同等学历英译汉考前指导.doc

21世纪外语学校 （0551）3628411 3628422同等学力英译汉考前指导总论l 翻译的标准-信达雅 或忠实、通顺l 翻译的过程 -理解-表达校核一、英汉语言的对比1. 词的意义方面 2. 词的搭配方面3. 词序方面1) 定语的位置 单词作定语a) A research-oriented hospitalb) Something importantc) The bankers little gardend) A little , yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar.(定语过多，不宜完全前置) 短语做定语e) A building project of high-rise apartment housesf) A candidate with little chance of success2) 状语的位置 单词作状语l John did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active in class.l Modern science and technology are developing rapidly.l He is running fast enough. 短语作状语l Then with a bag of toys and books we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawnl He was born in New York on May 26,1985.l I was born in Burdine, Kentucky, in the heart of the Appalachian coal-mining country.二、英汉句法现象的对比 句子结构 His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free College of the City of New York.The development of an economical artificial heart is only a few transient failures away.That he will come to the discussion is certain.He doesnt know what life means to him.The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow.Hardly had I got abroad when the train started.Our men had gone quite a distance off before the enemys reinforcement troops came up.This place is really beautiful, and many people bring their wives and families out here to live.It was a difficult task, but we accomplished it.Grasp all, lose all.Here at last seemed credible history of the difficult advance of man. 句序Nothing has happened since we parted.After I had my dinner, I went out for a walk.汉语通常先发生的事先叙述，后发生的事后叙述。As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.汉语通常因前果后，英语则较灵活。Suppose we cannot get the necessary equipment, what shall we do?He who would eat the nut must first crack the shell.汉语中多数情况条件/假设在前，结果在后。Lets work harder so that we may fulfill our plan ahead of schedule.He got up early in the morning in order that he might have time to fetch water and sweep the yard of this aunt.英语中多数情况行动在前，目的在后。汉语多数也如此，但为强调目的，也可把目的放在行动之前。We worked fast and well, so that we overfulfilled our production plan.They fought so bravely that the invasion was crushed in seventy two hours. 句子内容的一些其他表达三、英译汉常用方法和技巧1. 词义的选择、引申和褒贬选择根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义Like knows like.He likes mathematics more than physics.Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.根据上下文联系以及在句中的搭配关系He is the last man to come.He is the last person for such a job.He should be the last man to blame.He is the last man to consult.This is the last place where I expected to meet you.引申做抽象化的引申There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.Every life has its roses and thorns.做具体化的引申The car in front of me stopped and I missed the green.褒贬He was a man of high renown(fame).His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.We were shocked by his coarse manmers.He was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambition.He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication form his employees.Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive.2. 词类转译法转译成动词-英语中大量由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词以及其他名词可以转译成汉语动词One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world.The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.As the week drew to a close, the enemy rout was complete.I am afraid I can not teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I .The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.Coming! Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda(凉台), and into the porch. .Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词， 在联系动词后作表语用时， 往往转译成动词。Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious.As he ran out he forgot to have his shoes on.That day he was up before sunrise.She opened the window to let fresh air in.转译成名词Formality has always characterized their relationship.To them, he personified the absolute power.Jack was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom during this period, victimized for his views.有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成“受/遭到。+名词、或予/加以。+名词”这类结构。They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.Tom was eloquent and elegant -but soft.They were considered insincere.The Wilde family were religious.转译成形容词The security and warmth of the destroyers(驱逐舰) sick bay were wonderful.The blocked was a success.Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.其他词类转译It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.The film impressed him deeply.This is sheer nonsense.They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.He is physically weak but mentally sound.3. 增词法根据意义上或修辞上的需要In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism.As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.Mary washed for a living after her husband died acute pneumonia.This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. San Francisco.He felt the patriot rise within his breast.Flowers bloom all over the yard.The lion is the king of animals.I had known two great social systems.I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.Dont take it seriously. Im just making fun of you.A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.Once, they had a quarrel.The thesis summed up the new achievement made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.For mistakes had been made, bad ones,根据句法上的需要增补原文回答句中的省略部分Is this your book? Yes , it is. -What!dont you love him?-Yes , of course, I do 增补原文句子中所省略的动词Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.We dont retreat, we never have and never will.增补原文比较句中的省略部分Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.We didnt admit it (escape) was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our few hopes.In agreeing to what was already the status quo. He would have had far more to gain than to lose.增补原文含蓄条件句中的省略部分4. 重复法为了明确Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.This has been our position-but not theirs.John is your friend as much as he is mine.The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients.May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party, through you, for the glowing success of you tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world.They covered the 19th century foreign intervention in china, Maos Long March in the mid-1930s, the French and American revolutions.Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.Each country has its own customs.Happy families have their own troubles.Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free.Wherever severe oppression existed, there would be revolution.Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.Some played soccer and others played basketball.为了强调Blood must atone for blood.Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.Prominent among the most prominent upon the most prominent shelf were series of splendidly bound volumes entitled -Skinners works.为了生动But there had been too much publicity about my case.With his tardiness, carelessness and appalling good humor, we were sore perplexed.His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.Great contribution/arrogance/careless/ grotesque/hesitate/vivid/prosperity/eternal glory toGratitude /rumors/street gossip/ in chaos/ ingratitudeIf this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for the few.练习：一、试译下列各句，注意根据上下文及搭配关系来确定斜体词的词义a) He is ill; that accounts for his absence.b) In this battle he accounted or five of the enemy.c) I want you to account for every cent you spent. d) The foreign trade has risen to unprecedented figures. e) Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning.f) On the desk there was a bronze figure of Plato. g) June was good at figure skating. h) He saw dim figures moving towards him. 二、转译为动词 An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. A view of Mt.Fuji can be obtained from here. He was a regular visitor. He has already made mention of the matter in his speech. We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping town. They are not content with their present achievements. When he went back, the radio was still on, for he had forgotten to turn it off when he left. 三、转译成名词 They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf. His image as a good student was badly tarnished. They signed two agreements that served to warm up the atmosphere of their relations. 四、转译成形容词 We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem. The party is a great success. 五、转译成副词 Warm discussion arose on every corner as to his achievement. Ive often wondered, in the years since, whether I made the right choice. At last, he whispered a hurried good-bye to his host and darted toward the door. He had the kindness to show me the way. I had the fortune to meet him. 六、转译成形容词 I suppose boys think differently from girls. He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment. 七、增词 He began to see things and to understand.加名词 He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.加名词 He was winkled and black, with scant gray hair.形容词前加名词 Very acute problems exist among them.加表示复数的词 I knew it quite well as I know it now.加表示时间的词 This too was a complete lie.量词 It was mostly small talk, but Id had very little of that family news. Messages from sisters, nephews, nieces.加适当的语气词 He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countries.名词前加动词 They lingered long over his letter.动词前加副词5. 省略法从语法角度来看But its the way I am , and try as I might, I havent been able to change it.省代词We live and learn.You can never tell.She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank for him for it.He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head , cast up his eyes, but said nothing.省非人称的或强势句中的itHe glanced at his watch; it was 7:15.It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.省连接词He looked gloomy and troubled.We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin.Because the departure was not easy, we made it brief.If winter comes, can spring be far behind?If I had known it , I would not have joined in it.John stood up as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother.A teacher should have patience in his work.The horse is a useful animal.He left without saying a word.In July,1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Cannel.Smoking is prohibited in public places.He stood by the desk.从修辞角度来看University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those had not.There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.6. 正反、反正表达法Dont stop working!He went into the insecure building.英语从正面表达， 译文从反面表达Such a chance was denied me.The first bombs missed the target.We may safely say so.-The boy is quite clever. -Exactly.Hes not stupid, merely ignorant.This problem is above me.The soldiers would fight to death before they surrendered.I will not go unless I hear from him.We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.If it worked once, it can work twice.The decision has to come.英语从反面表达，译文从正面表达The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.He manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business.Dont lose time in posting this letter.7. 分句、合句法分句法They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.They were at home in the home of the people, moving confidently without fear.I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.合句法He was very clean. His mind was open.There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the south.When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they became friends.8. 被动语态的译法译成汉语主动句The whole country was armed in a few days.By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.It is hoped that./it is reported that/it is said that/ it is supposed thatIt may be said without fear of exaggeration that .It must be admitted that /it must be pointed out thatIt must be seen from this thatIt is asserted that/ it is believed that./it is well known thatIt was told that./it is generally considered that.译成汉语被动句I started to explain that I could not do my best since me spectacles had been taken away from me, but she wouldnt let me finish.Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.译成“把、使、由”字句By evening the occupation was complete, and the people were chased off the streets by an eight oclock curfew.The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.Most letters from his wife, are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.9. 名词从句的译法主语从句What he told me was only half-truth.It doesnt matter much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.宾语从句Can you here what I say.I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 oclock in the morning.Anyhow, old chap, I owe it to you that I am here.表语从句 What he emphasized over and over again was that, no matter how difficult it might be, they should never retreat even for an inch.That was how a small nation won the victory over a big power.同位语从句He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.But I knew I couldnt trust him. There was always the possibility that he was a political swindler( 骗子).But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.According to Simon, my cousin, Tom mentioned this matter.We two like to go there.Her son, my employers nephew, was himself an assistant in the shop.10. 定语从句的译法 限制性定语从句The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.There are many people who want to see the film.There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.非限制性定语从句 The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and ar