出了921583指令每秒指令频率。采取的反相时间将提供每个指令周期（1.085微秒）。单片机的应用现在单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到没有单片机的痕迹。导弹导航设备、飞机、所有类型的仪器控制、计算机网络通信和数据传输，工业自动化，实时过程控制和数据处理，广泛使用的各种智能IC卡、民用豪华轿车的安全系统、录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制，以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等，这些都离不开单片机。更不用说机器人控制领域，智能仪器，医疗设备。因此，大量的科学家、工程师需要学习单片机的开发与应用以及计算机应用和智能控制。单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医疗器械、航空航天、专用设备、智能管理和过程控制领域，大致分为以下几个方面：1、在应用程序的智能仪器单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能，扩张的灵活性，小型化和易用性的优势，是广泛使用的工具，结合不同类型的传感器可以实现电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、物理压力测量。单片机利用数字仪器、情报、小型化、功能比电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备(功率计，示波器，各种分析仪)。2、在工业控制应用程序单片机可以构成各种控制系统、数据采集系统。如工厂生产线的智能控制。3、在家用电器可以说，该设备基本上都是采用单片机，从电饭煲，洗衣机，冰箱，空调，彩电，以及其他音频视频设备的好评，在电子称重设备，五花八门，无所不在。4、在计算机网络和通信领域的应用单片机一般有现代化的通讯接口，可以方便的与电脑进行数据通信，网络和设备之间的计算机通信程序具有良好的物质条件，基本上所有通讯设备，都实现了由单片机手机控制，例如电话、迷你程序、程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、日常工作中随处可见的手机躯干移动无线电、对讲机等。原文：Title：Development And Application Of Single ChipSingle-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU memory internal and external bus system, most will have the core. At the same time such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipments. And now the most powerful single-chip system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip.Microcontroller is only the CPU chip developed from dedicated processors. Is the earliest design concept through the integration of a large number of peripherals and CPU in a chip, make the computer system smaller, more easily integrated into a more intricate and strict in volume control equipmentsSingle-chip microcomputer is different from the single machine, however, the chip before without development, it only has the strong function of very large scale integrated circuit, if giving it a particular program, it is a minimum, complete a microcomputer control system, it with the single machine or personal computer (PC) the distinction that having essence, MCU application belongs to the chip level, requires the user to understand the structure of the single-chip microcomputer and command system, and other integrated circuit application technology and system needs the theory and design technology, in this particular chip design application, so that the chip has the specific function.Different MCU have different hardware and software characteristics, the technical features is that they are not the same, depends on the internal structure of single-chip microcomputer hardware features, users want to use a single chip microcomputer, must know whether the products meet the need of function and characteristic parameters required by the application system. The technical features include the features, control and electrical properties, etc., the information need to get from the manufacturers technical manuals. Software refers to the instruction system characteristics and development support environment, instruction features which we are familiar with single-chip microcomputeraddressing mode, data processing and logical approach, input/output characteristics and the requirement of power supply and so on. Development support of environmental compatible includes instructions and portability, supporting software (including can support the development of application software resources) and hardware resources. To take advantage of a type microcontroller to develop their own application system, to master its structure features and technical characteristics is a must.Single-chip microcomputer control system to replace previous use of complex electronic circuits or digital circuit of control system, can control software to realize, and can realize the intellectualized, now ubiquitous single-chip microcomputer control category, such as communication products, household appliances, smart instrumentation, process control and special control device and so on, single-chip computer is finding wider and wider application fields.Hardware introduction：The 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters watchdog timers, and pulse width modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to1.5volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a companys entire line of products since it can perform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform.The basic architecture consists of the following features:an eight bit ALU32descrete I/O pins (4 groups of 8) which can be individually accessedtwo16 bit timer/countersfull duplex UART6 interrupt sources with 2 priority levels128bytes of on board RAMseparate 64K byte address spaces for DATA and CODE memoryOne 8051 processor cycle consists of twelve oscillator periods. Each of the twelve oscillator periods is used for a special function by the 8051 core such as op code fetches and samples of the interrupt daisy chain for pending interrupts. The time required for any 8051 instruction can be computed by dividing the clock frequency by 12, inverting that result and multiplying it by the number of processor cycles required by the instruction in question. Therefore, if you have a system which is using an11.059MHz clock, you can compute the number of instructions per second by dividing this value by 12. This gives an instruction frequency of 921583instructions per second. Inverting this will provide the amount of time taken by each instruction cycle (1.085 microseconds).MCU applicationsSCM now permeate all areas of our lives which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists and engineersSCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:1.In the application of Intelligent InstrumentsSCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter oscilloscope various analytical instrument).2.In the industrial control applicationWith the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system Such as factory assembly
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