高中非谓语动词讲解全解2011.doc

非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）不定式一、 不定式的作用1、 作主语 不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。通常表示某次具体的行为，如：It took us two hours to finish the job. To learn English well is not easy. It is not easy to learn English.It is impossible for us to get there on time.Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.Its difficult for sb. to do sth Its important for sb. to do sthIts kind(good/ friendly/polite/careless 粗心的/rude 粗鲁的 /cruel 残酷的/clever 机灵的/foolish /brave)of sb.to do sthIt is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。 （2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型。这样的句子，不能用 动名词作表语，试比较： It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（错） To teach is to learn.R Teaching is to learn. F To believe him is to negate my own idea .（对） It is to learn to teach F To teach I slearning. F The chair looks rather hard,but it is very comfortable to sit on. Sit/ be seat/ be sat on F 如果不定式为不及物动词，漆后面应有必要的介词（3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of, 否则用 for.1）for sb. 用于 easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 表示客观形式的形容词 Its very hard for him to study two languages.2) of sb. good, kind, nice, clever ,foolish, right. 表示主观形式的形容词 Its very kind of you to help me.2、 作宾语（1） 动词+不定式。如：注：下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get，afford 提供，给予, aim 打算, arrange , ask , bother, care , choose , demand 要求，需要, desire渴望，期望 , determine 决定，确定,Elect 选择，选举, endeavor尽力, hope, fail, long渴望，happen, mean，manage, offer, plan, pretend, refuse , tend照管，护理, undertake承担，担任, expect ，hate, intend想要，打算, prepare, order, cause引起，促成 , beg , agree.等He managed to escape from the fire. I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式宾语）The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我I like you to keep everything tidy. / I like to keep everything tidy.（2） 动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。如： Decide, know, consider, forget, learn. remember, show, wonder, find out, tell, inquire ,explain 等I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.I cant decide when to go there.Pls show us how to do that.There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up mind which to buy.注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it 作形式宾语。如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3、 作宾语补足语（1） 动词+宾语+不定式（to do ）。如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不带to的不定式） 注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有 主语ask / want / tell / get / force / expect / advise / invite / order / allow / require / like / would like / help / wish / warn / prefer / encourage / prefer / beg / hate / persuade/ cause / wait for / call on / permit / forbid + sb. to do sth. 主语cause / challenge / command / compel / drive驱使 / enable / forbid / impel / induce / instruct / make / let / have / persuade / request / send / train / urge + sb. to do sth. The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. We wish him to remain and accept the post. 留下来接收这个职位 Father will not allow us to play on the street. The officer ordered his men to fire.(开火) Consider 用动词be 以外的不定式做宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式。 He is generally considered to have invented the first computer.（2） 表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如： 主语think / judge / suppose / believe / consider / imagine / feel / find / declare声称 Appoint / guess / fancy设想 / guess/ judge/ know+ sb.+ to be / to have doneWe consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态）We know him to be a fool. 笨蛋We believe him to be guilty. 有罪的主语call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb. +to do sth. (3) There + to be 如： Believe/ expect / intend / like/ love/ mean/ prefer/ want /wish/ understand + there to beWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。You wouldnt want want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另一场战争发生吧注意：（1）有些动词需用 as 短语作补语，像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如：We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。（2）在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.We noticed him enter the house. 留意到 The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 让他们注意当make、have不做“迫使、让”讲，而做“制造、有”解时，跟带有to的不定式做状语。Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 妈妈做了一个蛋糕给他庆贺生日。He had a meeting to attend. 他有个会要开。下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补，要看分词与宾语的关系。例We heard him singing the song when we came in. 当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌We have heard the song sung twice. 我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。 (3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to. I often help him （to）clean the room. I helped him (to) find his things. 3) 用作介词的to Admit to, object to, be accustomed to, be used to, stick to, turn to, look forward to, be devoted to, pay attention to, contribute to , apologize to , devote oneself to 等4、 作定语不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，放在修饰的名词后，表示谓语动词之后发生的动作或过去的某一特定动作；不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系） He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）He is the first person to think of the idea.（主谓关系） He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）He had no house to live but a lot of work to do.Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我们班长是第一个到的注意：1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如： Do you have anything else to say? 2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词。如： I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一支钢笔写字) I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby ) (我有一个婴儿要照看)5. 作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如（1） 做目的状语，in order to, 为了，以便， 为的是，目的在于（目的状语）so as to, so(such).as to do 以便，为的是 （如此以便）（ 结果状语）enough to The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。The test questions are kept secret, so as to prevent cheating. 以防作弊I m not such a fool as to believe that.Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉工作Go in quiet so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门（2） 作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。如：Only to do（., 结果却 . 表示于句子谓语动作的目的相反的结果）Only to find 。结果发现。， 最后发现He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.He searched the room only to find nothing. I awoke to find my truck gone. 醒来发现箱子不见另了（3） 做原因状语。 to 如：We were very excited to hear the news.He came to the school to see his son. Im glad to see you.All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 我门都很吃惊。（4） 做条件状语。如：To turn to the left , you could find a post office.（5） 不定式完成式的特殊用法：a. 表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主语的谓语动词发出的动作Seem / appear/ be said / be supposed / be believed / be thought / be know / be reportedThe novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.I was sorry to have kept you waiting. (说话时已等了很久)b.“表示过去本想做某事但未做” 的虚拟语气Should like to /would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成式c. 表示该做某事或想做但未实现 Was / were to + 不定式的完成式d. 表示过去未曾实现的愿望 Expect / hope /mean /promise / suppose / think / want / wish + 不定式的完成式6. 作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，构成表语。不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。如：The question is how to put it into practice.My question is when to leave. His dream is to be a doctor. Her work is to look after the babies.His teaching aim of this class is to train the students speaking ability.注意：1.不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数。 2.当主语是不定式时，表语不能用Ving形式，可用不定式。 如：To see is to believe. （眼见为实）7. 独立结构。如：To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.To make matters worse, it began to rain.二、 不定式的时态和语态1、 不定式的时态（1） 现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. （2） 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold. He seemed to have cleaned the room.（3） 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He seems to be eating something. He seem to be reading sth at that time.（4） 完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、 不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：He was seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet. The work is to be done soon. The boy is said to have been sent to hospital Yesterday.三、 省to 的动词不定式1、 情态动词（除ought 外，ought to）2、 Would rather, had better.3、 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略 to.注意：在被动语态中 to 不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.They were made to work the whole night.4、 使役动词 let, have, make.5、 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.6、 Help 可带 to ,也可不带to, help sb. (to) do sth.7、 Why/Why not Why not take a holiday?8、 But 和 except 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9、 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be .如：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。I usually go there by train.Why not _ by boat for a change?A to try going B trying to go C to try and go D try goingPaul doesnt have to be made _ . He always works hard.A learn B to learn C learned D learning四、 动词不定式的否定式。如：Tell him not to shut the window. She pretended not to see me when I passed by. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never drive The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A not to B not to do C not do it D do not do The patient was warned _ food before the operation. A to eat no B eating not C not to eat D not eating动名词（动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语）一、 动名词的作用1、 作主语, 往往表示普通、一般的行为, 动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，主语与表语位置可以呼唤，动名词常用于口语，谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：Its no good/use /fun doing Its worth while doing. 如：Its full-time is laying eggs. Its no good waiting here.Playing with fire is dangerous. Seeing is believing. Collecting information about childrens health is his job.2、 作宾语I enjoy listening to music.He often practices playing the piano in the evening.He is fond of playing basketball.He has given up smoking.Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?(1) 只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit，advise建议，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，consider考虑，delay延迟，deny否认，dislike不喜欢，enjoy，escape逃避，excuse原谅、宽恕，finish完成，forgive原谅，understand理解，give up放弃，imagine想象，keep保持，mind介意、在乎， miss未达到，practise训练，put off推迟，resist抵抗，suggest建议、暗示 be afraid of害怕cant help 禁不住，cant stand无法忍受，devote to (to为介词)致力于，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to坚持，be used to习惯于，object to反对，be busy忙于 ，fee like想要be surprised at 对感到惊讶 be proud of 以为骄傲 succeed in 在某方面成功 appreciate, be worth, feel like, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom,stop.from，protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend .(in),pay attention to, insist on等(2) 只能接不定式作宾语的动词：happen 碰巧，offer 主动提出，promise 答应，agree 同意，refuse拒绝，decide 决定，determine 决定、决心，pretend 假装，fail 未能够，learn，wish希望，hope，expect，afford 负担得起 (3) 接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，prefer，cant bear/endure 无法忍受，cease停止(4) 下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等(5)Stop to do 停下来去做另一件事情 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 忘记要去做某事 forget doing 忘记做过某事Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过Try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做Go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做They stop to smoke a cigarette. I must stop smoking.He forgot to tell me to post the letter. 他忘了叫我发信 I shall never forgot finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永远忘不了在一个普通信封上发现了那枚珍贵邮票Remember to write to us when you get there. 到那里，记得给我们写信 I dont remember meeting him. 我不记得见过他。I regretted agreeing to the plan. 他们后悔同意这个计划 I regret to tell you that I cant go to your birth-day party. 我很遗憾的告诉你我不能参加你的生日晚会He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他尽力加装与朋友分享欢乐She tried reading a novel, but that couldnt make her forget her sorrow.她试着看小说，但也不能使她忘记伤心事I didnt mean to hurt you. 我们有企图伤害你A friend Indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不图回报的帮助别人(6) Need, want，require, be worth作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing. This English novel us worth reading.The point wants referring to. The situation in Russian required studying.需要研究The washing-machine needs repairing. (needs to be repaired) 这台洗衣机需要修理need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，两种形式都表达被动的意义The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted特殊词精讲1. stop doing/to do stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing停止做某事。例如：They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. resting C. to restD. rest答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。2. forget doing/to do forget to do忘记要去做某事，forget doing忘记做过某事。例如：The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）典型例题 - The light in the office is still on. - Oh，I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。3. remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事，remember doing记得做过某事。例如：Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?4. regret doing/to do regret to do对将要做的事遗憾，regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如：I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C.to have done D.having done答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。 5. cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事，cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。6. try doing/to do try to do努力，企图做某事，try doing试验，试着做某事。例如：You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。7. go on doing/to do go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing继续做原来做的事。例如： After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习8. be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为怕，be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为生怕，恐怕。例如：She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。9. be interested doing/to do interested to do对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如：I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? （一种想法）10. mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想，mean doing意味着。例如： I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。11. begin（start） doing/to do begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.1） 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如： How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？2） begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如：I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。3） 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如： I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。4） 事物作主语时。例如：The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waiting答案：A3、 作表语此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child.4、 作定语 动名词作定语，一般说明所修饰名词的用途。如：a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall， there are a lot of swimming pools in the city. a walking stick,（ a stick for walking） , sleeping car ,(a car for sleeping) 动名词定the rising sun,（the sun which is changing）;the changing world (the world which is changing) 现分-定注：（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。如果