20.4高中英语语法.doc

20.4 主语和谓语的一致20.4.1主语和谓语应在数上一致1）主语和谓语必须在数上一致，即复数主语须用复数谓语，单数助于需用单数谓语，不受修饰语的影响：The results of the research are to be published soon.The theory advanced by these scientists is quite convincing.What are his views on this subject?2)如果主语是一个抽象概念，一般都用单数谓语：Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to your health.That she should oppose these ideas is quite natural.“Senior citizens” means people over sixty.3)当主语是and连接的两个名词时，在指一样东西时用单数谓语，若指两样东西则需用复数谓语：Iron and steel industry plays an important role in our national economy.To try and fail is better than not to try at all.To mean to do something and to actually do it are two different things.4)如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, except这类词引导的短语，谓语仍用单数形式，因为这种短语多为修饰短语：John, together with his wife, was at the party.Lily as well as Helen was in mourning.No one but myself knows anything about it.20.4.2 某些代词作主语时的谓语1）each和some, any, no, every构成的代词作主语时，谓语都用单数形式：Somebody wants to see you, sir.Is there anything I can do for you?Theres really nothing to be said.2)both, some, many, few,all(of them)后的谓语多数用复数形式：Both(of them) are English.Many are for going by plane.All present are against the idea.代表不可数东西的代词则跟单数谓语：So all is going well.Every little helps.3)有些代词可跟单数谓语，也可跟复数谓语，根据意思来决定：Who has borrowed my pen?Who are those girls?Which is my seat?Which are seats?在个别情况下用单复数谓语都可以：Is (are) there any left?Neither of the days is (are) suitable.20.4.3一些集体名词作主语的情况1）有些集体名词都指复数的人或动物，后面都用复数谓语：The police are going to question him.Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common.Most bacteria grow best in slightly acid medium.2)有些集体名词课跟单数谓语，也可跟复数谓语，视作整体时跟单数谓语，着重于所包含的成员时，则可跟复数谓语：My family was very poor.My family are quite well, I hope.There was a large audience at the concert.The audience are dressed in variety of ways.有些集体名词后面的谓语用单数或复数都可以：The enemy is (are) retreating.The schools teaching staff is (are) excellent.The data is (are) correct.3)有些集体名词通常跟单数谓语：The opposition was quick to reply to the charge.The local press there is behind the appeal.The plays cast was given a standing ovation.20.4.4 某些名词作主语时的情况1）有些名词，随着意思的不同，有时跟单数谓语，有时跟复数谓语：Half of his work is to design programmes.Half of them go to private schools.There was a considerable variety of opinions.A good variety of flowers were on show there.Youth is time for action.The youth of today are very fond of dancing.2)有些单复同形的名词要根据意思决定谓语的形式：All means have been tried.One means is still to be tried.This species of rose is very rare.There are thousands of species of butterflies.He offspring is her in every respect.Her offspring are all in bed by now.3)一些以-s结尾的单数名词，后面谓语也都做单数：Phonetics is a required subject in our department.Billiards is becoming more and more popular.Measles is a contagious disease.也有