高考英语复习-阅读理解主旨大意题.ppt

1 细节理解题 questionsofdetails 2 词义猜测题 wordsincontext 3 推理判断题 questionsofinference 4 主旨归纳题 mainidea ReadingComprehension 4 主旨归纳题 mainidea Questionforms 1 主题类 1 Themainideaofthepassageis 2 Thepassageismainlyabout 3 Whatisthepassagemainlyabout 4 Whichofthefollowingstatementcanbestsummarize sumupthemainideaofthepassage 5 What sthemainpoint mainidea centralthoughtofthepassage Questionforms 2 标题类 1 Thebesttitle headlineforthispassagemightbe 2 Thetext Passage couldbeentitled 3 Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage 4 Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage 3 作者意图类 1 Theauthor smainpurposeinwritingthepassageis 2 Thepassageismeantto 3 Thepurposeofthisarticleis 4 Theauthor spurposeistoshow 主旨大意 Howdowegetthemainideafromaparagraphorpassage 查找主旨 标题时 注意最基本 最具有概括力的信息 1 Choosethemostgeneralword A chemistB physicistC scientistD biologist 2 Choosethemostgeneralsentence A Thehotelofferscomplimentarycoffeefrom7to10a m daily B TherearemanyreasonswhyguestsfeelathomeattheGloriettaBayInn C Thecoin operatedlaundryroomhasanironingboard D ThereareanumberofextraservicesattheGloriettaBayInnincludingbaby sitting 1Englishisclearlyaninternationallanguage Itisspokenbypilotsandairportcontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld Over70percentoftheworld sradioprogramsareinEnglish Findthetopicsentence 2 Letusconsiderhowvoicetrainingmaycontributetopersonalitydevelopmentandanimprovedsocialadjustment Inthefirstplace ithasbeenfairlywellestablishedthatindividualstendtobecomewhattheybelieveotherpeoplethinkthemtobe Whenpeoplereactmorefavorablytowardusbecauseourvoicesconveytheimpressionthatwearefriendly competent andinteresting thereisastrongtendencyforustodevelopthosequalitiesinourpersonality Ifwearetreatedwithrespectbyothers wesooncometohavemorerespectforourselves Then too one sownconsciousnessofhavingapleasant effectivevoiceofwhichhedoesnotneedtobeashamedcontributesmateriallytoafeelingofpoise 泰然自若 self confidence andajustprideinhimself Agoodvoice likegoodclothescandomuchforanego 自我 thatotherwisemightbeinclinedtodroop 萎靡 Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis A OurEgoB TheReflectionofOurPersonalityC HowtoAcquireaPleasantVoiceD VoiceTraininginPersonalityDevelopment Tip1 atthebeginning主题句 Topicsentence 在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头 其后的句子则是论证性细节 在议论文 科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式 3 Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown bythemselves Stillotherslikeademocratic 民主的 discussiontypeofclass Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevised design tosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime 4 Handshaking thoughaEuropeanpractice isnowoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet theyshowedtheirunarmed 无武器的 handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother Let sshake hands onit sometimesmeansagreementreached DotheEuropeansshakehandswherevertheygoandwithwhomevertheymeet No SometimestheChineseabroadreachouttheirhandstoooftentobepolite Itisreallyveryimpolitetogiveyourhandwhentheotherparty especiallywhenitisawoman showslittleinterestinshakinghandswithyouandwhenthemeetingdoesnotmeananythingtohimorher Evenif forpoliteness heholdsouthisunwillinghandinanswertoyouruninvitedhand justtouchitslightly Thereisgenerallyamisunderstanding 误解 amongtheChinesethatwesternersareusuallyopenandstraightforward whiletheChineseareratherreserved 保守的 inmanner ButinfactsomepeopleinwesterncountriesaremorereservedthansomeChinesetoday Soitisagoodideatoshakehandswithawesterneronlywhenheshowsinterestinfurtherrelationswithyou 67 Themainpurposeofthetextis A totellussomedifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWestB toofferussomeimportantfactsabouthandshakingC tointroduceustosomedifferentcustomsintheWestD togiveussomeadvicebeforewetravelabroad Tip2 attheend主题句在段尾 作者先摆出事实依据 层层推理论证 最后自然得出结论 即段落的主题 本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现 它是此段内容的结论 5 Wesurveyedlocalresidentsinthreeuniversitytownsthroughoutthestatetofindouttheiropinionsonthestudentsinthosetowns Wequestionedoverthreethousandpeopleandfoundthatsinceourlastsurveythreeyearsago attitudestowardsstudentshavechangedconsiderably Lazy scruffy and bad mannered washowmorethan40 ofthosequestioneddescribedstudents upfrom22 inthelastsurvey Thisyearonly25 consideredstudentstobe polite and friendly comparedwith39 threeyearsago Overall 49 consideredstudentstobeapositivepartofthetowncomparedto58 lasttime 3 有些段落的主题句被安排在段落的中间 sinceourlastsurveythreeyearsago attitudestowardsstudentshavechangedconsiderably PassageD6 Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention ColorTV Only 79 Twodayssale Hurry However whenyougotothestorereadytobuy Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel amuchbettersetwhichis justrightforyou Itcosts 395 Thissalesmethodiscalled baitandswitch Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone Buyingitemsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale Theparagraphcouldbeentitled A BuyingATVSetB ASellingMethodC BuyerBewareD TVOnSale detail detail detail Anexample detail effects thetopicsentenceisinthemiddleofthepassage Tip3 atthemiddle主题句在段中 开段的句子作为引题 而主题则由随之引出的句子来表达 为了阐明主题思想 在主题句后 仍有一些句子陈述细节 其层次为 引题 主题 解释 细节 7 Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry Americanseatwithknivesandforks Japaneseeatwithchopsticks Americanssay Hi whentheymeet Japanesebow ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen Japanesemendonot Onthesurface在表面上 itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericaarenotgoodmannersinJapan andinawaythisistrue Butinanycountry theonlymannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingoneperson sbehaviortowardanotherperson Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardsothersandbadmannersnotto Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry 8 There sasanoldSaying Acoward 懦夫 diesmanytimes aherodiesbutonce Soitiswithnewspapers theirdeathhasbeenpredictedmanytimes buttheyarestillwithus Butwilltheybewithusforever Newspapershavesurvivedaslongastheyhavebecausetheycanbringanin depthcoverageofissuesthatrequiretimeandconsideration Readersgotonewspaperstolearnaboutcomplexissues Reputablenewspapersbecomeopinionleadersintheireditorialandcommentarycolumns quiteapartfromtheirabilitytoinvestigateissuesandbecomebreakersofimportantnews However thethreatoftheinternetislikelytoproveprofound ManyyoungpeoplenowturntotheWebfornews Howevermuchradioandtelevisionledtheattackonthenewspaperasanewssource oneofitsmainsourcesofincome advertisings remainedintact 未受影响的 NotonlydoestheWebtakereaders italsotakesadvertising ManynewspapermenseethethreatoftheWebasbeingofanewkind Somepublicationswillgounder butthosewhichservespecializedmarketsandwhicharecommerciallysolidwillsurvive Thedeathofthenewspaperhasbeenpredictedmanytimes butthenewspaperisstillwithusandislikelytoremainso There sasanoldSaying Acoward 懦夫 diesmanytimes aherodiesbutonce Soitiswithnewspapers theirdeathhasbeenpredictedmanytimes buttheyarestillwithus Butwilltheybewithusforever Newspapershavesurvivedaslongastheyhavebecausetheycanbringanin depthcoverageofissuesthatrequiretimeandconsideration Readersgotonewspaperstolearnaboutcomplexissues Reputablenewspapersbecomeopinionleadersintheireditorialandcommentarycolumns quiteapartfromtheirabilitytoinvestigateissuesandbecomebreakersofimportantnews However thethreatoftheinternetislikelytoproveprofound ManyyoungpeoplenowturntotheWebfornews Howevermuchradioandtelevisionledtheattackonthenewspaperasanewssource oneofitsmainsourcesofincome advertisings remainedintact 未受影响的 NotonlydoestheWebtakereaders italsotakesadvertising ManynewspapermenseethethreatoftheWebasbeingofanewkind Somepublicationswillgounder butthosewhichservespecializedmarketsandwhicharecommerciallysolidwillsurvive Thedeathofthenewspaperhasbeenpredictedmanytimes butthenewspaperisstillwithusandislikelytoremainso Whatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthetext A ThenewspaperVStheWebB Whydopeoplereadnewspaper C Whatdoyouliketoread D Deathofthenewspaper Tip4 atboththebeginningandtheendThisparagraphbeginswithatopicsentenceandendswitharestatementofthesametopicsentece在文章开头和结尾 首尾呼应 为突出主题 作者先提出主题 结尾时再次点出主题 这种首尾呼应的写作方式常用于记叙文 议论文 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味 Ifthereisnotopicsentenceinthepassage whatshouldwedotogetthemainideaorchoosethebesttitle Sometimesthereisnotopicsentenceinthepassage Summarizethemainideainourownwordsandthenchoosethebesttitle Threemainsteps First getthemainideaofeachparagraph Second summarizethemainideainourownwords accordingtothestructureofthepassage Third compareitwiththechoicestoseewhichoneisthebest 9 TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors HarvardLawSchooland later BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami Florida Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat partialdetails A Tom whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears movedtoanotheruniversity B TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege C TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity D Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation Tip5 Nospecifictopicsentence soreadersshouldsummarizefromallthedetails 从段落中归纳要点抓大意 有些文章无明确的主题句 这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实细节来概括总结主旨大意 注意 1 不能以偏概全 2 不能过于宽泛 要恰如其分 3 注意多次出现的高频词或主题词 details Paragraphideas Passageidea 1 Magellan smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship 2 MagellanwasfromPortugal buthesailedfortheKingofSpain OnSeptember20 1519 heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men AfterpassingthetripofSouthAmerica theyreachedthePacificOcean onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust FinallyinApril1521 MagellangottothePhilippineIslands wherehewaskilled HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21 1521 sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied 3 Magellan svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebesttitleforthispassage Magellan sdeath GoingaroundtheWorld TheWorldIsRound Magellan sVoyage 10 1 Magellan smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship Magellan svoyagewasthefirsttriparoundtheworld 2 MagellanwasfromPortugal buthesailedfortheKingofSpain OnSeptember20 1519 heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men AfterpassingthetipofSouthAmerica theyreachedthePacificOcean onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust FinallyinApril1521 MagellangottothePhilippineIslands wherehewaskilled HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21 1521 sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied TheprocessofMagellan slonganddifficultvoyage 3 Magellan svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball Magellan svoyageprovedtheearthisround 1 Magellan smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship 2 MagellanwasfromPortugal buthesailedfortheKingofSpain OnSeptember20 1519 heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men AfterpassingthetripofSouthAmerica theyreachedthePacificOcean onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust FinallyinApril1521 MagellangottothePhilippineIslands wherehewaskilled HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21 1521 sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied 3 Magellan svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball Paragraph1 Magellan svoyagewasthefirsttriparoundtheworld Paragraph2 TheprocessofMagellan slongdifficultvoyage Paragraph3 Magellan svoyagedprovedtheearthisround Magellan svoyage Magellan smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship MagellanwasfromPortugal buthesailedfortheKingofSpain OnSeptember20 1519 heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men AfterpassingthetripofSouthAmerica theyreachedthePacificOcean onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust FinallyinApril1521 MagellangottothePhilippineIslands wherehewaskilled HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21 1521 sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied Magellan svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebesttitleforthispassage A Magellan sdeath B GoingaroundtheWorld C TheWorldIsRound D Magellan sVoyage toonarrow toonarrow toobroad justproper atthebeginning attheend inthemiddle atboththebeginningandtheend 命题类 主题句在文章或段落中的位置 nocleartopicsentence atthebeginning attheend TypesOfParagraphStructures Atthebeginning Attheend Inthemiddle Nocleartopicsentence besides forexample so therefore Sumthemupbyyourself But however actually Summary 主旨大意题的干扰项 错误选项 有3种 1 概括范围太窄 只表达局部信息或某一细节 不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意 2 概括范围太宽 所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容 3 无关信息 即文章中未提到 或找不到语言依据的信息 主要内容型 这种类型的题的关键是找到主题句 topicsentence 主题句通常在文首 文末或首尾呼应 有时也在文中 或者没有主题句 需要根据文章所述内容进行归纳 各段的主题句也常在该段的句首或尾句 议论文和说明文一般有主题句 但记叙文通常没有主题句 需要归纳 三 解题技巧 文首 新闻报道 议论文文末 记叙文说明文 文中 例子 假设例子 假设后进入主题没有主题句 找反复出现的词语 判断文章体裁很重要 找主题句的小窍门 1 首段出现疑问句时 对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨 首段出现具体例子或假设时 例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨 2 作者有意识地反复重复的观点 通常是主旨 反复出现的词语 一般为体现文章主旨的关键词 3 段落中出现表转折的词语 如however thus infact actually等 时 该句很可能是主题句 例题一Widespreadmediacoveragehasbeengiventoanewpilltopreventheartdiseaseandstroke TheSunsaidthepill calledAteronon couldsavethousandsoflives TheDailyTelegraphsaidthatthenewproductcontainsanaturalthingfoundintomatoesthatisapowerfulantioxidant Thenewspapersaidthepillcanpreventthebuild upoffat Whatisthemainideaofthepassage A Howwecanpreventheartdisease B Anewpillgetsmuchmediaattention C Thebuild upoffatisharmful D Anaturalthingwasfoundintomatoes 开门见山 提出主题 随之用细节来解释 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想 B 体裁 新闻报道 例题二 Aneweight kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem Itisexpectedtocarry20 000trucksandcarsaday whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity Aspartoftheproject twofour kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel practicallyatitshighestpoint Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand ontheinsideofthetunnel aconcretelining Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase whichismadeofconcreteandsteel Thedrainagesystem justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside removesanyextraliquid particularlywater Intheeventoffire thefiremain whichismadeofsteel pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones Thepassageismainlyabout A theconstructionofaroadB thedesignofaroadC theconstructionoftwotunnelsD thedesignoftwotunnels D 体裁 说明文 没有主题句找反复出现的词语 文章标题型 文章标题就是对文章主要意思的概括 考查对全文中心思想的理解 因此 解答这类题的方法与解答主要内容题基本相同 都是寻找主题句 或归纳主要内容 但与之相对比 却具备了概括性 针对性 醒目性的特点 推敲选项正误的小窍门 1 正确选项不出现细节信息 2 正确选项一般不含过分肯定或者绝对意义的词 3 正确选项一般有抽象名词或概括性词语 4 四个选项中 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中 往往有一个是正确选项 5 干扰项特点 概括范围太窄 只含局部信息 概括范围太宽 所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容 无关信息 即文章中未提到 或找不到语言依据的信息 例题Ifcarshadwings theycouldflyandthatjustmighthappen beginningin2011 ThecompanyTerrafugia basedinWoburn Massachusetts saysitplanstodeliveritscar plane theTransition tocustomersbytheendof2011 It sthenext wow vehicle saidTerrafugiavicepresidentRichardGersh AnybodycanbuyaFerrari butaswesay Ferrarisdon tfly Thecar planehaswingsthatunfoldforflying aprocessthecompanysaystakesoneminute andfoldbackupfordriving Arunwayisstillrequiredtotakeoffandland TheTransitionisbeingmarketedmoreasaplanethatdrivesthanacarthatflies althoughitisboth ThecompanyhasbeenworkingwithFAAtomeetaircraftregulations andwiththeNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationtomeetvehiclesafetyregulations ThecompanyisaimingtoselltheTransitiontoprivatepilotsasamoreconvenientandcheaperwaytofly Theysayitsavesyouthetroublefromtryingtofindanothermodeoftransportationtogettoandfromairports Youdrivethecartotheairportandthenyou regoodtogo Whenyouland youfoldupthewingsandhittheroad Therearenoexpensiveparkingfeesbecauseyoudon thavetostoreitatanairport youparkitinthegarageathome 体裁 说明文 Thecar planeisdesignedtoflyprimarilyunder10 000feet Ithasamaximumtake offweightof1 430pounds includingfuelandpassengers TerrafugiasaystheTransitionreducesthepotentialforanaccidentbyallowingpilotstodriveunderbadweatherinsteadofflyingintomarginalconditions TheTransition spricetag 194 000 Buttheremaybeadditionalchargesforoptionslikearadio transponderorGPS Anotheroptionisafull planeparachute Ifyougetintoaveryawfulsituation itisthenecessarysafetyoption Gershsaid Sofar thecompanyhasmorethan70orderswithdeposits We reworkingverycloselywiththem buttherearestillsomeremainingsteps Brownsaid What sthebesttitleforthepassage A CarsWithWingsMayBeJustAroundtheCornerB WhichtoChoose AFerrarioraCarPlane C AMoreConvenientandCheaperWaytoFlyD C