大学英语四六级作文讲义.doc

大学英语四六级作文讲义篇章段落部分一，引言段四六级作文考试虽然对作文的要求不高。但 “麻雀虽小，五脏俱全”,如果能有一个自然得体，因人注目的开头肯定会使文章增色不少。现将主要的开篇方法列举如下：1 议论文开篇写法第一小类（论辩类）要求列举对立双方对某个问题的不同看法并陈述各自理由，如: 2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是。2也有人持不同意见3我的看法和打算这类文章常用开篇的方法有开门见山法和演绎法1. ., most/many people believe that ., but other people句型1是开门见山法的典型句型，第一段直接说明两类人对于同一问题持不同看法。2. When it comes to ., peoples opinions differ. Some hold the opinion that ., while others claim that . 句型2 是演绎法的典型句型，peoples opinions differ.是后面句子的综述。3. There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the of . Some people claim that ., while others believe that .第二小类（利弊类）要求作者对某个事物或现象的两面性进行列举和比较。1996.1 Two-day Weekend1. 双休日给大学生带来的好处。2双休日可能产生的副作用3我是怎样过双休日的。2005.12月四级对高校成为旅游目的地的不同看法。对于利弊类文章，引言段通常采用背景介绍法。 常用句式：1. Recently/presently the phenomenon/issue/problem of has been brought into focus/aroused public attention/become a heated topic/been in the limelight.2. In the pastyears, many have been faced/troubled/confronted with3. Nowadays/Recently, one of the hottest/most popular topics/problems many people complain/talk about is运用背景介绍法开头后可以采用举例法或者引用数据展开第一段的写作。下面大家分析作者用什么方法展开的第一段。Nowadays, one of the hottest problems many people complain about is piracy. Books, tapes, VCDs and other high-tech products have been pirated. For instance, when a new product comes into market, most probably, its pirated version will soon show up in the market, too. 第三小类（观点类）要求作者直截了当的提出本文要论证的观点或要解决的问题。常用句式1. Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to ./Now people are becoming increasing aware/ conscious of the importance of 2. It is true that . No one can deny.3. , Which has been generally accepted. The truth of it is deep and profound/ self-evident. 用这样的句子开头后可以采用演绎法进行扩展例文No one can deny that, in China, the development of agriculture is essential to the overall development of economy. The truth of it is self-evident. As we know, there are more than 900 million peasants in China. So the significance of development agriculture cant be overemphasized in China. 主题句：提出论点-农业的发展对整个经济的发展至关重要。扩展句一：强调论点正确性-其中的道理显而易见。扩展句二：论点正确性的表现-中国有9亿多农民。结尾句：重申论点-发展农业的重要性在怎样强调也不过分。第四小类（数据类）这类作文要求考生分析描述图表。常用句式：1 From the Chart/graph/table, we clearly learn that there is,which has aroused great/common concern. 2 The bar charts above display that 3 According to the chart/graph/table/, it is clear that 开篇句式后可以对图表进行详细描述例文The Bar charts above display that an increasing number of young people tend to surf the internet more and more frequently in Beijing. In 1995, only 5 million youngsters had access to the Internet, spending about half an hour, whereas in 1999 about 4 million young students spent almost seven times longer time online. 主体段落写法引言段结束以后，就要进入一篇作文最重要的主题段落了。在四六级写作给出的提纲中有时没有开头结尾，直接就会进入主题段落。一般说来，主体段包含两到三段，每段都必须有自己的中心，他们负责从不同的方面详细阐述考生在引言段中提出的主要观点，起到支撑观点，丰富文章内容的作用。在四六级考试中，应该尽量把主题句放在句首。因为很少有阅卷老师有耐心到段中甚至段尾去寻找主题句。主题句一般可分为两个部分-主题和限定词。如：1 Different people spend their weekends in different ways. 在这句主题句中， “ Different people spend their weekends” 讨论主题，而 “in different ways” 则是限定的讨论范围。2 Working at a part-time job while studying at a university has many advantages. 在这句主题句中，“working at a part-time job while studying at a university” 讨论主题，而 “many advantages ” 则是限定的讨论范围。3 Hobbies are important for many reasons. 在这句主题句中，“Hobbies are important ” 讨论主题，而 “for many reasons ” 则是限定的讨论范围。常见的主题句1 Many remarkable factors contribute to this argument. 属于不完整主题句，因为并没有提及讨论主题，但显然我们可以看出下面文章行文方向将是以原因为主。Many remarkable factors是讨论范围。2 No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements属于不完整主题句，这个句子主要是讨论主题，下面的行文应该通过几个方面来说明这个观点3 There are several reasons why we should protect our environment 完整主题句，有观点，也有范围。可以适当模仿。4 There are many reasons accounting for this phenomenon. 属于不完整主题句，和例句1相类似。5 Up to now, I still can remember clearly what happened that evening that summer. 主题句，记叙文中起到引起段落的作用，值得大家注意。6 There are two points to support my argument. 和例句1类似。7 Many remarkable examples contribute to this argument. 和例句1类似。8 The following ways can be adopted to organize a picnic well. 属于比较规范的主题句。9 Some effective measures can be taken to solve the problem.属于比较规范的主题句。10 Many a factor plays an important role in the course. 和例句1类似。练习：就下面的段落给出适当的主题句1. How to Keep Health_. Firstly, it is very important for us to eat more fruits and vegetables because they can provide vitamins and help in the process of digestion. Secondly, we have to keep a balanced diet and maintain regular eating habits. Thirdly, wed better do exercise everyday to make our bodies strong. Besides, we have to avoid too much work pressure.2. On Juvenile Crime_. First, many TV programs are full of violence and crime, influenced by which, teenagers will follow the examples to commit crimes. Second, more and more marriages are breaking up. Those teenager who live in single-parent families may feel neglected and easily develop had habits. Being both physically and mentally weak, many of them will easily fall into the trap of criminals. 结尾的写法文章的结尾一般不宜过长，但却是决定文章成败的点睛之笔。下面介绍几种实用有效的结尾方法和常用句式。第一小类（总结法）所谓总结法，就是通过文章的讨论分析引出一段总结性的言论，重申文章的中心思想或总结自己的观点，作为全文的结束。这是一种最常见的结尾方法，主要用于观点论证型作文和对比选择型常用句式Given the factors that I have just outlined, it is wise to support the statement thatFrom what has been discussed above/Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely/undoubtedly draw/come to/ arrive at the conclusion thatTaking into account all these factors/ In view of the above-mentioned facts, we should draw/come to /arrive at the conclusion that例文一From what has been discussed above, we may safely come to the conclusion that parents do play a vital role in the education of their children, which can not be replaced by schooling. 例文二To conclude, smoking is nothing but evil as it is so harmful to people. All smokers should be taught of the great harm of smoking and be persuaded out of smoking. More importantly, we should protect our children from the harm of smoking through education. 第二小类（后果法）所谓后果法，就是对要讨论的问题或现象可能会产生的后果作出预测或分析。这种后果可能是积极的，也可能是消极的，需根据文章主题而定。这种结尾方式主要适用于问题解决型作文和现象解释型作文。1. Clearly/obviously/No doubt, if we do not/cannot/if we ignore/are blind to ,there is every chance/are chances that/it is very likely that2. Any person/nation/society who/which ignores/is blind to/fails to learn would pay a high price. 3. Fortunately, however, more and more people come to realize the importance of .and improvement is in near future.4. If we can solve the problem with no efforts spared, human being will not be caught/stuck in the same conditions. 例文一Clearly, if we are blind to this reckless exploitation of our limited natural resources, it is very likely that there will not be any natural resources for us to exploit any more. And if that day does come, it will be the end of our modern civilization. 例文二All these things come to one simple fact: people are always trying very hard to get a better life. Any nation which ignores the importance of developing its productivity and consequently improving the life of its people would pay a high price.第三小类（呼吁法）1. It is high time that we/it is ripe time for us to in no half-hearted manner. 2. It is essential/necessary/important/imperative that effective/quick/proper measures/actions/steps/remedies should be taken to3. If there is time to , it is now.4. To reverse the trend is not a light task, and it requires keen consciousness of.5. Only whenall go into action can we例文一It is high time that we took some measures to protect our environment. Government should make a law to punish those polluting our environment, and the public should realize the importance of environmental protection.例文二Only when the whole country and its people all go into action and fight against crime can we purify our society and live in security.说明类文章阐述作者对某个问题的看法，也可以分成两小类。第一小类（社会热点类）文章要求作者对某种社会热点问题分析原因或列举影响（这类文章也可以以图表或图画的形式出现）。如1997年12月试题 “My view on Fake Commodities” 就要求先写出假冒伪劣商品的危害，在指出怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品。My View on Fake Commodities1. 假冒伪劣商品的危害2. 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品第二小类（程序介绍类）具体介绍某个过程的程序。 如 “How to Succeed in a Job Interview?” 要求先指出面试的重要性，在提出面试成功的一些因素。How to Succeed in a Job Interview?1. 面试在求职过程中的作用2. 取得面试成功的因素：仪表，举止谈吐，能力，专业知识，自信，实事求是说明性文章的开头则比较无章可循，有时会使用背景介绍法。除此以外，还可以用场景描写法，引用数据法。应用文应用文概述部分：1. 写作格式：1）称呼：（1）写给机构：A.认识负责人：Dear Sir or Madam, Dear Sir/Madam, To whom it may concern,B.不认识负责人：Dear Mr./Ms. President/Professor/Manager/Editor (Michael) Wang,（2）写给个人：A. 关系不亲密：Dear Mr./Ms. President/Professor/Manager/Editor (Michael) Wang,B. 关系亲密：Dear Michael, 2）正文：3）落款： （1）祝福语：Best wishes!/The best regards! （2）签名：Yours sincerely, Li Ming2、印象原则：书写工整、卷面整洁、字迹清晰3、首段写法： 1）自我介绍： （1）I am a staff member from Microsoft China Corporation. （2）I am a/an freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature in Beijing University. 2）写作目的：I am writing the letter in purpose of expressing/airing dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding/concerning the service of our canteen.4、尾段写法：1）表示感谢：（1）My thanks to you for your generous help are beyond words.（2）Words fail me when I want to express my sincere gratitude to you. （3） I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me. 2）期待回信：（1）I am looking forward to your reply/hearing from you soon. （2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience. （3）Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.应用文范例：1、询问信：Directions: As part of a student social survey project, you are leading a group to visit an exhibition in a small town. Write a letter:1) Ask for information regarding such things as the contents of the exhibition, 2) The dates of its opening and closing, 3) Any discounts.Dear Sir or Madam:I am organizing a group of students to pay a visit to the historical exhibition in your town. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could supply me with the following information.First of all, what is the size of the exhibition, what is its theme and what objects are on display? Secondly, what are the dates between which the exhibition will be held, and what are the daily opening hours? Thirdly, are there any other activities being held in connection with the exhibition?I must point out that I hope to bring over students to the exhibition. So I would like to inquire if there is any discount available on entrance tickets for students. I look forward to your reply. Yours sincerely,2 求职信：Directions: You want to apply for the following job: Waiter/waitress required for evening work. Write a letter to Mr. Byron:1) Show your interest, 2) Describe yourself, 3) Explain why you would be suitable for the job. Dear Mr. Byron：I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position for a waitress. Enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous work experience and qualifications.First, not only do my qualifications and work experience make me a perfect candidate for the job, my personality is well suited to working as a waitress. Second, I am a very friendly person who can quickly establish rapport with people of all ages. Last, the fast-paced environment of waiting on tables suit