同位语从句讲解.doc

同位语一个名词（或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句。一、用法1由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句法功能也相同，后项是前项的同位语其中常用，连接。Mr. Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。Mr.Smith是主语our new teacher的同位语，指同一人。Yesterday I met Tom,a friend of my brothers.昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。a friend of my brothers是受词Tom的同位语，指同一人。用法2同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开；同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。He told me that his brother John was a world-famous doctor.他本人对我讲，他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。（brother和John都是单一的字作同位语，与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。）Yesterday I talked to my English teacher,Mr. James.昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。（同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher，同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。）用法3同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外，还可以表示部分意义。We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。Chinese people是we的同位语。He is interested in sports,especially ball games.他喜欢运动，特别是球类运动。ball games是sports的同位语。二、1，名词作同位语Mr Wang,my childs teacher,will be visiting us on Tuesday.王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。（在这里my childs teacher做同位语修饰Mr Wang),2，短语作同位语I,the oldest girl in the family,always had to care for the other children.我，作为家里最大的女孩，总是要照料家中的其他孩子。,3，直接引语作同位语But now the question comes to their minds，“Did she die young because she was a clone?”但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？”4，句子作同位语The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。同位语从句同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句,这种用法比较固定,把关键的几个词背下来. 一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。that连接从句时从句为一个句意完整的陈述句。that不能省略，没有具体的意思，不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。如： I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 I had no idea that you were here我不知道你在这里。 二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如： Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。 三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that，whether，连接代词what，who。连接副词how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）如： l have no idea when he will be back我不知道他什么时候回来。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。 四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如： Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them 几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。 五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如： The news that l have passed the exam is true我通过了考试这一消息是真的。 （同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。） The news that he told me just now is true他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。 （定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。） 2、关系词在句中是否做成分 。如：The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。） The idea that he gave surprises many people他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。 （that在从句中作gave的宾语。）3、从句是否有疑问的意义。如：eg.Do you remember the day when i told you that i loved you?(when引导的从句不表示疑问，所以这是一个定语从句。）eg.I have asked the question why it was true just now.(why引导的从句表示疑问，所以这是一个同位语从句。）一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。六、诺华克专业英语总结： 定语从句与同位语从句的区别：1，定语从句的先行词可以是名词、也可以是代词。而同位语从句只能是那几个名词。The boy who is playing football is my classmate定语从句Those who work hard will succeed定语从句The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody同位语从句2，定语从句的that是替代先行词的作用，且在从句中做句子的成分，在从句中做宾语时可以省略；而同位语中的that只起到连接作用，无意义且不能省略；The news （that） you told me yesterday was really excitingWe heard the news that our team had won在句中，加粗部分是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语，在意义上指代先行词news。在句中，加粗部分是同位语从句，that没有任何意义，只起连接作用。3，定语从句的句子与主句之间是起到定语修饰的作用；而同位语从句的句子可以看做和先行词是主表关系，也就是说翻译的时候这样做：先行词 是 同位语从句 ；如：I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。可以理解成：先行词the news 是 our team had won 翻译为：这个消息是我们的队已经赢了4，定语从句中的疑问词when, who , why 都不翻译的； 而同位语从句中的 when, who , why 必须翻译成，when什么时候、who谁、why为什么。I have no idea when he will be back. 我不知道他什么时候回来 （同位语从句）I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing我还记得我第一次来到北京的那天（定语从句）5，背下来这几个词就可以应用自如了：news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility七、典型例题例1：I have no idea when he will be back.析：he will be back意义不完整，应加“什么时候”的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。例2：I have no impression how he went home，perhaps by bike.析：he went home意义不完整，应加“如何”的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。例3：Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.（NMET2001上海）A.while B.that C.when D.as析：答案为B.more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information _ has been put forward.A.what B.that C.when D.as析：答案为B.that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。例4：She heard a terrible noise，_ brought her heart into her mouth.（MET91）A.it B.which C.this D.that析：答案为B.分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于：I cant stand the terrible noise _ she is crying loudly.A.it B.which C.this D.that析：答案为D.she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容，且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。同位语从句专项练习题1. The fact _ she works hard is well known to us all.A. that B. what C. why D. which2. The fact _ he was successful proves his ability.A. hat B. what C. which D. why3. The news _ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.A. what B. that C. why D. when4. His suggestion _ the meeting be delayed was turned down.A. which B. that C./ D. it5. I have no idea _ he will start.A. when B. that C. what D./6. Ive come from the government with a message _ the meeting wont be held tomorrow.A. if B. that C. whether D. which7. The thought _ he might fail in the exam worried him.A. when B. which C. what D. that8. The order _ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.A. which B. whether C. that D. what9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patients fear _ he would die of the disease.A. that B. as C. of which D. which10. He often asked me the question _ the work was worth doing.A. whether B. where C. that D. when同位语从句与定语从句混合练习题1. It was true _ Alice did surprised her mother. A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that 2. Does _matter much _he cant come to the meeting. A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether 3.-What are you anxious about? - _ A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed 4.The reason _the little actress has been such a success is _she is both clever and hard-working. A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because 5. _leaves