四级考点讲解.docx

四级翻译常考考点讲解第一讲 虚拟语气虚拟语气的考点可以归纳如下：1.(should)+动词原形的情形(已考)2.if或but for等引导的条件句(已考)3.wish, if only, it is time的用法(should)+动词原形的情形1在动词suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, promise, resolve, argue, maintain, determine, recommend, advise, advocate, persuade等表示“命令”、“建议”、“要求”动词后的宾语从句中。She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance. 她坚持要预定座位。He advised that the doctor (should) be sent for. 他劝我们派人请医生。注：如果上述动词作其他意思解释，或者说话者认为所讲的事是事实，要用陈述语气。When asked why he declined our invitation, he suggested that he was not on good terms with the director.真题重现【CET-4:2006.6】The professor required that _(我们交研究报告)。参考答案：we hand in our research report(s)2在advice, demand, order, necessity, resolution, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion, idea, recommendation, request, plan,等名词后的主语从句或表语从句中-上面动词对应的名词He issued the order that the troops (should) withdraw at once. 他命令部队马上撤退。3在形容词important, necessary, imperative, natural, urgent, essential, appropriate, desirable, vital, advisable, preferable, incredible以及短语no wonder, a pity等可以构成“It is +形容词（名词）+that”句型中。It is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made. 必须立即采取行动。真题重现【CET-6:2007.6】It is absolutely unfair that these children _(被剥夺了受教育的权利).参考答案：These children (should) be deprived of the right to receive education.if或but for等引导的条件句if引导虚拟条件句的用法 He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors.他要是在室内就不会觉得冷了。（与现在事实相反）I am sorry I am very busy just now. If I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you.我很抱歉，现在很忙。如果有时间，我肯定陪你去看电影了。（与现在事实相反）The conference wouldnt have been so successful if we hadnt made adequate preparations.如果我们不做充分的准备，会议是不会开得这么成功的。（与过去事实相反）If it snowed/were to snow/should snow tomorrow, I should (would) stay at home.but for=if it were not for/if it had not been forlBut for your help they would not have fulfilled the task in time.真题重现【CET-4:2006.12】The victim _(本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time 参考答案：would have survived【CET-6:2007.12】But for mobile phone, _.我们的通讯就不可能如此迅速和方便)参考答案：our communication would not have been so efficient and convenient.【CET-6:2007.1If you had _(听从了我的忠告， 你就不会陷入麻烦). 参考答案：followed my advice/suggestion, you would not have been in trouble.It is (high, about) time 句型要求用虚拟语气谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了”。Its time_(采取措施) about the traffic problem downtown.something was done/some measures were taken动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气： 与现在事实相反wish+ that+主语+动词的一般过去式与过去事实相反wish + that +主语+had done或would/could have done对没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望would/wish + that+ +主语+should(could, might)+动词原形I wish she were here. 她在这里就好了。I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 但愿你明天跟我们一块去。I wish she had taken my advice. 那时她要是听我的话就好了。if only后用虚拟语气（要是就太好了）If only she had known where to find you. 他要是知道到哪里去找你就好了。If only I could speak several foreign languages!我要是能讲几种外语就好了！第二讲 从句从句的内容非常庞杂，该专题主要讲解在翻译题可能考察的名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等。一名词性从句名词从句是指行使名词功能的从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及补语从句。1.主语从句-从句作主语主语从句主要由that, what, whether, how以及其它词引导，还有就是由代词it作形式主语。That he survived the accident is a miracle.他在这场事故中幸免于难，真是奇迹。特别提示：尽管that并没有实际含义，但是他起到引导主语从句的功能，在这里不可或缺。What he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.他喜欢做的事情被社会所忽视，认为毫无价值，无足轻重。How he managed to finish the job is of interest to us all.他是如何设法完成这项工作的，我们对此都很感兴趣。Whether the results will be valuable depends partly on our attitudes towards it.结果是否有价值在部分程度上取决于我们对此的态度。特别提示：whether引导的主语从句位于句首时，whether不能由if代替。2.宾语从句-从句作宾语。The court decisions have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.法院裁决责令公立学校必须采取必要步骤提供这种教育。I cant understand why he avoided speaking to me.我不理解他为什么不跟我说话。真题重现【CET-4：2007.12】Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life _(是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的), not how much they can earn.参考答案：is measured by how much they can loan3.表语从句-从句作表语The next question we have to decide is when we have to submit the annual report.我们必须决定的下一个问题是，什么时候我们必须呈交年度报告。【CET-4：2007.12】In my sixties, one change I notice is that _(我比以前更容易累了)。参考答案：I am more likely to get tired than before4.同位语从句-从句作同位语同位语从句在句中作同位语，对被修饰名词的内容予以解释说明。特点：抽象名词在前，表达具体内容的从句在后。常见的包括：agreement, assumption(假设), belief, conclusion, decision, determination, discovery, dream, evidence, explanation, fact, guess, hope, idea, knowledge, likelihood, message, mind, news, notion(观念), opinion, possibility, prediction(预言), proposal, proposition(论点，主张), suggestion, rumor, theory, thought, truthI have no doubt that he will overcome all his difficulties.他会克服一切困难，对此我并不感到怀疑。二定语从句定语从句是修饰限定名词或代词的从句。掌握定语从句的关键在于把握引导词，既用来引导定语从句的词。定语从句的内容比较庞杂，希望同学们在复习时多总结和归纳。真题重现【CET-4：2007.6】The prevent and treatment of AIDS is _ (我们可以合作的领域).参考答案：a field where(in which) we can cooperate.三状语从句状语从句分为：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和比较状语从句。真题重现【CET-4：2007.12】 I am going to pursue this course, _(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲)。参考答案：no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make【CET-4：2006.12】Some psychologists claim that people_(出门在外时可能会感到孤独)参考答案：may feel lonely when they are away from home【CET-6：2007.12】Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, _.(而动物的行为主要依靠本能)参考答案：While animal behavior depends mainly on their instinct.第三讲 倒装与强调一倒装1当“only+状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装，如不在句首或虽在句首但不修辞状语时用正常语序。Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.只有当你获得足够的数据时，你才能得出正确的结论。Only in this way can we catch up with the worlds advanced levels in science and technology.只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平。其他如：only then, only once, only in AmericaChina, only after the accident等。真题重现【CET-6：2007.6】Only in the small town_.(他才感到安全和放松)参考答案：does she feel secure and relaxed2never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。这类词或词组常用的有：never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, not until, by no means, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way(决不), in no case(决不), neither (nor), no sooner(than), hardly(when), barely(仅仅，几乎不), on no account, in no circumstances(决不), not a bit, nowhere, not onlybut also等。Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet. 丘吉尔不仅是一位政治家，还是一位诗人。Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense. 我从未听到过这种胡说！真题重现【CET-6：2007.12】 The witness was told that under no circumstances_.(他都不应该对法庭说谎)参考答案：should he lie to the court.【CET-6：2007.1】 _(直到截止日他才寄出) his application form. 参考答案Not until the deadline did he send (out)3the more, the more结构中的倒装。【CET-4：2006.6】90. The more you explain, _(我愈糊涂). 参考答案：the more confused I am二强调句1It is/was +被强调部分+that/who对于这个结构，需要注意以下几点：强调句型中的系动词除is和was之外，没有其他形式的变化;被强调部分如果是人，可以用who, 也可以用that,其他情况用that（常识性知识，一般不能作为考点）。在notuntil句型里，如果强调由until所引导的时间状语时，not须跟在until之前，即构成It is not untilthat结构。It is because she is too inexperienced that she does not know how to deal with the serious situation.她不知道如何应对这种严重情况是因为她太缺乏经验了。It is because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.正是因为水涨了，他们没有渡过河去。注：强调的如果是原因状语从句，只能由because引导，不能由since, as或why引导。It was not until the second year that he has adapted himself to the college life.直到第二年他才适应了大学生活。真题重现【CET-6：2007.1】 _(直到截止日他才寄出) his application form. 参考答案：It was not until the deadline that he sent (out)第四讲 形容词的比较级和最高级基本句型：句型用法说明例句原级1.（倍数、分数）as+ 形容词或副词的原级+ as一方像另一方This book is as difficult as that one.2. not + as + 形容词或副词的原级 + as 一方不如另一方Kate is not as cleaver as Jane比较级1. 形容词或副词的比较级+ than 一方比另一方更She is much beautiful thanI expected.the +形容词或副词的比较级 , the the +形容词或副词的比较级越是.,就越.The more learned a man is, the more modest he is.最高级the + 形容词或副词的最高级 + of /in/among + 比较范围用于三者及三者以上The Yellow river is the second longest river inChina. 倍数的表达方法：1 A is + 倍数 + asas B A是B的n倍e.g. This kind of plan flies twice as fast as that kind.2. A is + 倍数 + 比较级 + than B A是B 的（n+1）倍e.g. The house is three times bigger than that one 这个房子比那个房子大三倍。3 A is + 倍数 + （表示尺寸，长度等的）名词 + of + B A是B的n倍e.g. The street is twice the length of that one.真题重现【CET-4：2007.12】In my sixties, one change I notice is that _(我比以前更容易累了)。参考答案：I am more likely to get tired than before【CET-4：2007.12】I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because _(它更加方便和省时).【CET-4：2006.12】Since my childhood I have fond that _(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力)参考答案：nothing is more attractive to me than reading【CET-6：2007.12】 In handling an embarrassing situation, _.(没有什么比幽默感更有帮助的了)参考答案：nothing is more helpful than a sense of humor 第五讲 非谓语动词一、不定式与动名词做主语： 1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如： Collecting information about childrens health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。 Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。 2、常用不定式做主语的句型有： （1）Its difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do （2）Its kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do. 3、常用动名词做主语的句型有： Its no good (use, fun) doing. Its (a) waste of time ones doing. Its worth while doing. 二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语： 1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。 His teaching aim of this class is to train the students speaking ability. 他这节课的教学目的是要训练学生说的能力。 2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。 Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的的工作是产卵。 3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征；进行时表示正在进行的动作。 The task of this class is practicing the idioms. （现在分词做表语） With the help of the teacher, the students are practicing the idioms. （现在进行时） 4、常用作表语的现在分词有：interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等。现在分词表示进行与主动。 The joke is amusing .这笑话很逗人。 The problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人不解。 5、过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。 The village is surrounded by high mountains.（过去分词做表语） The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被动语态） 常用在句中做表语的过去分词有： used, closed, covered, interested, followed, satisfied, surrounded, done, lost, decided, prepared, saved, shut, won, completed, crowded, dressed, wasted, broken, married, unexpected等。 6、注意如下动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同： interest（使感兴趣），surprise（使吃惊），frighten（使害怕），excite（使兴奋），tire（使疲劳），please（使满意），puzzle（使迷惑不解），satisfy（使满意），amuse（使娱乐），disappoint（使失望），inspire（使欢欣鼓舞），worry（使忧虑） 它们的现在分词常修饰物（有时修饰人），表示主动，过去分词常修饰人，表示被动（包括某人的look、voice等）。例如： Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。 They are very tired. 他们很疲劳 三、不定式与动名词做宾语： 1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语： want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。 2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。 3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用一般式doing代替完成式having done. He forgot to tell me to post the letter.（他忘了叫我发信。） I dont remember meeting him. 我不记得见过他。 I regret to tell you that I cant go to your birth-day party. 我很遗憾告诉你我不能去参加你的生日晚会了。 4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。 The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。 This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。 四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语： 1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语： ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 医生嘱咐他再卧床休息几天。 We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。（注意hope后不跟不定式做宾补。） 2、有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to“的不定式，这些动词有：see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如： We noticed him enter the house. 我们留意到他进了那所房子。 The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板让他们一天干12小时工作。 注意当make、have不做“迫使、让”讲，而做“制造、有”解时，跟带有to的不定式做状语。 Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 妈妈做了一个蛋糕给他庆贺生日。 3、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补，要看分词与宾语的关系。例： We heard him singing the song when we came in. 当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌。 We have heard the song sung twice. 我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。 五、非谓语动词做定语： 1、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示在谓语动词之后发生的动作或过去的某一特定动作。例如： He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do. 他没有房子住却有好多活要干。 2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别： 动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。 a walking stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为a stick for walking） a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为a car for sleeping） the rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词做定语，意为the sun which was rising） the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为the world which is changing） 3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如： a piece of disappointing news 使人失望的消息（意同a piece of news which disappointed us） in the following years 在后来的几年中（意同in the years that followed） a well dressed woman 衣着讲究的女士（意同a woman who is dressed well） a car parked at the gate 停在门口的小汽车（意同a car which was parked at the gate） 六、不定式与分词做状语： 1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因： He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙赶到家中，发现钱被盗了。（结果状语） To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（目的状语） All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的进步，我们都很吃惊。(原因状语) 2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式： Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市很美。（条件状语） Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 当走进房间时，他发现父亲生气了。（时间状语） Being tired, they went on working. 虽然累了，但他们继续工作。（让步状语） Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那个小男孩哭了。（原因状语） He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。（伴随状语）第六讲 动词的时态与语态语态：主动语态：表示主语是动作的执行者 被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者 一般现在时的被动语态：助动词is/am/are+P.P.(过去分词） The Olympic Games is held once ever four years. 一般过去时的被动语态：助动词was/were+P.P. The bridge was built in 1995. 一般将来时的被动语态：助动词will+be+P.P. The teaching building will be put up next year. 过去将来时的被动语态：助动词would+be+P.P. 现在进行时的被动语态；助动词is/am/are+being+P.P. A new factory is being built in our town. 现在完成时的被动语态：助动词have/has+been+P.P. He has been sent to work in Tibet. 情态动词的被动语态；情态动词+be+P.P. Your homework must be finished as soon as possible. Teenager should not be allowed watch TV every night. 过去进行时的被动语态：助动词was/were+being+P.P. When I got home ,dinner was being cooked by mother.【CET-4：2006.6】Though a skilled worker, _（他被公司解雇了）last week because of the economic crisis.参考答案：he was fired by the company【CET-6：2007.6】the problem of blacks and women _(最近几十年受到公众相当大的关注).参考答案：have gained/caused considerable public concern in recent decades.翻译题型有三大考点： 1. 固定搭配考点：这是翻译中的最为核心的考点，也是近几次命题密度最高的知识点，应该引起考生的高度重视。比如说名词与动词搭配，形容词与名词搭配，动词与副词的修饰关系，名词与介词搭配，更为重要的是常见的固定词组以及固定表达，这些都可能成为本次考试的命题重点。 例1：By contrast, American mothers were more likely _ (把孩子的成功归因于) natural talent.(大纲样题)。 【考点剖析】这个题目就非常典型。有两个固定搭配考点：1)be likely to do sth ; 2) owe.to /attribute.to (把.归因于) 2. 核心语法考点：这部分语法考点大多数是以前词汇语法考题考点的重现和转移，这一点要引起同学的重视，尽管词汇单选题现在不考了，但是还是不能忽视这部分题目，因为考点是一致的。核心语法考点最重要的虚拟语气，其次是倒装结构、从句知识、倒装结构、非谓语动词等。 例1：The professor required that _(我们交研究报告) by Wednesday . 【考点剖析】本题是典型的语法题目。重点考查考生对虚拟语气的掌握。Require后面接从句的时候，一定会虚拟语气，语法结构为require that +sb+should+动词原形。 例2：Not only _ (他向我收费过高), but he didnt do a good repair job either (大纲样题) 【考点剖析】本题同样为典型的语法考点。考查了考生对倒装结构这个特殊语法现象的掌