如何判断定语从句关系词.doc

如何辨别定语从句的关系词塘桥中学 包小波同学们，你们知道以下这些谚语吗？ Its the first step that costs. 万事开头难。 Not all that glitters is gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。He who would climb that ladder must begin at the bottom. 千里之行，始于足下。A good book is a best friend who never turns back upon us.好书如挚友，情谊永不变。 在这些句子中，你发现什么共同点了吗？对了，这些句子都运用了定语从句。定语从句在复合句中的作用相当于形容词，在句中作定语，修饰前面的名词或代词。斜体加粗的单词都被称为关系词，也叫引导词。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词，就是上述谚语中有下划线的单词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。要想掌握定语从句，就必须了解引导定语从句的关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who，whom，whose，that， which和as，关系副词有when， where和 why，他们在先行词和定语从句之间起联系作用，同时在意义上代表先行词，并在定语从句中担任某个成分。我们要辨别定语从句中不同的关系词，必须掌握以下的方法。一、 关系代词的用法1 普通代词与关系代词的区别例如：I have a brother. He likes playing the piano.（合并为一句） I have a brother who/that likes playing the piano. 简单句中的普通代词he起了指代前一句中brother的作用，并且是本句的主语，两个句子都是独立的。而两句合并后，句中的关系代词who/that 除了代替先行词brother之外，它还在定语从句中担任了一定的成分，同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。 2who指人,做主语。例如：The person who is in blue will go to the concert with me tomorrow.本句中的who充当从句中的主语, 划线部分是从句。当who作为定语从句的关系代词在句中充当主语或宾语时，都可以用that来替代。3who/whom指人,做宾语。 例如：The man who/whom I look after is my father.在例句中，who/whom做从句中介词with的宾语，这个句子也可以写成The man with whom I talked is our teacher.如果从句中介词提前，那么就不能用who或that，只能用whom引导从句了。这个句子还可以写成：The man I talked with is our teacher.在口语及非正式文体中常省略中间的关系代词who。4whose多指人，也可指物。例如：The room whose door is open is mine. This is the boy whose mother is an engineer.第一句中的whose指代的是主句中的room, 第二句中的whose指代的是主句中的boy。在定语从句中运用whose时，要注意它的后面肯定有名词，因为它本身也是这个名词前的定语，然后跟着的是从句中的谓语和其它成分。 5 which 指物，做主语或宾语。例如：Two days later Jenny received the present which her friend bought her.I want to buy a book which was written by Mark Twain.which在第一句中充当从句中的宾语，而在第二句中充当从句的主语。which在句中作宾语时可省略, 如介词提前则不能省。例如：I went to the library which you borrow books from.= I went to the library you borrow books from.=I went to the library from which you borrow books.6that 指人/物，做主语或宾语。例如：Who is the woman that you are waiting for？The train that left just now will go to Paris. 需要注意的是：（1）that作宾语时可以省略，如，The news that John told me is true.=The news John told me is true. （2）介词提前时，不能用that, 指人只能用whom，指物用which。如，The little girl that I spoke to just now is Henrys sister.= The little girl to whom I spoke just now is Henrys sister.The library that we often borrow books from is on the second floor.= The library from which we often borrow books is on the second floor.（3）有些情况下只用关系词that或省略，而不宜用which。a).先行词被形容词最高级，序数词或the only, the very, no, the last等修饰时,如，This is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.The first lecture that I will give will be held in the afternoon.b).先行词all, something, nothing, anything，everything, much, little, few, none, the one等时, 如，Here is something that I will tell you.c).先行词既有人也有物时, 如，I can remember the persons and some pictures that Ive seen.7as指人或物，在从句中作宾语，有时做主语或表语，常用于“the same名词as或such名词as”等结构中及先行词是代词such或 same的情况下。例如：I lived in the same neighbourhood as Mr. Wang lived three years ago.The Kings Speech is such an interesting film as I thought.二、关系副词的用法 关系副词在从句中作状语，其作用相当于介词短语。1when表示时间，在从句中通常做时间状语，也可用介词+ which来替换。例如：Do you remember the time when we first went to Beijing several years ago?That was the very day when I first saw my general manager.= That was the very day on which I first saw my general manager.2where表示地点，在从句中通常做地点状语，也可用介词+ which来替换。例如：This is the hotel where they stayed last month.=This is the hotel in which they stayed last month.3why表示原因，在从句中通常做原因状语，也可用for which来替换。例如：I dont know the reason why Mingming is often late for school. =I dont know the reason for which Mingming is often late for school. 需要同学们注意的是：如果关系词后面是完整的句子，句中已有主语、谓语、宾语三个成分，就不能用that, which, who, 因为他们在定语从句中做主语或宾语，那么就要考虑是不是用when, where 或why来解题。例如：I shall never forget those years _ I planted the trees on the farm.A. where B. that C. which D. when本题的从句中主语是I，谓语是planted, 宾语是the trees，地点状语也有了，是on the farm，而且先行词是those years，因此根据从句的句子成分来分析出答案不可能是宾语或是主语，应该是时间状语，